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Severe cervical spine stenosis with cord compression has not been well documented in brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata. We report two boys with phenotypic features of brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata who had severe cervical spine stenosis secondary to dysplastic cervical vertebrae, and discuss the significance of this association and its relation to the phenotypically similar Binder phenotype.

The diagnosis of craniosynostosis requires attention to radiologic technique, familiarity with the signs of closure at each suture, and correlation with the clinical setting. Misdiagnosis may result in unwarranted calvarial or craniofacial surgery or a delay of surgery, necessitating a more extensive procedure.

Four members of a family – three of whom have facial features mildly resembling those of the trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, type I, and all of whom manifested appendicular bony prominences similar to trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, type II – were found to have the radiographic findings of metachondromatosis. The radiographic manifestations and evolution of metachondromatosis are depicted in this report.

We report a case of a large aortic mycotic pseudoaneurysm in a premature infant, a rare but serious complication associated with sepsis and umbilical artery catheter (UAC) use. Sonography is an appropriate first-line imaging modality for detection of aortic pseudoaneurysms. Increased awareness of this rare complication may lead to earlier diagnosis in the high-risk premature infant with a history of a UAC and sepsis.

Conventional, low osmolar, and non-ionic iodine containing contrast media and saline controls were placed in the paws, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues of Sprague-Dawley rat thighs. The paw injections were observed and photographed, while the thighs were examined histologically. Results showed that although the low osmolar and non-ionic agents did produce inflammatory reactions and focal necrosis in the soft tissues, they were much better tolerated than were the conventional ionic agents. A non-ionic or low osmolar ionic contrast agent should be strongly considered when a possibility for extravasation exists.

Granulomatous nephritis with renal masses is a very uncommon complication of sarcoidosis. Renal sonography in a patient with pathologically proven granulomatous nephritis demonstrated echogenic masses. CT demonstrated low-density lesions with mottled contrast enhancement.

An infant with Caffey's disease is discussed, whose presentation included marked periosteal and soft tissue findings on MR with minimally noncharacteristic plain radiographs and bone scintigraphy.

Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is an unconventional chondrosarcoma of distinctive pathology. The tumor, not previously reported in childhood, is characterized by a very poor prognosis with an average survival of only 6 months. Imaging features include a lytic lesion, focal calcifications, and a soft tissue mass.

Perlman syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome of macrosomia and nephromegaly associated with a significant predisposition to Wilms tumor. We report a premature infant with Perlman syndrome to demonstrate additional manifestations of this condition: large cisterna magna, intestinal malrotation, and skeletal abnormalities.

Type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is characterized by large vessel bleeding, visceral rupture and early death. Pulmonary complications are uncommon. We report an 18-year-old patient with EDS type IV who developed recurrent large, thick-walled lung cavitary lesions, probably a manifestation of focal lung rupture. Such hemorrhagic cavities are probably the basis of the bullous disease and recurrent pneumothoraces occasionally observed in type IV EDS.

ACTH is used in childhood to treat infantile spasms and acute cerebellar encephalopathy (opsoclonus-cerebellar ataxia syndrome). We report two infants with ultrasonographic and CT evidence of massive, reversible adrenal enlargement secondary to exogenous ACTH therapy for these disorders.

Primary epithelial tumors of the bladder are rare in children. We report a case of transitional cell carcinoma (TCCa) of the bladder in a 10-year-old boy who was evaluated with intravenous urography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT). The radiographic appearance and a differential diagnosis are discussed. The literature of TCCa of the bladder in children is reviewed.

A child with vertebral anomalies and tubular communicating duplications of the esophagus and stomach had a post-natal ultrasound interpreted as normal. This complex anomaly was delineated by barium studies and surgically confirmed.

Testicular cysts are an uncommon in the pediatric population unlike adults where they occur frequently. We describe a case of cystic dysplasia of the testis in a prepubertal boy. The known literature is reviewed and the sonographic appearance of the lesion is correlated with pathologic findings.

A case of a 16-year-old girl with a RIO of the T11 neural arch compressing the spinal cord is presented. The radiation therapy had been given after removal of a Wilms' tumor at 1 year of age. RIOs usually occur in the long bones and are diagnosed about 8 years following irradiation. Spinal cord or nerve root compression is usually associated with multiple cartilaginous exostoses.

A number of complications following small bowel biopsy have been reported. We wish to report an uncommon complication, in which there was a perforation of the small bowel discovered during an upper GI series.

Congenital pancreatic pseudocyst is a rare cause of a cystic abdominal mass in a neonate. Two cases of congenital pancreatic pseudocyst are presented, and the subject of congenital cystic lesions of the pancreas is reviewed.

A patient with Down syndrome is presented who had hypospadias, a large low implanted prostatic utricle, and refluxing ejaculatory ducts entering the utricle.

A case of contrast extravasation during voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) in a patient without a history of renal failure or "unused" bladder is presented. The subject of extravasation during VCUG is reviewed.

We present two patients with airway obstruction due to supraglottic swelling; one was caused by a brown spider bite on an ear (loxoscelism) and the other from eating buffalo fish. In the latter patient it was likely due to scrombroid poisoning, a histamine-like reaction, but may have been an anaphylaxic reaction.

LANGUAGE="EN">In the first paragraph of the Materials and methods section the authors wrote that "the family was studied after informal written consent", This should have read "informed written consent."

Plain roentgenograms were taken prior to oral cholecystography in 100 children. Three children had their gallstones obscured by the oral cholecystographic agent. Consideration should be given to obtaining plain roentgenograms in children with a strong clinical suspicion of gallbladder disease and a normal oral cholecystogram.

Eight patients with an anomaly of the iliac bone consisting of a protuberance projecting into the greater sciatic notch are discussed. The anomaly may be associated with sciatic nerve compression and atrophy; sacral, buttock, or intradural lipomata; tethered spinal cord; and ipsilateral lower extremity weakness. Surgical treatment can result in improvement of neurologic symptoms and signs.

A young infant undergoing balloon angioplasty for pulmonic stenosis developed global right renal infarction as a complication of cardiac catheterization via the femoral vein. A second patient developed segmental infarction of a recently transplanted kidney due to occlusion of a polar artery. Although routine renal sonography of these patients was normal, duplex Doppler sonography documented the absence of renal arterial and venous flow.

A young infants is presented with a mass partially obstructing the distal stomach. Sonography demonstrated the superficial origin of the lobulated lesion which proved to be focal foveolar hyperplasia, the most common cause of a gastric polypoid mass in adults but rare in children.

A young woman died following bronchography. The bilateral bronchogram done under general anesthesia without fluoroscopic control was associated with extensive small airway filling or "alveolarization" of the contrast medium. The oily Dionosil used had been heated in an autoclave. Experiments showed that the viscosity of oily Dionosil decreases with heating. The lowered viscosity could have contributed to the increased "alveolarization" of the contrast agent and death of the patient.

Multilocular renal cysts are benign lesions with an unknown histogenesis. We report 3 children and summarize information currently known about these lesions. Capsular veins were seen in two patients during the early phases of intravenous urography. Intravenous urography with sonography and arteriography may suggest the diagnosis prior to surgery.

A 3-year old boy with an acute onset of hip pain and limitation of motion had 4 mm of crescent shaped intra-articular gas produced by manual traction radiography. Hip aspiration produced more than 2 ml of fluid from the hip. Manual traction radiography producing the vacuum phenomenon with release of crescent shaped intra-articular gas did not exclude joint fluid in this patient.

Newborns with neonatal cirrhosis may have confusing clinical pictures. The demonstration of a small liver on abdominal radiographs may be helpful in suggesting the diagnosis of intrauterine hepatic damage.

A 6-year-old girl with Turner's syndrome presented with recent onset of proteinuria and pedal edema. There was no history of arthritis, fever, or abdominal pain. A physical examination revealed the stigmata of Turner's syndrome, hepatomegaly, and pedal edema. The urine contained 4+ protein without red blood cells or casts, and the BUN and creatinine were mildly elevated. The serum lipids were normal. An excretory urogram showed bilaterally enlarged, smooth kidneys without calyceal distortion. Because the proteinuria failed to respond after 1 month of steroid therapy, a diagnostic procedure was performed.