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Background: Although essential in treatment decision making, clinical nodal (cN) staging in esophageal cancer (EC) remains difficult. We assessed the rate of nodal up- and downstaging and its prognostic value on 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) in EC patients treated with surgery-alone or with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). Methods: For this retrospective study, we included 395 EC patients who underwent a curative esophagectomy with or without nCRT between 2000 and 2015. The surgery-alone and nCRT group were matched on clinical T-stage (cT), cN-stage, and histopathological type using propensity score matching (n=270). Staging consisted of PET with CT, or PET/CT, and endoscopic ultrasonography (n = 235). We compared cN and pathological N-stage (pN) and scored correct, down- and upstaging. The prognostic value of nodal up- and downstaging and localization of node metastases on 5-year DFS were assessed with multivariate Cox regression analysis (factors with a P-value 25% nodal downstaging. This inaccuracy might impede assessment of true nodal response to nCRT, affording dubious decisions for a 'wait-and-see' strategy.