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Monoklonale Antikorper gegen den CGRP-Rezeptor (Erenumab [CGRP: „calcitonin gene-related peptide“]) oder gegen CGRP (Eptinezumab, Fremanezumab, Galcanezumab) sind neue Substanzen zur prophylaktischen Behandlung der Migrane. Sie stellen eine Erweiterung der therapeutischen Optionen in der Migraneprophylaxe dar. In Zulassungsstudien wurden die Wirksamkeit und die gute Vertraglichkeit dieser spezifischen Substanzen bei Patienten mit episodischer und chronischer Migrane nachgewiesen. Die folgende Empfehlung prasentiert eine Zusammenfassung der Daten aus den Zulassungsstudien. Weiterhin werden Empfehlungen zur gezielten Patientenauswahl sowie zur Beurteilung des Therapieerfolgs und der Dauer der Behandlung gegeben. Abschliesend werden mogliche Anwendungseinschrankungen fur diese neue Substanzgruppe diskutiert.

Cubic boron nitride (cBN) is a common material for tools for the machining of cast irons at high cutting speed. During the machining of compacted graphite iron (CGI) in continuous cutting the wear of the cBN tools was found to be significantly higher compared to the machining of grey cast iron. This is possibly a result of a heating of the tool surface during the cutting of CGI. One possible reason for the wear is diffusion of some elements from the cutting tool into the CGI or from the CGI into the cutting tool. SIMS measurements were carried out which prove the existence of such diffusion processes. A static model experiment has been performed by heating cBN tools to 700 °C while in contact with CGI or cast iron (CI). SIMS depth profiles of the cBN tools and of CGI/CI show that there is a diffusion of several elements in both directions (B, W and Ti from the cBN tools into the CGI or CI, Fe and Si from the CGI or CI samples into the cBN) up to a depth of 20 μm.

Carcinogenic chemicals in the work area were previously classified into three categories in section III of the German List of MAK and BAT values (the list of values on maximum workplace concentrations and bio‐logical tolerance for occupational exposures). This classification was based on qualitative criteria and reflected essentially the weight of evidence available for judging the carcinogenic potential of the chemicals. In the new classification scheme the former sections IIIA1, IIIA2, and IIIB are retained as categories 1, 2, and 3, to correspond with European Union regulations. On the basis of our advancing knowledge of reaction mechanisms and the potency of carcinogens, these three categories are supplemented with two additional categories. The essential feature of substances classified in the new categories is that exposure to these chemicals does not contribute significantly to the risk of cancer to man, provided that an appropriate exposure limit (MAK value) is observed. Chemicals known to act typically by non-genotoxic mechanisms, and for which information is available that allows evaluation of the effects of low-dose exposures, are classified in category 4. Genotoxic chemicals for which low carcinogenic potency can be expected on the basis of dose/response relationships and toxicokinetics and for which risk at low doses can be assessed are classified in category 5. The basis for a better differentiation of carcinogens is discussed, the new categories are defined, and possible criteria for classification are described. Examples for category 4 (1,4-dioxane) and category 5 (styrene) are presented.

Relative to the wellknowng-factor of56Fe(2 1 + ) at 0.847 MeV, theg-factor of the54Fe(2 1 + ) state at 1.408 MeV has been remeasured employing the technique of transient magnetic fields (TF) with the ions slowed down in ferromagnetic Gd host at initial velocities of 2.5 ν0. Coulomb excitation on beams of54,56Fe was accomplished with a Si target. The value obtained,g=1.05(17), is in excellent agreement with two previous results but disagrees with the value from a TF measurement where the ions passed through ferromagnetic Fe.

The well established phenomenon of heavy ion beam induced attenuations of transient magnetic fields (TF) was studied by measuring the in-beam magnetization of bombarded Fe foils employing the magneto-optical Kerr-effect. Whereas the macroscopic magnetization did not show any deterioration, the simultaneously measured TF of recoiling108Pd(2+) ions was found to be substantially attenuated.

It is shown that transient magnetic fields in Gd-host for20Ne ions at a mean velocity of 12.5v0(v0=c/137), considerably beyond the Bohr velocity of 1s electrons of Ne ions (v1s=10v0), are dominated by the Fermi contact field of these electrons. The first excited 2+-state of2Ne was used as probe. The derived value for the mean degree of polarization p1s=0.32(13), is surprisingly large, though still consistent with values obtained at lower velocities. Present calculations of spin exchange cross sections severely underestimate the observed polarization at this high velocity.

From measurements of transient magnetic fields (TF) on56Fe(21+) ions in Gd host there is evidence that beam induced attenuations of TF not only depend on the energy loss of the beam ions in the ferromagnet but also on the electron ns-orbitals of the probe ion contributing to the field. This has been demonstrated for 2s- and 3s-electron states of56Fe ions which are preferentially populated by setting the ion velocity to their respective orbital Bohr velocities.

Measurements of transient magnetic fields in Fe for Coulomb-excited24Mg(2↓)-ions at high velocity confirm strong attenuations as observed earller for single-electron28Si ions. In a measurement in which the beam was stopped in a non-magnetic buffer layer sandwiched between the target and the Fe layer the perturbation was shown to result from the interaction of the heavy Ni beam with the ferromagnet. The attenuations seem to be correlated with the dE/dx of the beam-ions in the ferromagnet.