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Groin pain is a widely recognized medical issue among athletes. Groin pain can affect both player and team performance and sometimes can be a career-ending injury. The aim of this study was to assess seasonal groin pain prevalence and the average seasonal time loss from sport for each injury in different team sport athletes. The hip and groin functionality at the beginning of the following season was also investigated.A cross-sectional study was undertaken on 600 team sport athletes (soccer, futsal, basketball, volleyball, and water polo players). The seasonal prevalence of groin pain, level of competition (professional and non-professional), time loss, and concomitant injuries in addition to groin pain were reported and analyzed. The Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) was used to assess hip and groin pain and function related to sport and activity.Among the 506 (84%) players included, 123 players (24.3%) reported groin pain. Overall, soccer players reported the highest groin pain prevalence (32.5%) followed by futsal (25.5%), basketball (25.2%), water polo (17.6%) and volleyball players (13.6%). Professional soccer, futsal and basketball athletes showed higher groin pain prevalence in comparison with non-professional athletes (p = 0.02, p = 0.005 and p = 0.004, respectively). The mean time loss from sport due to groin pain was 60.3 ± 66 days in soccer, 41.1 ± 16.6 days in futsal, 31.5 ± 18 days in water polo, 37.2 ± 14.2 days in basketball and 50.8 ± 24.6 days in volleyball. Significantly lower HAGOS values were found in athletes with groin pain for all sports evaluated compared to athletes with no groin pain history (p = 0.0001). Longer time loss from sport was correlated with lower HAGOS values in soccer (p = 0.002) and futsal (p = 0.002) players with groin pain. Concomitant injuries were correlated with lower HAGOS values in water polo players (p = 0.03).Seasonal groin pain occurs in as many as one in four team sport athletes. Soccer players show the highest groin pain prevalence and the longest time loss from sport. Professional athletes report higher prevalence of groin pain in comparison with non-professional athletes. HAGOS appears to be a valid outcome instrument to measure groin pain, correlating with both time loss from sport and concomitant injuries in athletes.Level IV.

Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the indirect burden of employed multiple sclerosis (MS) patients initiating disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in the US. Methods DMT-treated MS patients (DMT users) and direct-matched controls without MS (1:3) were captured using the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database and the Health and Productivity Management Database between 1 January 2009 and 1 January 2017. DMT users were also stratified by route of administration. Time loss and costs from absenteeism, short-term disability, and long-term disability were assessed for DMT users and matched controls. Results A total of 3022 DMT users were matched to 9066 controls. Compared with injectable DMT users, oral DMT users took twice as long to initiate therapy but had numerically lower absenteeism costs and significantly lower long-term disability costs in the first year after DMT initiation. The mean (standard deviation) indirect costs of absenteeism, short-term disability, and long-term disability were US$6474 (US$6779), US$2368 (US$5777), and US$280 (US$2578), respectively, for DMT users and US$4468 (US$3814), US$328 (US$1950), and US$36 (US$938), respectively, for controls in the first year (all p

Lack of security is the main concern of citizens in the region. Crime and violence distort the allocation of resources by governments and businesses and alter citizens’ routines. This is particularly the case for women. This paper measures women’s perceptions of insecurity and victimization on public transport in the Asuncion (Paraguay) and Lima (Peru) metropolitan areas and analyzes their influence on mobility patterns. An innovative methodology, which considers both users and nonusers of public transport in a representative sample from those metropolitan areas, is used. The paper concludes that both women’s perceptions and experiences of insecurity when using public transport, especially in the Lima metropolitan area, are among the worst in Latin America. This is associated with lower public transportation use; therefore, it limits women’s transport options, directly affecting their mobility and causing economic and time loss. About 30% of women in Lima and 6% of women in Asuncion area reported being victims of crime on public transport systems, while 79% in Lima and 24% in Asuncion have witnessed episodes of violence against women on public transport in the past 12 months. More than one third of women have suffered sexual offenses on public transport at some point in their lives. More than 80% of women do not report these crimes. Policies to enhance women’s security on public transport are analyzed as they are key to promoting gender equality.

Sports-related injuries increase healthcare cost burden, and in some instances have harmful long term physical and psychological implications. There is currently a lack of comprehensive data on temporal injury trends across professional North American sports. The purpose of this study was to compare temporal trends, according to incidence and time-loss injuries, by body part in professional baseball, basketball, football, and ice hockey. Public injury data from Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, National Football League, and National Hockey League from 2007 to December 2019 were extracted and used. A mean of 62.49 injuries per 100 players per season was recorded for all professional sports. The groin/hip/thigh reported the greatest season proportional injury incidence for baseball, football, and ice hockey, with the groin/hip/thigh as the third highest injury incidence in basketball. When stratifying by more specific body part groupings, the knee demonstrated the greatest injury proportional incidence for basketball, football, and ice hockey, with the knee as the third highest proportional injury incidence for baseball. There was an increased in basketball ankle injuries following 2011–2012 season. Football and ice hockey reported the greatest concussion proportion incidence, with football demonstrating an increase in concussions over time, and a substantial increase in concussions from the 2014 to 2015 season. These publicly extracted data and findings can be used as a shared resource for professional baseball, basketball, football, and ice hockey for future individual and across sport collaborations concerning resource allocation and decision making in order to improve player health.

Cycling races contain a multitude of motorcycles for various activities including television broadcasting. During parts of the race, these motorcycles can ride in close proximity of cyclists. Earlier studies focused on the impact of a nearby motorcycle on cyclist drag for in-line arrangements. It was shown that not only a motorcycle in front of a cyclist but also a motorcycle closely behind a cyclist can substantially reduce cyclist drag. However, there appears to be no information in the scientific literature about the impact of the motorcycle on cyclist drag for parallel and staggered arrangements. This paper presents wind tunnel measurements of cyclist drag for 32 different parallel and staggered cyclist-motorcycle arrangements. It is shown that the parallel arrangement leads to a drag increase for the cyclist, in the range of 5 to about 10% for a lateral distance of 2 to 1 m. The staggered arrangement can lead to either a drag increase or a drag decrease, where the latter is about 2% for most positions analyzed. For one of the parallel arrangements, computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to provide insight into the reasons for the drag increase. A cyclist power model was used to convert the drag changes into potential time gains or losses. Compared to a lone cyclist riding at a speed of 46.8 km/h (13 m/s) on level road in calm weather, the time loss by a drag increase of 10%, 4% and − 2% was 2.16, 0.76 s and − 0.80 s per km, respectively. These time differences are large enough to influence the outcome of cycling races.

Communication is inherent to social relationships. Previous papers addressed the correlation between social and communicative complexity, and the origin of sociality in rodents. In subterranean social species, as the number of animals in the same burrow increases, so do interindividual contact rates. This is because of limitations in actually used tunnel length and diameter, leading to an increasing number of agonistic situations probably resulting in time loss, threatening, and fighting with danger of injuries. To avoid this, social species are expected to have an increase in the number of particular vocalizations. Comparison of the adult vocal repertoire of 12 species (seven genera) through regression and phylogenetically independent contrasts (PIC) suggests three main conclusions: (1) social species increase their repertoire both in number and categories of vocal signals in relation to solitary species, although the coefficient was smaller in the PIC model; (2) the number of agonistic vocalizations was also different between solitary and social species, with the latter displaying higher numbers of these calls; (3) the percentage of agonistic vocalizations in relation to total repertoire was similar between social and solitary species, with no significant relationship between this parameter and the social structure. These results imply that agonistic vocalizations have also increased in number in social species, indicating the importance of these calls in the establishment of new relationships. As repertoire changes are essential to cope with new and frequent kinds of interactions sociality originates, these results suggest that at least for these organisms, communicative changes, especially at the level of agonistic signals, could be a necessary condition to fulfill in the path to the possibility of group living.

Rotator cuff injuries are a common cause of pain and dysfunction for the elite athlete and can result in time loss from participation. This review highlights the current management of these injuries.Conservative management of rotator cuff injuries continues to be the "gold standard" in the elite athlete. This includes a comprehensive rehabilitation program, anti-inflammatories, and corticosteroid injections. Newer treatment techniques such as intramuscular dry needling and the use of biologics such as platelet-rich plasma and stem cells demonstrate early promising results; however, these modalities require further investigation to determine their effectiveness. Rotator cuff injuries can range from contusions and tendinopathy to full-thickness tears. A comprehensive evaluation is needed to determine the extent of injury and appropriate plan of care. Management strategies can range from rehabilitation to operative intervention and are guided by the size of the tear, time of season, sport, performance limitations, and presence of concomitant pathology.

Portugal has its past marked by the occurrence of very destructive earthquakes. In the well-known 1755 Lisbon earthquake, more than 50 % of the building stock was heavily damaged or destroyed and about 10 % of the population in Lisbon perished. In the beginning of the last century, a moderate event of magnitude 6.0 Mw struck the village of Benavente, causing 46 fatalities and damaging more than 3000 dwellings. The Portuguese building stock in highly populated centres is characterized by a large fraction of masonry buildings, which typically have a higher seismic vulnerability. For these reasons, it is clear that a reliable and accurate platform for damage estimation based on deterministic earthquake scenarios is fundamental, in order to create adequate post-disaster response plans, or to understand which structure types are contributing to the human and economic losses. This study provides an overview of the initial development of this framework for Portugal, as well as a description of the components and input models required for the generation of the seismic input and estimation of damage. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the platform, two seismic events were considered to assess structural damage throughout mainland Portugal. This framework has been established at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto. It allows earthquake engineers and seismic risk modelers to access damage information and to launch calculations of losses for scenario events. The products can also be of interest to experts and decision makers, who may wish to consider specific types of outputs such as the distribution of building damage, fatalities and the number of homeless.

Polytrauma and multifractured patients are the most critical in the Emergency System, and measures should be systematically taken to avoid time loss in identifying lesions, and wrong choices in terms of hospitals capable of treating them. The concept of “golden hour” is widely known and accepted, as well as the concept of Trauma Team, a true multidisciplinary unit that gathers together all the necessary skills. Our country is working on a project of emergency network, and the SIOT is producing documents to support the Age.na.s. commission in codifying the role of orthopaedic and trauma surgeons.

At present, little is known about why subjective time loss occurs whilst playing video games other than that it may relate to features of escape, immersion and arousal—all of which have been implicated in the development of addictive behaviours. This study examined subjective time loss of 40 undergraduate students (26 males and 14 females with a mean age of 21.4 years) whilst playing one of two video games in an experimental setting. Mood state before and after game playing was also examined using the Profile of Mood States—Short Form (POMS-SF, Grove & Prapavessis, 1992). Results found that, females significantly underestimated the time that they were playing compared to males. Total Mood Disturbance increased after playing one of the games, but only for participants who reported that they would liked to have continued playing for longer. There were no gender differences in relation to mood state. It is concluded that time loss is not (in itself) a precipitating or facilitating factor relating to addictive behaviour patterns.

At Voestalpine Stahl GmbH a new analysis system of microcleanness with optical emission spark spectrometry with single spark determination was developed. Established in the new, fully automated process laboratory it is now possible to identify different inclusion types and to quantify this effect during the standard analysis method without time loss and additional costs for every production sample. The detection of microcleanness for each melt makes it possible to optimize the production line with regard to microcleanness and to define quality standards of the different production steel grades.

Background Multidisciplinary Cancer Conferences are established in several medical fields since decades [1] and the number of itself and discussed cases rises [2]. In Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is one main focus. All over the world there is an increase of the incidence rate of oral cancer registered [3]. Furthermore tumours of different entities of the head and face are treated in this specialist medical area. Therefore it is necessary to focus on a frictionless treatment without time loss by involving various medical specialists. Any communication in Multidisciplinary Cancer Conferences is the first step toward a successful therapy.

The stability of any underground structure during and after excavation is the most important question for designers, because any kind of collapse may destroy large parts of a finished tunnel, causing major repairs and time loss. Preliminary calculations are therefore of great importance. A calculation is only useful, however, when the underlying numerical model correctly describes natural behaviour. The rock bolts used in tunnel excavations are mostly untensioned grouted bolts, and this type of bolt is the main focus of this work. From the model of the grouted bolt, other types of rock bolts can also be modelled by the theory presented herein. Bolt behaviour in intact rock mass is so different from behaviour when a bolt intersects a joint, that a model with two different elements is suggested for a numerical calculation; one element for the bolt in the rock mass and one as a bolt intersecting with a joint. The model for both elements is verified by the experimental results. The numerical results correspond favourably with the experimental work. A variation of the parameters important for the behaviour of the bolt in intersection with the joint is shown. As an implementation of the bolt model, the numerical simulation of excavation and stabilisation of one road tunnel is presented.

Expansion of the forehead skin has been advocated in nasal reconstruction because it provides a flap that is longer and thinner, while allowing easy primary closure of the donor area. With appropriate changes in technique, the same excellent, or even better results in nasal reconstruction can be obtained without the need for tissue expansion. With this technique, a two-stage nasal reconstruction is performed with almost no need for secondary revisions. It eliminates the disadvantages of tissue expansion such as time loss, physical disfigurement, discomfort, extra operation and costs.

Debate concerning the appropriate treatment of ruptures of the Achilles tendon still continues. Conservative treatment can be associated with a high incidence of re-rupture and with relative weakness and lengthening of the triceps surae but with low costs. Surgical treatment contributes to a much lower incidence of re-rupture but can be associated with significant complications as well as with time loss and high costs of hospitalization. Subcutaneous reconstruction combines the advantages of surgical and non-surgical management. Operating with local anaesthesia reduces hospitalization time and operative costs; there are also almost no contraindications for the operation. The functional results in 36 patients operated on in this way are encouraging.

An approach to the determination of methane content of coal seams is proposed. The method utilizes the transformed Airey's empirical equation on desorption of methane from coals. The methane content values estimated by this method correspond well with actual values from laboratory experiments. In the case of Indian coals, the applicability of the $$\sqrt t$$ relationship for the calculation of the gas lost from coal lumps during long periods of time loss appears to be limited due to poor agreement with the experimental values.

We consider parallel computers (PC's) with fixed communication network and bounded degree. We deal with the following question: How efficiently can one PC, a so-called universal PC, simulate each PC with n processors? This question is asked in [1] where a universal PC with O(n) processors and time loss O(log(n)) is constructed. We improve this result in two ways by construction two universal PC's which many users can efficiently work with at the same time. The first has the same number of processors and the same time loss as that one above. The second has O(O 1 + �) processors for an arbitrary �>0 but only time loss O(loglog(n)). Finally we define three types of simulations the most general of which includes all known simulations. We prove non-linear time-processor tradeoffs for universal PC's associated with the above types.