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The species-area relationship (SAR) and its mechanisms regarding microbes are not as clear as those of plants and animals; this may result from the impact of sampling effects and the confusion between SAR and distance attenuation. We hypothesize that we can find more accurate microbial SAR curve, after removing these two factors. In this study, 27 leaves of three horticultural plants were selected as island models, and microbial biodiversity assessment was done with HTS (high-throughput sequencing). The separate and small systems using leaves as islands allow us to conduct a comprehensive survey of the microbial biodiversity of the leaves, without disturbance from sampling effects and distance attenuation effects. Interestingly, we did not find microbial SAR in those 27 leaves (also not found in evergreen trees Magnolia grandiflora and Eriobotrya japonica), but we did find significant microbial SAR in deciduous tree Ficus altissima. No significant differences were found between the different trees at the alpha diversity level of microbial biodiversity, but quite different on beta diversity. The results of beta diversity partition showed that F. altissima had the highest similarity of the microbial community among the leaves compared to those of M. grandiflora and E. japonica. Since leaf genesis in deciduous plants is more simultaneous than in evergreen plants; the result suggested that inconsistent historical background of leaf islands may mask microbial SAR. Thus, intensive sampling and consistent historical background are important for understanding microbial SAR.

Background Excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) severely limits therapeutic drug penetration into tumors and is associated with poor prognosis. Collagen is the most abundant matrix protein in the tumor ECM, which is the main obstacle that severely hinders the diffusion of chemotherapeutic drugs or nanomedicines. Methods We designed a collagenase-functionalized biomimetic drug-loaded Au nanoplatform that combined ECM degradation, active targeting, immune evasion, near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered drug release, and synergistic antitumor therapy and diagnosis into one nanoplatform. PDAC tumor cell membranes were extracted and coated onto doxorubicin (Dox)-loaded Au nanocages, and then collagenase was added to functionalize the cell membrane through lipid insertion. We evaluated the physicochemical properties, in vitro and in vivo targeting, penetration and therapeutic efficacy of the nanoplatform. Results Upon intravenous injection, this nanoplatform efficiently targeted the tumor through the homologous targeting properties of the coated cell membrane. During penetration into the tumor tissue, the dense ECM in the PDAC tissues was gradually degraded by collagenase, leading to a looser ECM structure and deep penetration within the tumor parenchyma. Under NIR irradiation, both photothermal and photodynamic effects were produced and the encapsulated chemotherapeutic drugs were released effectively, exerting a strong synergistic antitumor effect. Moreover, this nanoplatform has X-ray attenuation properties that could serve to guide and monitor treatment by CT imaging. Conclusion This work presented a unique and facile yet effective strategy to modulate ECM components in PDAC, enhance tumor penetration and tumor-killing effects and provide therapeutic guidance and monitoring. Graphical Abstract

Purpose To assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) effect of proton pump inhibitors on the novel poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor fluzoparib, and observe the safety of its co-administration with omeprazole. Patients and methods Sixteen male healthy volunteers (HVs) were enrolled in a single-center, single-arm, open-label, fixed-sequence study. HVs took fluzoparib (100 mg, p.o.) after meal consumption on day-1, took omeprazole 40 mg (p.o.) under a fasting condition from day-5 to day-9, and took fluzoparib (100 mg, p.o.) after meal consumption on day-9. Blood samples were collected at predetermined timepoints for PK analyses. Safety was assessed via clinical laboratory tests. The study was registered with the Clinical Trials Registry on 30 September 2019 (NCT04108676). Results The peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) after fluzoparib administration was 2395.17 ± 418.27 ng/mL, the area under the curve (AUC) within 72 h (AUC0 − 72 h) was 26669.09 ± 7320.12 h·ng/mL, and AUC0−∞ was 26897.44 ± 7573.61 h·ng/mL. The Cmax after co-administration of fluzoparib and omeprazole was 2489.43 ± 423.72 ng·mL, AUC0 − 72 h was 30300.49 ± 8350.08 h·ng/mL, and AUC0−∞ was 30678.74 ± 8595.55 h·ng/mL. The geometric mean ratio of Cmax, AUC0 − 72 h and AUC0−∞ was 104.0% (90%CI: 94.8–114.0%), 113.6% (104.2–123.9%) and 104.1% (104.5–124.6%). The number of HVs with adverse reactions was identical (eight) for administration of fluzoparib and co-administration of fluzoparib and omeprazole. Conclusions The proton pump inhibitor omeprazole did not have a significant influence on the PK behavior of fluzoparib, and its safety profile was good upon co-administration with omeprazole. (NCT04108676, 30 September 2019)

Dissimilatory nitrite reductase, a key enzyme in the denitrification pathway, catalyzes the reduction of nitrite to NO. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the genome of a novel nitrite-degrading haloarchaeon Halorussus sp. YCN54 possessed a gene encoding the Cu-containing dissimilatory nitrite reductase (NirKHrs). NirKHrs was heterologously expressed and purified. Protein sequencing indicated that two isoforms of NirKHrs monomer were produced intracellularly. UV–vis spectrum of the purified NirKHrs showed that it belonged to the blue NirK group. NirKHrs showed optimum activity at 4.5 M NaCl, 55 ℃ and pH 7.0, representing a halophilic, slightly thermophilic and neutral enzyme. It exhibited high stability at 30–50 ℃. NirKHrs activity was strongly inhibited by the copper chelating agent due to removal of copper. NirKHrs activity was activated by Mn2+ and Sr2+. It displayed good tolerance to some high polarity organic solvents and nonionic surfactants, such as glycerol, DMSO, DMF and tween-20. Na2S2O4 was an effective electron donor to NirKHrs. The Km and Vmax values of purified NirKHrs for nitrite were 3.2 mM and 477.2 U/mg, respectively, indicating its high activity. These results indicated that NirKHrs may have potential applications for nitrite degradation in high-salt industries, such as salted food and saline wastewater treatment.

Purpose This is the first study to compare the pharmacokinetics of QL1101, a proposed bevacizumab biosimilar, with Avastin® sourced from Roche Diagnostics GmbH. Methods In this double-blind, single-dose, parallel-group study, healthy male subjects were randomized 1:1 to receive QL1101 or Avastin® 3 mg/kg intravenously. Pharmacokinetic assessments were conducted for 85 days, with additional safety and immunogenicity assessments until day 90. Primary study endpoints were area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) from time zero to infinity (AUC0–∞), AUC from time zero to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0–last), and maximum serum concentration (Cmax). Pharmacokinetic equivalence was shown if the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of the C0–max, AUC0–last, and AUC0–∞ were within the predefined bioequivalence margin of 80–125.00%. Results A total of 82 subjects were randomized to the following groups: 42 to QL1101 and 40 to Avastin®. The 90% CIs of the GMRs of AUC0–∞, AUC0–last, and Cmax of QL1101 and Avastin® were (97.8%, 107.0%), (94.5%, 106.9%), and (94.1%, 107.3%), respectively, which were all within the bioequivalence margin. The incidence of adverse events was 90.5% and 95.0% in the QL1101 and Avastin® groups, respectively. Mean serum concentration–time profiles, secondary pharmacokinetic parameters, and safety and immunogenicity profiles were comparable across the two treatment groups. Conclusions The study demonstrated the pharmacokinetic equivalence of QL1101 to Avastin®. QL1101 (3 mg/kg, iv) is safe and tolerable in healthy Chinese subjects. These data support the further clinical evaluation of QL1101 as a bevacizumab biosimilar.

Renal insufficiency may influence the pharmacokinetics of drugs. We have investigated the pharmacokinetic parameters of imrecoxib and its two main metabolites in individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) with normal renal function and renal insufficiency, respectively. This was a prospective, parallel, open, matched-group study in which 24 subjects were enrolled (renal insufficiency group, n = 12; healthy control group, n = 12). Blood samples of subjects administered 100 mg imrecoxib were collected at different time points and analyzed. Plasma concentrations of imrecoxib and its two metabolites (M1 and M2) were determined by the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, and pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance [CL], apparent volume of distribution [Vd], maximum (or peak) serum concentration [Cmax], amount of time drug is present in serum at Cmax [Tmax], area under the curve [AUC; total drug exposure across time], mean residence time [MRT] and elimination half-life [t1/2]) were calculated. The demographic characteristics of the two groups were not significantly different, with the exception of renal function. The mean Cmax and AUC0-t (AUC from time 0 to the last measurable concentration) of imrecoxib in the renal insufficiency group were 59 and 70%, respectively, of those of the healthy control volunteers with normal renal function, indicating a significant decline in the former group (P

The geometric nonlinear vibrations of pretensioned orthotropic membrane with four edges fixed, which is commonly applied in building membrane structure, are studied. The nonlinear partial differential governing equations are derived by von Karman’s large deflection theory and D’Alembert’s principle. Because of the strong nonlinearity of governing equations, the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) to solve them is applied. The approximate analytical solution of the vibration frequency and displacement function is obtained. In the computational example, the frequency, vibration mode and displacement as well as the time curve of each feature point are analyzed. It is proved that HPM is an effective, simple and high-precision method to solve the geometric nonlinear vibration problem of membrane structures. These results provide some valuable computational basis for the vibration control and dynamic design of building and other analogous membrane structures.

The radiation and the diffraction of linear waves by a rectangular structure with an opening at its bottom floating in oblique seas of finite depth are investigated. Analytical expressions for the radiated potentials and the diffracted potential are obtained by use of the method of separation of variables and the eigenfunction expansion method, with the unknown coefficients being determined by the boundary conditions and the matching requirement on the interface. The hydrodynamic coefficients and the wave excitation forces are verified using the symmetry properties of coupled hydrodynamic coefficients and one specific example investigated previously. By use of the present analytical-numerical solution, the influences of the angle of incidence, the width of the opening on the wave forces and the hydrodynamic coefficients are investigated. It is also found that in the oblique sea the external excitation frequency that can lead to the resonance of a rectangular tank depends on the wave direction and the wave number of the incident wave.

With the method of separation of variables and the eigenfunction expansion employed, an analytical solution is presented for the radiation and diffraction of a rectangular structure with an opening near a vertical wall in oblique seas, in which the unknown coefficients are determined by the boundary conditions and matching requirement on the interface. The effects of the width of the opening and the angle of incidence on the hydrodynamic characteristics of a rectangular structure with an opening near a vertical wall are mainly studied. The comparisons of the calculation results with wall-present and with wall-absent are also made. The results indicate that the variation trends of the heave added mass and excitation force with wall-present are almost the same as those with wall-absent, and that the peak values in the former case are obviously larger than those in the latter due to the reflection of the vertical wall.

We introduce the singularity category with respect to Ding projective modules, Ddpsgb(R), as the Verdier quotient of Ding derived category DDPb(R) by triangulated subcategory Kb(DP), and give some triangle equivalences. Assume DP is precovering. We show that DDPb(R) ≈ K−,dpb(DP) and Ddpsgb(R) ≈ Ddefectb(R). We prove that each R-module is of finite Ding projective dimension if and only if Ddpsgb(R) = 0.

Orthotropic membrane components and structures are widely used in building structures, instruments and meters, electronic engineering, space and aeronautics, etc., because of their light weights. However, the same lightweight combined with low stiffness make membranes prone to vibration under dynamic loads, and in some cases the vibration may lead to structural failure. Herein, the undamped nonlinear vibration response of pretension rectangular orthotropic membrane structures subjected to impact loading is studied by analytical and numerical methods. The analytical solution is obtained by solving the governing equations by the Bubnov-Galerkin method and the Lindstedt-Poincare perturbation method. Numerical analysis has also been carried out based on the same theoretical model. The analytical and numerical results have been compared and analyzed, and the influence of various model parameters on membrane vibration discussed. The results obtained herein provide some theoretical basis for the vibration control and dynamic design of orthotropic membrane components and structures.

It has been proved that the vanishing of Tate homology is a sufficient condition for the derived depth formula to hold in [J. Pure Appl. Algebra, 219, 464–481 (2015)]. In this paper, we investigate when Tate homology vanishes by studying the stable homology theory for complexes. Properties such as the balancedness and vanishing of stable homology for complexes are studied. Our results show that the vanishing of this homology can detect finiteness of homological dimensions of complexes and regularness of rings.

In this study, corncob acid hydrolysate was used as a substrate for bacterial cellulose (BC) production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. After 2 weeks' static fermentation, a BC yield of 4 g/L could be obtained. Both effects of medium composition and fermentation condition on the BC production were evaluated. Most extra substrates (carbon and nitrogen sources) except mannitol, butyric acid, and levulinic acid showed no effect on the improvement of BC yield. Fermentation condition including fermentation mode, inoculation concentration, and initial pH showed certain influence on the BC yield and thus should be well controlled. The analysis by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the BC sample had obvious nano-network structure, clear functional groups that were found in cellulose, and relatively high crystallinity and crystallinity index value. Moreover, the BC sample had great water-holding capacity. Overall, corncob acid hydrolysate could be one promising substrate for BC production.

Three new humulane-type sesquiterpenes, antrodols A–C (1–3), were isolated from cultures of the fungus Antrodiella albocinnamomea. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. Antrodols A–C (1–3) are first examples of humulane-type sesquiterpenes isolated from cultures of higher fungi, and antrodol A (1) was the first report of humulane-type sesquiterpene with a methyl rearranged at C-3. All compounds were evaluated in the enzyme inhibition assay against two protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): MEG2 and PTP1Bc. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13659-014-0032-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In this work, acetic acid was found as one promising substrate to improve xylose utilization by Gluconacetobacter xylinus CH001. Also, with the help of adding acetic acid into medium, the bacterial cellulose (BC) production by G. xylinus was increased significantly. In the medium containing 3 g l(-1) acetic acid, the optimal xylose concentration for BC production was 20 g l(-1). In the medium containing 20 g l(-1) xylose, the xylose utilization and BC production by G. xylinus were stimulated by acetic acid within certain concentration. The highest BC yield (1.35 ± 0.06 g l(-1)) was obtained in the medium containing 20 g l(-1) xylose and 3 g l(-1) acetic acid after 14 days. This value was 6.17-fold higher than the yield (0.21 ± 0.01 g l(-1)) in the medium only containing 20 g l(-1) xylose. The results analyzed by FE-SEM, FTIR, and XRD showed that acetic acid affected little on the microscopic morphology and physicochemical characteristics of BC. Base on the phenomenon observed, lignocellulosic acid hydrolysates (xylose and acetic acid are main carbon sources present in it) could be considered as one potential substrate for BC production.

Let T be a triangulated category and ξ a proper class of triangles. Some basics properties and diagram lemmas are proved directly from the definition of ξ.

Quasi-spherical (Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)(OH)2 precursor is prepared via a continuous hydroxide co-precipitation method using sodium lactate as the green chelating agent. A layered structure Li(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)O2 is synthesized by calcining the mixture of as-prepared precursor and Li2CO3 in air. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicates that Ni, Co, and Mn exist in the oxidation states of +2/+3, +3 and +4, respectively. The influence of calcination temperature on the structural, morphological, electrochemical properties of Li(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)O2 oxides are investigated in detail. As a result, the sample calcined at 850 °C shows excellent electrochemical performance, which could be ascribed to its good crystal structure, low cation disorder, appropriate crystallinity. This sample delivers an initial discharge capacity of 192.6 mA h g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of 89.5 % at a current density of 20 mA g−1, and exhibits good rate capability and stable cyclability. Finally, the electrochemical performance of the sodium lactate-derived sample is briefly compared with those of the oxalic acid-derived and ammonia-derived oxide.

Two new drimane sesquiterpenoids (1 and 2), as well as five known compounds (3–7), were isolated from the basidiomycete Trichaptum biforme. The structures of new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, and the known compounds were identified by comparing their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. The cytotoxicities results against five human cancer cell lines of compounds 1 and 2 were negligible. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s13659-013-0030-y and is accessible for authorized users.

To assess the corneal biomechanical parameters prior to and following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and epipolis laser in situ keratomileusis (epi-LASIK) and evaluate the probable correlative factors. Corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF) and other biomechanical metrics were measured and evaluated with an ocular response analyzer preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively. Compared with preoperative values, CH and CRF decreased significantly after surgery in both groups (P = 0.000). The LASIK group exhibited a positive correlation between ablation depth (AD) and ∆CH/∆CRF with a strong r value (r = 0.543, P = 0.000; r = 0.574, P = 0.000). In the epi-LASIK group, however, the correlation was much weaker (r = -0.090, P = 0.682; r = 0.093, P = 0.673), although there were no significant differences between LASIK and epi-LASIK groups in postoperative CH (P = 0.730) and CRF (P = 0.736), and in the changes between CH (P = 0.539) and CRF (P = 0.881). Corneal biomechanical changes correlated with AD in LASIK but not in epi-LASIK, and it appeared that patients with identical demographics and similar attempted corrections are more likely to face a greater danger when undergoing LASIK than epi-LASIK. Therefore, the surface ablation procedure was recommended instead of lamellar ablation especially for correcting high myopia from a biomechanical viewpoint.

To observe the effects of Danshen aqueous extract (DSAE) on the cerebral tissue and nerve stem cells in cerebral ischemia reperfusion (CIR) rats. The model rats were prepared by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 2 h and then by reperfusion. They were randomly divided into five groups: a control group, an CIR group and three DSAE-treated groups. As compared with the sham control group, there was significant increase (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) in the serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels, interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels, and IL-10 mRNA, TNF-α mRNA expression levels, function score, Infarct size, TUNEL + cell counts, cerebral transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) positive expression and cerebral neuron specific enolase (NSE) levels, and decrease in fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and death-associated protein (Daxx) positive expression levels in the CIR group. Compared with CIR group, DSAE treatment dose-dependently significantly decreased serum hs-CRP, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α levels, and IL-10 mRNA, TNF-α mRNA expression levels, function score, Infarct size, TUNEL + cell counts, cerebral TGF-β1 positive expression and cerebral NSE levels, and increase FADD and Daxx positive expression levels in the CIR + DSAE groups. Taken together, these results suggest that DSAE has a neuroprotective role in the CIR rats, which may be related to improvement of immunity function, proteins and genes expression.

A series of platinum(II) complexes of reduced amino acid esters Schiff bases were synthesized as potential anticancer agents and characterized by 1H NMR, EA, IR, and molar conductivity. These compounds were tested for their DNA interaction with salmon sperm DNA by ultraviolet spectrum and CD spectrum, and their in vitro anticancer activities have been validated against HL-60, KB, BGC-823, and Bel-7402 cell lines by MTT assay. The cytotoxicity of complexes 5d and 5f are better than cisplatin against Bel-7402 cell lines, and show a close cytotoxic effect against HL-60 cell line.

Tumour vasculature is generally disordered because of the production of excessive angiogenic factors by tumour cells, which results in tumour progression and reduces the effectiveness of radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Transient anti-angiogenic therapies that regulate tumour vascular morphology and function and improve the efficiency of antitumour therapy are under investigation. Recombinant human endostatin (Endostar/rhES) is a vascular angiogenesis–disrupting agent that has been used to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the clinical setting. In this study, we used gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a drug-delivery system (DDS) for targeted tumour delivery of rhES for short therapy, which resulted in transient tumour vascular normalization, reduced permeability and hypoxia, strengthened blood vessel integrity and increased blood-flow perfusion. Moreover, combination therapy with 5-FU over this timeframe was substantially more effective than 5-FU monotherapy. In conclusion, our research demonstrates the potential use of AuNPs as a drug-delivery platform for transporting rhES into a tumour to induce transient tumour vascular normalization and enhance the antitumour efficacy of cytotoxic drugs.

A series of water-soluble platinum(II) complexes of reduced amino acid Schiff bases were synthesized as potential anticancer agents and characterized by 1H NMR, EA, MS, IR, and molar conductivity. These compounds were tested for their DNA interaction with salmon sperm DNA, and their in vitro anticancer activities have been validated against HL-60, KB, BGC-823, and Bel-7402 cell lines by the MTT assay. The cytotoxicity of one complex (5g) is better than that of cisplatin against BGC-823 and HL-60 cell lines, and show close cytotoxic effect against Bel-7402 cell line.

Routine surveillance of spontaneous reporting data and subsequent disproportionality analyses have indicated that the use of vancomycin might be associated with an increased risk of hepatic events.To conduct a meta-analysis of published randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) to better understand if the use of vancomycin is potentially associated with an increased risk of hepatic events.A comprehensive search and review of published clinical studies indexed in MEDLINE, PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts and the Cochrane Library from 1950 to June 2010 was conducted.The inclusion criteria consisted of (i) published RCTs comparing vancomycin with/without other additional treatments to other comparators; and (ii) studies that reported hepatic events.The data related to any hepatic events reported in RCTs were extracted and examined. The quality of selected studies was assessed based on the Jadad scale. The effect size was presented as a risk ratio (RR) with a 95% CI and number needed to harm. The pooled RRs were calculated by using both fixed-effects and random-effects models. The impact of publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and the Egger's test.A total of 20 RCTs, including 7419 patients, met the study inclusion criteria and were selected. An increased incidence of hepatic events, specifically elevated serum aminotransferase levels, was observed in patients receiving vancomycin, when compared with other comparators (pooled RR=1.95; 95% CI 1.62, 2.36; p0.001), but the majority of the events were mild to moderate in nature. No evidence is currently available suggesting that the use of vancomcycin confers a risk of progressive or severe drug-induced liver injury.Continuous monitoring of hepatic events on a routine basis among patients with the use of vancomycin is suggested.

Karyotypes of six wild buckwheat species from Sichuan Pan’xi Regions of China were investigated in present study. This study will help in understanding evolutionary mechanisms and relationships among the taxes in this section. The karyotypes of three species, F. densovillosum, F. gracilipes var. odontopterum and F. gracilipes are being reported for the first time. F. esculentum, F. cymosum, F. tataricum and F. densovillosum are diploid while F. gracilipes var. odontopterum and F. gracilipes are tetraploid, 2n = 4x = 32. At diploid level, the variation of the buckwheat chromosome karyotypes is bigger; however, on the tetraploid level, it shows a higher similarity. The karyotype evolutionary trend of buckwheat indicated that F. densovillosum seemed to be more advanced than F. gracilipes var. odontopterum and F. gracilipes. F. densovillosum, F. gracilipes var. odontopterum. and F. gracilipes were found more closely related genetically whereas F. tataricum clustered into a separate group. F. esculentum and F. cymosum clustered together in one separate group.

The single-index model with monotonic link function is investigated. Firstly, it is showed that the link function h(·) can be viewed by a graphic method. That is, the plot with the fitted response ŷ on the horizontal axis and the observed y on the vertical axis can be used to visualize the link function. It is pointed out that this graphic approach is also applicable even when the link function is not monotonic. Note that many existing nonparametric smoothers can also be used to assess h(·). Therefore, the I-spline approximation of the link function via maximizing the covariance function with a penalty function is investigated in the present work. The consistency of the criterion is constructed. A small simulation is carried out to evidence the efficiency of the approach proposed in the paper.

The characteristics of N,N′-bis(cetyldimethyl)-α,ω-alkane (propane and butane) diammonium dibromide (16-3-16 and 16-4-16) aqueous solutions were studied by one- and two-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The measurements of self-diffusion coefficient and inter-proton distance at 318 K suggest that 16-3-16 spherical micelles are formed in the dilute solution at a concentration of 0.26 mmol/l and the polar head groups of the surfactant are in a saw-toothed form staying at the surface of the micelle to overcome the strong electrostatic repulsion force. Relaxation measurements obviously show that the spacer chain is rigid in the surface layer of the hydrophobic micellar core, and the side alkyl chains of 16-3-16 are packed more tightly than those of 16-4-16 in the micellar core. The line-shape analysis of the methyl protons at the end of the side alkyl chain of 16-3-16 and 16-4-16 suggests that two possible momentary morphologies of their side alkyl chains are situated in the micelle, respectively.

1H chemical shift changes of sodium 4-decyl naphthalene sulfonate (SDNS) at 313 K show that its critical micellar concentration lies between 0.82 and 0.92 mmol/dm3, which is in the same range as that of the previous study at 298 K. The spin–lattice relaxation time, spin–spin relaxation time and two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy experiments give information about the structure of the SDNS micelle and the dynamics of the molecules in the micelle. The size of the SDNS micelle remains almost unchanged in the temperature range from 298 to 313 K as deduced by analyzing the self-diffusion coefficient. Special arrangement of the naphthyl rings of SDNS in the micelles affects the packing of these hydrophobic chains. The methylene groups of the alkyl chain nearest the naphthalene groups penetrate into the aromatic region, which results in a more tightly packed hydrophobic micellar core than that of sodium dodecyl sulfonate.

In this paper, we put emphasis on the analysis the mechanism of the photon-induced frequency conversion β-BaB2O4 crystal inside a borate glass using femtosecond laser. Because of the nature of femtosecond laser’s ultra-short pulse duration and high-energy density, in essence the laser-glass interaction mechanism is changed. Based on multiphoton ionization, collisional ionization and the network depolymerization in the borate glass, production of the plasma drives the microstructure rearrangement near the laser beam focusing area. From the structure of glass and crystal analysis, we conclude that the complicated borate groups containing BO3 and BO4 units inside the glass are converted into(B3O6)−3 anion rings.

Top-contact organic field effect transistors (OFETs) based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with different concentrations in chloroform (CHCl3) are fabricated. The output characteristics indicate that the P3HT concentration has significant influence on the OFET devices. The performance of the devices firstly is enhanced with increasing the P3HT concentration, and then decreases. The optimized devices with the P3HT concentration of 2 mg/mL show the best performance. The field0effect mobility is up to 1.4×10−2 cm2/Vs, the threshold voltage (Vt) is as low as −20 V, and the current on/off ratio (Ion/off) is close to the order of 104. The results suggest that the P3HT aggregation patterns induced by different concentrations can improve the performance of the OFETs.

Severe acne presents sexual dimorphism in its incidence in Chinese population. It is more prevalent in males. To assess the possible Y chromosomal contribution to severe acne risk in Han Chinese males, we analyzed 2041 Y chromosomal SNPs (Y-SNPs) in 725 severe acne cases and 651 controls retrieved from our recent genome-wide association study data. After data filtering, we assigned 585 cases and 494 controls into 12 Y chromosomal haplogroups based on 307 high-confidence Y-SNPs. No statistically significant difference in the distribution of Y chromosomal haplogroup frequencies was observed between the case and control groups. Our results showed a lack of association between the incidence of severe acne and the different Y chromosomal haplogroup in the Han Chinese population.