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Evaporative loss of interception (Ei) is the first process occurring during rainfall, yet its role in large-scale surface water balance has been largely underexplored. Here we show that Ei can be inferred from flux tower evapotranspiration measurements using physics-informed hybrid machine learning models built under wet versus dry conditions. Forced by satellite and reanalysis data, this framework provides an observationally constrained estimate of Ei, which is on average 84.1 ± 1.8 mm per year and accounts for 8.6 ± 0.2% of total rainfall globally during 2000–2020. Rainfall frequency regulates long-term average Ei changes, and rainfall intensity, rather than vegetation attributes, determines the fraction of Ei in gross precipitation (Ei/P). Rain events have become less frequent and more intense since 2000, driving a global decline in Ei (and Ei/P) by 4.9% (6.7%). This suggests that ongoing rainfall changes favor a partitioning towards more soil moisture and runoff, benefiting ecosystem functions but simultaneously increasing flood risks.

Active electronic states in transition metal dichalcogenides are able to prompt hydrogen evolution by improving hydrogen absorption. However, the development of thermodynamically stable hexagonal 2H-MoS2 as hydrogen evolution catalyst is likely to be shadowed by its limited active electronic state. Herein, the charge self-regulation effect mediated by tuning Mo−Mo bonds and S vacancies is revealed in metastable trigonal MoS2 (1T'''-MoS2) structure, which is favarable for the generation of active electronic states to boost the hydrogen evolution reaction activity. The optimal 1T'''-MoS2 sample exhibits a low overpotential of 158 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 74.5 mV dec−1 in acidic conditions, which are far exceeding the 2H-MoS2 counterpart (369 mV and 137 mV dec−1). Theoretical modeling indicates that the boosted performance is attributed to the formation of massive active electronic states induced by the charge self-regulation effect of Mo−Mo bonds in defective 1T'''-MoS2 with rich S vacancies.

The GH (growth hormone)/IGFs (insulin-like growth factors) system has an important function in the regulation of growth. In this system, IGFBPs play a crucial regulatory role in IGF functions. As a member of the IGFBP family, IGFBP2 can bind to IGF and regulate IGF functions to regulate development and growth. In addition, IGFBP2 shows key regulatory functions in cell proliferation and metabolism. In this study, the igfbp2 gene was cloned from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) liver. The ORF of grass carp igfbp2 is 834 bp long and encodes 277 amino acids. The tissue distribution results showed that igfbp2 is expressed in multiple tissues in grass carp and has a high expression level in the liver. In the OGTT, igfbp2 expression was significantly decreased in the liver and brain after 6 h of treatment with glucose. In vitro, igfbp2 expression in grass carp's primary hepatocytes was significantly suppressed by insulin after treatment for 6 and 12 h. Moreover, igfbp2 expression was markedly increased in a dose-dependent manner with glucagon incubation in grass carp's primary hepatocytes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about Igfbp2 in grass carp. These results will provide a basis for the in-depth study of grass carp Igfbp2.

Leaf angle is a key factor in plant architecture and crop yield. Brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate many developmental processes, especially the leaf angle in monocots. However, the BR signalling pathway is complex and includes many unknown members. Here, we propose that Oryza sativa BRASSINOSTEROID-RESPONSIVE LEAF ANGLE REGULATOR 1 (OsBLR1) encodes a bHLH transcription factor, and positively regulates BR signalling to increase the leaf angle and grain length in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Lines overexpressing OsBLR1 (blr1-D and BLR1-OE-1/2/3) had similar traits, with increased leaf angle and grain length. Conversely, OsBLR1-knockout mutants (blr1-1/2/3) had erect leaves and shorter grains. Lamina joint inclination, coleoptile elongation, and root elongation assay results indicated that these overexpression lines were more sensitive to BR, while the knockout mutants were less sensitive. There was no significant difference in the endogenous BR contents of blr1-1/2 and wild-type plants. These results suggest that OsBLR1 is involved in BR signal transduction. The blr1-D mutant, with increased cell growth in the lamina joint and smaller leaf midrib, showed significant changes in gene expression related to the cell wall and leaf development compared with wild-type plants; furthermore, the cellulose and protopectin contents in blr1-D were reduced, which resulted in the increased leaf angle and bent leaves. As the potential downstream target gene of OsBLR1, the REGULATOR OF LEAF INCLINATION1 (OsRLI1) gene expression was up-regulated in OsBLR1-overexpression lines and down-regulated in OsBLR1-knockout mutants. Moreover, we screened OsRACK1A as an interaction protein of OsBLR1 using a yeast two-hybrid assay and glutathione-S-transferase pull-down.

At this stage, 5G data system technology has been widely used in practical life and has gradually penetrated into all aspects of people’s lives and work, which is very important in the information age. Just because of insufficient time and lack of experience in 5G data system technology, there are still some flaws in the use process, which poses some threats to people’s privacy and security. Therefore, it is necessary to study the issue of data protection in the era of information and communication technology. Water-containing deposits in the sea have high p-wave velocity, high elastic impedance, high P-impedance, high s-impedance, high λρ, and low Poisson’s ratio. On the contrary, free gas-bearing deposits have low p-wave velocity, low elastic impedance, and low Poisson’s ratio, p-impedance, normal s impedance, low λρ and low Poisson' s ratio. This article is about the financial management of coastal enterprises, focusing on the analysis of big data and financial management concepts and related theoretical knowledge. Based on theoretical analysis, the current financial management status of L company is investigated and analyzed, combined with massive data and computer technology, the necessity of financial management reorganization in coastal enterprises and the application of massive data in company financial management are discussed. This article combines information management and proposes innovative financial management strategies. It is hoped that Company L can seize the opportunity of the development of informationization of the times, rationally use the convenience brought by big data, and promote its own continuous development and development.

Endometriosis has many hypothesized etiologies. Known risk factors include genetic predisposition, uterine outflow abnormalities, and iatrogenic causes. Of increasing concern is prenatal environmental exposures. However, the findings of studies investigating the relationships between prenatal environmental exposures and the development of endometriosis have not always been conclusive, and therefore, the relationships are debatable. This review presents a summary and analysis of the current studies that investigated the effects of prenatal environmental exposures on the development of endometriosis in female offspring. Prenatal exposureto estrogenic substances (such as ethinyl estradiol and diethylstilbestrol) and environmental toxins (such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, polychlorinated biphenyls, and bisphenol A) may increase the incidence of endometriosis in female offspring. However, exposure to cigarette smoke may protect againstthe development of endometriosis in female offspring mainly because of its antiestrogenic effects. Certain prenatal environmental exposures might result in the development of endometriosis in female offspring. In addition to known environmental exposures that predispose the development of endometriosis in adulthood, such as dioxin and radiation exposure (animal modeis), prenatal exposures are of increasing concern.

The quantum dynamics calculations of O+ + H2 (vi = 0, ji = 0) → OH+ + H reaction have been performed using a Chebyshev wave packet method on a new potential energy surface constructed by Song et al. [Y.Z. Song et al., Chin. Phys. B 24, 063101 (2015)]. The reaction probabilities of partial wave J = 0–80 are calculated explicitly with the centrifugal sudden (CS) and Coriolis coupling (CC) calculations. The comparison between the CC and the corresponding CS results indicates that neglecting the Coriolis coupling will lead to the underestimation of the reaction probability. The comparison of theoretical integral cross sections (ICS) with the experimental results in the collision energy range of 0.0–1.0 eV indicates that the calculated values in this work agree well with the experimental data and other theoretical results, showing the reasonability of PES and dynamic calculations. The obtained ICSs are used to calculate the rate constants in the temperature range of 0–2000 K, and the results at room temperature reasonably agree with the experimental data.

Objective To investigate the proliferation capabilities, immunophenotype changes, level of secreted cytokines and activities against lymphoma cells under the condition that cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells co-cultured with dendritic cells (DC) in vitro.

Background The sexual dimorphism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) -related liver diseases is related with estrogen and its receptors. Recent reports indicate that abnormal expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) may be a hallmark for the progression of liver disease and HBV carriers presenting variant ESR1 have an extremely aggressive clinical course. Here we examine whether the ESR1 polymorphisms or its haplotypes are related to HBV-related acute liver failure (ALF) risk among chronic HBV carriers in a Chinese population. Methods A total of 1216 unrelated Han Chinese HBV carriers were recruited in this hospital-based case–control study, including 359 HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers affected with ALF and 857 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. Two ESR1 haplotype tagging polymorphisms, c.30 T > C (rs2077647) and c.453-397 T > C (rs2234693), were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. Results We observed a significantly increased susceptibility to HBV-ALF associated with the c.30 C allele (P = 8.65 × 10-4), c.453-397 C allele (5.37 × 10-4) and [c.30 C; c.453-397 C] haplotype (Dominant model, P =0.0004, odds ratio = 1.53, 95% CI 1.23 ~ 1.96) compared with the T alleles and [c.30 T; c.453-397 T] haplotype of c.30 T > C and c.453-397 T > C polymorphisms, respectively. Conclusions Our study suggests that [c.30 C; c.453-397 C] hapotype may be a risk factor for genetic susceptibility to HBV-related ALF in the Chinese population. It also emphasizes the importance of ESR1 in the pathophysiology of HBV-related ALF on the population level.