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Monitoring and estimating solid mine waste produced during mining operations at a spatial–temporal scale plays a fundamental role in waste management and mitigation of environmental impacts. Iron ore mining and processing results in waste production that may cause environmental degradation, therefore, the need to estimate their volumes and extents. This research aims at mapping and estimating the areal extents and the volumes of solid mine waste produced during iron ore mining and processing. Contours were generated from control points with X, Y, Z information and interpolated to create a Triangular Irregular Network (TIN), which was rasterized to create a 3D Digital Elevation Model (DEM) that was used in volume estimation. Maximum-Likelihood Classification method (MLC) was used for classification at an accuracy of 74% to estimate the areal extents of the solid mine wastes, with a Kappa Coefficient of 0.65. Solid mine waste approximately covered an area of 591,100 m2 and a volume of 2694,670.55 Metric Tonnes. This research presents a fast and accurate method of mapping and estimating the areal extents and volume of solid waste dumped during mining and processing operations.

A rapid, sensitive, and eco-friendly micellar high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique for the simultaneous analysis of cefoperazone and sulbactam in pure and vial pharmaceutical formulation was developed. Merck aluminum HPTLC plates covered with silica gel 60 F254 were used as the stationary phase; acetone‒ethanol‒ethyl acetate‒2% sodium dodecyl sulfate‒glacial acetic acid (3:2:4:1:0.5, V/V) were used as the mobile phase. This chromatographic system results in symmetric, compact peaks at RF values of (0.45 ± 0.015) and (0.69 ± 0.008) for cefoperazone and sulbactam, respectively. Densitometric scanning of the separated spots was done at 265 nm. The proposed method can quantitatively analyze cefoperazone and sulbactam in their laboratory prepared combinations and vials pharmaceutical formulation. The environmental greenness of the proposed HPTLC method was successfully assessed by the new green analytical procedure index. The method is considered to be a green eco-friendly HPTLC method because of its usage to green solvents, minimal waste production, and short time of analysis. The proposed method can also be helpful in the routine quality control analysis of the studied medications.

Adsorbent-based microextraction is a dynamic and simple sample preparation that allows for simultaneous extraction and enrichment of targeted analytes from a sample matrix. Its versatility, efficiency, and compliance with green analysis have contributed to its popularity against conventional solid-phase extraction. This review focuses on the current state of the art, future trends in experimental design, and critical aspects of adsorbent-based microextraction techniques considered for extraction and preconcentration of different classes of micropollutants in environmental waters. Despite solid-phase microextraction has shown exceptional flexibility in routine microscale extraction, the other adsorbent-based microanalytical work continues to experience an enormous increase in innovation. Discussions are focused on recent studies utilizing different modes include dispersive, magnetic, bar sorptive, membrane-protected, and thin film for introducing adsorbents in an aqueous media. Cogently, the developed micro-scale procedure using functionalized adsorbent has shown distinct advantages over conventional methods. Modifications were aimed at shortening the time for analysis, minimal waste production, and robustness over the complexity of sample matrices. Adsorbent selection is now widening from commercial materials like activated carbon to newly synthesized materials such as metal-organic framework. The final section discusses the current progress on hybrid approaches and the intended future directions to further explore and popularize the adsorbent-based microextraction. This review guides the audiences with an introductory, succinct discussion of the basic concepts of the adsorbent-based microextraction and the success story of the high-throughput real sample analysis.

The application of emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwaves and high hydrostatic pressure, allows the extraction of compounds in a sustainable manner from a vegetable matrix with a high value such as jackfruit leaf proteins (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam). Currently, the main method of protein extraction is based on the precipitation with the use of an aggressive solvent, therefore it is necessary to optimize extraction methods with a minimum waste production. In the protein extraction of jackfruit leaves, we obtained a content of 84.1 mg/g using solvents. On the other hand, emergent extractions such as ultrasound, microwaves, and high hydrostatic pressure showed concentrations of 96.3, 95.6 and 147.3 mg/g, respectively. In addition, we found that the best extraction agent was 0.5 M NaCl, offering a range of possibilities that support green technologies as an imperative change in the food industry.

The first step in the biogas production process consists of analyzing how biomass alternatives are available in the locality and in the surroundings of the region where the biodigester is installed to make a selection that serves as an input for the system or food. Each biomass has different sources of nutrients, energy potential, chemical composition, processing, and ways of management that require decision making, which will be the option selected. This is often a problem for handlers, to safely decide which will be the best option for their reality. As a way to contribute to the solution of this problem, this study aimed to propose a mathematical method able to list the main criteria for selecting biomass, establishing a ranking ranging from the most preferable to the least preferable one. For the application of the multicriteria mathematical model (AHP–TOPSIS), the biomass of cattle (bovine), pigs (swine), sheep (ovine), chicken and horses (equine) were used as alternatives, taking into account the following criteria: (1) logistics cost, (2) potential for waste production from each herd, (3) the volume of biogas, and (4) energy capacity of each biomass. It was found a ranking for the alternatives and the consistency of the method was tested through sensitivity analysis.

Rising anthropogenic activities have increased waste production and, in turn, the concentration of contaminants in waters. In particular, endocrine disruptors are natural and synthetic contaminants that cause many health problems. Endocrine disruptors bioaccumulate and alter the endocrine systems of both humans and wildlife. Endocrine disruptors are health hazards even at low concentrations. Their recalcitrant properties make the current water and wastewater management system inefficient for their removal. Hence, new removal methods need to be designed and employed. Here, we review alternative technologies for the removal of endocrine disruptors from aqueous matrices, with focus on adsorption, membrane separation and biodegradation. The efficiency, materials, methods, advantages and disadvantages of these treatments are analysed and compared. The main endocrine disruptors include parabens, bisphenols, phthalates, estradiols, nonylphenols and some pesticides.

Additive manufacturing is a new emerging technology which is ideal for low-to-zero waste production, and it is considered to be a green and clean process that has the potential to lower the cost and energy consumption of production. However, the cost of the feedstock for additive manufacturing and the additive manufactured parts is usually very high, which hinders the further application of additive manufacturing, especially for the metal additive manufacturing. The concept of circular metal additive manufacturing involves the recycling of the metal feedstock and the additive manufactured parts leading to the truly zero waste production and the most energy saving. This paper reviews the technologies that help the formation of a circular metal additive manufacturing through recycling of the feedstocks and the damaged metal parts. Reactive metals, such as titanium, tend to be contaminated easily during handling and production. Recycling of the titanium for achieving a circular titanium additive manufacturing is reviewed in detail.

The advances of high-throughput experimentation technology and chemometrics have revolutionized the pace of scientific progress and enabled previously inconceivable discoveries, in particular when used in tandem. Here we show that the combination of chirality sensing based on small-molecule optical probes that bind to amines and amino alcohols via dynamic covalent or click chemistries and powerful chemometric tools that achieve orthogonal data fusion and spectral deconvolution yields a streamlined multi-modal sensing protocol that allows analysis of the absolute configuration, enantiomeric composition and concentration of structurally analogous—and therefore particularly challenging—chiral target compounds without laborious and time-consuming physical separation. The practicality, high accuracy, and speed of this approach are demonstrated with complicated quaternary and octonary mixtures of varying chemical and chiral compositions. The advantages over chiral chromatography and other classical methods include operational simplicity, increased speed, reduced waste production, low cost, and compatibility with multiwell plate technology if high-throughput analysis of hundreds of samples is desired., The stereoselective analysis of mixtures of chiral compounds typically requires time-consuming chromatography. Here, the authors combine reaction based chiroptical sensing and chemometric tools to directly determine the absolute configuration, enantiomeric composition and concentration of convoluted samples without physical separation.

Given the increase of Tunisia's car fleet and the high utilization of tires, waste production has risen sharply, causing enormous economic and environmental problems in this country. Our research team is in the process of developing different axes of valorization of this waste tires crumbs from the perspective of the field of civil engineering. This work presents the first results of the valorization in the road surface by producing a bituminous concrete (BC) containing aggregates coming from waste tires (crumbs). This study is carried out using the aggregates of DJebel El Oust showing that the addition of the rubber crumb reduces the mechanical strength, and on the other hand, the compactness increases and the resistance to water is improved. An environmental study was conducted on the modified bituminous concrete mixed with waste tires crumbs. It is recommended that in order to reduce the environmental impacts, the modified bituminous concrete is best used on acid Tunisian soils located mainly in the extreme North West region of the country.

This study attempted to calculate the amount of waste generated by the residents, households and commercial businesses in Songkhla and Hat Yai cities under three potential scenarios: (1) status quo—no charge for waste collection service (current situation); (2) an equal fee charging rate for constituents of both Songkhla and Hat Yai cities as stated in the Public Health Law of Thailand; (3) a different waste collection fee within the cities of Songkhla and Hat Yai as proposed and concluded in the study of Siritorn (Presented at the APBERS conferences in Japan, 2017, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Beppu, 2017). The regression results of the double-log model indicated that different optimal rates for waste collection fee in each city would decrease the waste produced in Songkhla by 162 kg per day and decrease waste production by 503 kg per day in Hat Yai. As a result, the two municipalities could generate a double benefit of (1) savings from total expenditure on waste management and (2) savings from the adjustment of behaviour of the residents to create a decrease in the present waste production total amounts. In summary, the “different” fee policy strategy created a win–win situation for the municipalities.

Herein, a fast and convenient protocol for the synthesis of new isoniazid fused chromeno[4,3-b]quinolin was achieved through biomimetic catalysis by cyclodextrin in the water at 60–65 °C. The present investigation involves attractive characteristics such as the use of water as the reaction medium, one-pot conditions, short reaction periods, easy work-up/purification and reduced waste production. This method provides a green route for the synthesis of targeted scaffolds and also a wide substrate scope for several substituted aldehydes to provide good yields of the corresponding products. Furthermore, the catalyst can be easily recovered by simple filtration and reused several times without any substantial loss in activity. Our study also discloses the antimicrobial screening of new chromeno[4,3-b]quinolin-isonicotinamides against four bacterial and three fungal strains.

In this review, the issue of food recycling was comprehensively studied from the perspective of recent research. Firstly, the concept of circular economy and its application in reducing waste production and the strategies for waste reduction (waste prevention) were discussed. The concept suggests that we can produce less waste from the beginning to reduce costs for recycling, instead of generating much waste for recycling through specific approaches. Secondly, the results of several investigations on the recycling of various food wastes, which have been less considered important parts of waste management, such as university waste, agricultural waste, food industry waste, and spent coffee ground (SCG) waste, were discussed in detail. Finally, various methods for recycling and sustaining food wastes (improving the rates of recycling) and their application in aforementioned sections were comprehensively presented.

The ability for low reagent consumption and minimum waste production in a miniaturised system has generated great interest in the green chemistry field and medical testing. Microfluidic technology is the trend of miniaturization of testing instruments. Passive micromixer in particular has attracted much attention over active micromixers due to their fabrication and operation simplicity. This article presents a Wall-Fractal micromixer, in which, the effect of fractal structure on mixing efficiency was studied by numerical simulation. On the basis of fractal principle, the study focus on the Primary Wall-Fractal (PWF) and Secondary Wall-Fractal (SWF) in the single wall and double walls on the mixing efficiency. Under different numbers of Reynolds (Res), the efficiency of SWF was better than that of PWF. With the distance A-B increasing, it does not contribute to improve the mixing efficiency. Effected by the symmetrically Wall-Fractal that the mixing efficiency at Re = 0.05 and Re = 100 reach up to 95% in outlet. Because of its high mixing efficiency, Wall-Fractal micromixer will have broad application prospects.

Electronic waste (E-waste) generation is evaluated at 20–50 million tons, representing 1–3% of the general waste generated yearly worldwide. The large quantities of outdated and life-ended electrical and electronic equipment make it a fast-growing waste production all over the world. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the most highly valued precious components of E-waste. Apart from valuable metals, PCBs contain many dangerous and hazardous substances. The very unpredictable mix of such different important and hazardous materials combined in a small volume poses serious challenges for the recovery and recycling of these constituents. To prevent toxicity of these contaminants to humans and environment, it is inevitable to analyze the peculiarities and compositions of various materials in E-waste and determine how to manage their recycling via green ecofriendly processes. This paper will deal with the outline of E-waste problem, its diverse categories, composition, management, and various recycling processes especially the green ecofriendly ones with unique attention toward extraction of valuable metals. Unfortunately, despite the fact that many efforts to develop recycling technologies have been endeavored, these technologies are still rather exclusive and inadequate because of the intricacy of the E-waste system. Hence, the demerits of each process are debated and discussed from the viewpoint of technical advancement and environmental protection.

We assume that during flights the amount of waste that is produced is limited. However, daily, approximately 8000 commercial airplanes fly above Europe's airspace while at the same time, more than 17,000 commercial flights exist in the entire world. Using primary data from airlines, which use the Larnaca's International Airport (LIA) in Cyprus, we have tried to understand why wastes are produced during a typical flight such as food waste, paper, and plastics, as well as how passengers affect the production of those wastes. The compositional analysis took place on 27 flights of 4 different airlines which used LIA as final destination. The evaluation indicated that the passenger's habits and ethics, and the policy of each airline produced different kinds of waste during the flights and especially food waste (FW). Furthermore, it was observed that the only waste management strategy that exists in place in the airport is the collection and the transportation of all those wastes from aircrafts and from the airport in the central unit for further treatment. Hence, this research indicated extremely difficulties to implement any specific waste minimization, or prevention practice or other sorting methods during the flights due to the limited time of the most flights (less than 3 h), the limited available space within the aircrafts, and the strictly safety roles that exist during the flights.

Environmental factors have a major role in selecting an optimal process planning schema. However, the systems that are currently available are barely capable of dealing with these environmental issues. In this paper, an automated evaluation tool based on environmental standards has been developed so that it is capable of identifying and quantifying the environmental impacts of a set of feasible manufacturing process plans and is able to select a near-optimal solution (out of the feasible set) for a desired process plan of a given part. The selection methodology is based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and has considered three main factors: emission, waste production, and hazardous materials to arrive at a selection. The proposed technique has been written in detail in the following paper and has been illustrated with appropriate case studies.

In order to improve efficiency and reduce waste production; the microwaves offer mild methods to prepare amides based neutral tripodals receptors directly from non activated carboxylic acids and amines in the absences of coupling reagents and solvents, with high yield and very short time. The preliminary 1H NMR titration experiments revealed that tripodals receptor 1 and 2 can recognize H2PO4 − and C6H5CO2 − through a 1:1 binding-stoichiometry in preference over other anions (PF6 −, ClO4 −, HSO4 − and Br−). The tripodal receptor 2 showed higher binding to the all examined anions than the tripodal receptor 1.

In Poland, the idea of implementing the methodology of life cycle thinking has been present in many official documents, i.e., ecological policy, development strategy, and even in the environmental protection law since the year 2001. The proposal of utilizing life cycle thinking included the assessment of new technologies, green public procurement, waste management and ecolabeling. In the successive years— together with the development of the strategy for implementing integrated product policy in Poland—its special importance was emphasized when an LCA was developed for a group of products characterized by high material consumption and waste production. At present, when applying for subsidies from structural funds in the Innovative Economy Operational Program, the decrease in harmful actions, limited energy, material and water consumption of products and services are in the focus of evaluation. Another criterion is the use of life cycle assessment. The proposal to use LCA can be found in the following documents in Poland

Without drastic action, population growth and urbanization will outpace waste reduction, warn Daniel Hoornweg, Perinaz Bhada-Tata and Chris Kennedy.

Until recently waste production was seen as an inevitable outcome of industrial production and processing, and a problem that could be managed by end-of-pipe andin situ biotreatment, disposal, or simply be ignored. However the introduction of clean, or cleaner, technology options now is focussing attention on the minimisation of materials and energy use, and waste generation, and upon recycle. Thus clean technology has emerged as a concept that is compatible with industrial sustainability, and whose environmental benefitsand economic competitiveness have been demonstrable over a range of industrial sectors. Biotechnology is an enabling technology that offers one important route to clean products and processes; it provides powerful and versatile tools that can compete with chemical and physical means of reducing both material and energy consumption, and the generation of wastes and emissions. The wide penetration of biotechnology in industry has still to occur but many examples of its ability to deliver clean and competitive products and processes are now available particularly through the development and application of biocatalysts. The introduction of clean or cleaner processing does not necessarily entail a complete change in manufacturing strategy or the refitting of plant. Upgrading existing manufacturing processes by fitting biotechnology unit stages illustrates the opportunities for such intermediate technology. Nevertheless, for biotechnology to achieve its full potential as a basis for clean industrial products and processes beyond its current applications, innovative R&D will be needed. The successful application of biotechnology as a clean technology is illustrated in this review through a series of case studies, while the innovative nature of biotechnology in this context is demonstrated by the development and application of novel biocatalysts.

The coupling of reaction and separation in the same device (membrane reactor) has been demonstrated to be an interesting way to enhance the performance of several reactions. In particular, by-products can be separated, side-reactions can be avoided and higher yields and conversions can be achieved. This means that the same conversions of traditional reactors can be obtained at more mild conditions (e.g. lower temperatures and pressures) with consequent energy saving and, thus, environmental benefits. Low temperatures are preferred also because they increase the life-time of the catalyst (it can be used for much longer time before it has to be regenerated) and reduce the tendency of both products and reactants to degrade (to avoid undesired side-reactions), which might lead to a loss of yield. Membrane reactors, then, seem to constitute a possible means for reducing waste production. In this paper the potential role of high temperature membrane reactors in clean productions is presented and discussed.

The purpose of this study was threefold: to investigate the types and amounts of medical waste from various hospitals in Taiwan; to analyze residues from incinerated medical waste for heavy metal content; and to measure the amount of infectious and general medical waste per bed per day and determine the ratio of infectious to general medical waste. Information was first obtained on the amounts of medical waste produced per bed per day and on waste handling and treatment. Next, residue samples were taken from incinerators and analyzed for heavy metal content. Third, daily records concerning waste content and weight from one hospital were kept over the period of one year. Chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) concentrations were significantly higher in medical waste than in general waste. Medical waste fluctuated significantly over the one-year period. Records showed that wastes containing dialysis material and wood/cotton materials were found to have the highest weight and wastes containing human organs had the lowest weight. Results of the present study underscore the need for all hospitals to effectively separate waste for proper treatment and disposal, particularly waste that produces residues which may be hazardous to the environment. In addition, hospitals also need to recycle or reuse certain materials in order to reduce waste production.

A method of calculating the material resources utilization factorη m of the no-waste index was refined. The method is based on material balance of production (process) by components. A correlation was established between the characteristics of each element of a chemical technological system (CTS) and its topology, which can be used to correctly assess the degree of the no-waste character with consideration of the scale transition to the technological planning stage. New dependences were proposed for calculating the ecological safety factor which are valid for any ratio of the maximum permissible emission to the overall emissions.

A new low-waste technology for production of the alumina catalyst at the Claus process has been developed. The catalytic activity of the Claus alumina catalysts (IC-27-22) produced by this technology is close to that of the best foreign samples (CR and S-100).

A joint production model representing “Spaceship Earth” is used to explore at a conceptual level, implications of natural resource depletion and economic waste production for economy-environment change. Ecological change is considered as uncontrolled technological innovation, partially induced through disposal of unwanted “surpluses” (by-products and “wastes” from economic activity). These surpluses may accumulate as wastelands, or (more likely) contribute to uncontrolled ecological change. Technologically stationary economy-environment steady-state solutions are contrasted with instability and forced change where either the technologies or the patterns of resource allocation in economic and environmental processes are incompatible with a steady state.

The aim of this paper is to propose a research framework, based on the joint use of three widely used methods: EMergy Evaluation (EME), Ecological Footprint Analysis (EFA) and Greenhouse Gas Inventory (GHGI), that are applied to assess the environmental sustainability of a region. The results of application of these methods to several Italian Provinces enabled us to compare their sustainability, and to test the methods with respect to sustainability requirements at local and global level. The outcomes suggest that the proposed framework provides an organic evaluation of regional systems based on key aspects, such as resources depletion, consumption patterns, waste production and absorption.