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Photosynthetic and metabolomic performance of Euglena gracilis was examined and compared under autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. Autotrophic protozoa (AP) obtained greater biomass (about 33% higher) than the mixotrophic protozoa (MP) after 12 days of growth. AP maintained steady photosynthesis, while MP showed a remarkable decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and dropped to an extremely low level at day 12. In MP, low light absorption and photosynthetic electron transport efficiency, and high energy dissipation were reflected by the chlorophyll (chl a) fluorescence (OJIP) of the protozoa. The values of Ψ

Recent research interest has focused on microalgae cultivation for biogas slurry purification and biogas upgrading due to the requirement of high efficiency for nutrient uptake and CO2 capture, with economic feasibility and environmental benefits. Numerous studies have suggested that biogas slurry purification and biogas upgrading can occur simultaneously via microalgae-based technology. However, there is no comprehensive review on this technology with respect to the nutrient removal from biogas slurry and biogas upgrading. This article summarizes microalgal cultivation with biogas slurry and biogas from anaerobic digestion. The parameters, techniques, and modes of microalgae cultivation have been discussed in detail to achieve high efficiency in biogas slurry purification and biogas upgrading. In addition, the evaluation of energy efficiency and safety has also been explored. Compared with mono-cultivation of microalgae and co-cultivation of microalgae and bacteria, microalgae-fungi symbiosis has demonstrated greater development prospect and higher energy efficiency and the energy consumption for pollutants and CO2 removal were 14.2-39.0% · USD-1 and 19.9-23.3% · USD-1, respectively. Further, a sustainable recycling scheme is proposed for the purification of biogas slurry from anaerobic digestion process and biogas upgrading via microalgae-based technology.

Advanced and metastatic tumors with complex treatment histories drive cancer mortality. Here we describe the POG570 cohort, a comprehensive whole-genome, transcriptome and clinical dataset, amenable for exploration of the impacts of therapies on genomic landscapes. Previous exposure to DNA-damaging chemotherapies and mutations affecting DNA repair genes, including POLQ and genes encoding Polζ, were associated with genome-wide, therapy-induced mutagenesis. Exposure to platinum therapies coincided with signatures SBS31 and DSB5 and, when combined with DNA synthesis inhibitors, signature SBS17b. Alterations in ESR1, EGFR, CTNNB1, FGFR1, VEGFA and DPYD were consistent with drug resistance and sensitivity. Recurrent noncoding events were found in regulatory region hotspots of genes including TERT, PLEKHS1, AP2A1 and ADGRG6. Mutation burden and immune signatures corresponded with overall survival and response to immunotherapy. Our data offer a rich resource for investigation of advanced cancers and interpretation of whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing in the context of a cancer clinic. Marra and colleagues describe POG570, a pan-cancer, whole-genome, transcriptome and clinical dataset stressing the molecular interactions in advanced and post-therapy cancer patients.

The algae-based technology has a positive effect on the treatment of biogas slurry and the purification of biogas, while vitamin B12 (VB12) is one of the important regulatory substances in the algae-based cultivation system. In this study, different concentrations of VB12 were used in three microalgal treatment technologies to assess their effect on simultaneous removal of nutrients from biogas slurry and removal of CO2 from raw biogas. Results showed that Chlorella vulgaris exhibited higher growth rate, mean daily productivity, chlorophyll a content, carbonic anhydrase activity and better photosynthetic properties when co-cultivated with Ganoderma lucidum, rather than when co-cultivated with activated sludge or under mono-cultivation. Maximum mean chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and CO2 removal efficiencies were found to be 84.29 ± 8.28%, 83.27 ± 8.14%, 85.27 ± 8.46% and 65.71 ± 6.35%, respectively when microalgae were co-cultivated with Ganoderma lucidum under 100 ng L-1 of VB12. This study shows the potential of microalgae and fungi co-cultivation supplemented with VB12 for the simultaneous upgradation of biogas production as well as for the purification of biogas slurry.

This paper addresses the joint time difference of arrival (TDOA), frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) and differential Doppler rate estimation problem for high-speed maneuvering targets in passive location systems, involving linear range migration (LRM), quadratic range migration (QRM) and linear Doppler frequency migration (LDFM) within observation time. A noise-resistant estimation algorithm based on second-order keystone transform (SKT) and non-uniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) is proposed. After QRM correction via SKT, a phase compensation function is constructed to eliminate LRM and estimate the FDOA. Then, NUFFT is used to remove LDFM and realize the joint estimation of TDOA and differential Doppler rate. Comparisons with several relatively new algorithms indicate that the proposed algorithm can obtain a good trade-off between computational cost and estimation performance. Extensive numerical examples, analysis of computational complexity and estimation performance can validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Due to the superior anti-interception performance and inherent security features, the wide applications of frequency-hopping (FH) signals bring a great challenge to the reconnaissance and monitoring of FH emitters. This paper addresses the problem of positioning measurement estimation for unknown FH signals in passive localization, considering the range migration (RM) and Doppler frequency migration (DFM) of the maneuvering target within the observation time. A coherent range difference (RD), range rate difference (RRD) and acceleration difference (AD) estimation algorithm based on scaled Fourier transform and scaled non-uniform fast Fourier transform is proposed. This method can effectively remove RM and random DFM effects regardless of varied carrier frequency and achieve the coherent estimation of RD, RRD and AD. The whole estimation process can be easily implemented by complex multiplications combined with fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse FFT operations without any brute-force searching procedure. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the anti-noise performance of the proposed method is superior to several representative methods and comparable to the optimal maximum likelihood estimator with a much lower computational cost.

Long-time coherent integration can remarkably improve the detection and motion parameter estimation ability of radar for maneuvering targets. Unfortunately, the linear range migration, quadratic range migration (QRM), and Doppler frequency migration (DFM) within the coherent processing interval seriously degrade the target detection and parameter estimation performance. In this regard, a novel coherent integration approach based on frequency autocorrelation function (FAF) and Lv’s distribution (LVD), i.e., FAF–LVD, is proposed in this paper. The QRM is firstly removed by the second-order keystone transform. Then, the FAF with a variable delay is introduced to remove the DFM, followed by the scaled Fourier transform to achieve coherent integration. Finally, the acceleration and velocity are estimated simultaneously by LVD. Analysis demonstrates that FAF–LVD could be efficiently implemented via complex multiplications, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse FFT. Detailed comparisons with several representative methods indicate that FAF–LVD achieves a better balance among computational complexity, detection ability, and parameter estimation performance. Extensive simulations are presented to validate the effectiveness of FAF–LVD method.

In nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) grinding of titanium (Ti) alloy, existing nanoparticles cannot solve the technical bottleneck of high surface integrity. Therefore, graphene (GR) nanoparticles, which have excellent lubrication performance, were applied in NMQL. The tribological properties of GR nanofluid on wheel–workpiece interface were studied by friction and wear test. In the experiment, 0.5–3 nm thick GR nanoparticles were used to prepare 3% vol. palm oil-based nanofluid. Ball-disc experiment under grinding conditions was carried out on the friction and wear tester. Grinding balls with SiC abrasive grains (to simulate the grinding wheel) and Ti-6Al-4V disc (to simulate the workpiece) were used. Load force was set for simulation of pressure boundary condition of the grinding wheel–workpiece interface. Stratiform nanoparticles (MoS2, MoO3, and HBN) were used as the comparison group. Results demonstrated that GR nanofluid achieved smaller friction coefficient (0.295), error bars (0.0029), and area of scratches (182,940 μm2). GR nanoparticles with small gravity and large specific surface area improved the viscosity of nanofluid and consequently the lubrication performance. The plane hexagonal honeycomb structure determines the strong lubrication stability and abrasive resistance of the GR nanoparticles. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) images of the scratch surface also verified the above conclusions.

Voids, filled with air, in plant tissues, can attenuate ultrasound, resulting in weakening the effectiveness of ultrasound during immersion freezing. The effect of voids on ultrasound-assisted immersion freezing (UF) in selected plant tissues, apple, radish, and potato was investigated in the present study. The freezing time and quality attributes of firmness, drip loss, total calcium content, and total phenolic content were investigated in apple, radish, and potato samples treated by normal immersion freezing (IF) and UF. The results showed that the more the percentage voids in the plant tissues, the lower the effectiveness of the ultrasound treatment. The total freezing time reduction (%) due to UF was a power function of the volume of voids (%): y = 0.018x−1.057 (R2 = 0.994). Ultrasound at 0.62 W/cm2 (28 kHz) resulted in the best firmness and lowest drip loss in potato, while no significant (p > 0.05) differences in quality attributes were observed between IF and UF in apple samples. These findings indicated that UF was more effective in freezing fruit or vegetables with a highly dense structure.

The performance of the existing robust beamformers can be still degraded by the bias between the nominal steering vector and the actual one. In this paper, a novel robust wideband beamformer based on the time–frequency distributions is proposed, which can estimate the steering vector accurately even in the presence of direction and sensor location errors. Firstly, it develops an approach for wideband signals to select the single-source auto-source time–frequency (TF) points of the source signals. Then these TF points are utilized to obtain the steering vectors without using the perturbed array manifold and direction information. Finally, a higher output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is achieved for the minor bias between the estimated steering vectors and the actual ones. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other conventional robust beamforming approaches and can achieve high output SINR close to the ideal beamformer over a broad range of direction and sensor location errors.

A revised recurrent neural networks method for the passive source localization is proposed in this paper. The cost function has been designed which makes the transformation from transmitters’ localization into the outputs of the settled revised recurrent neural networks through spatial partition. The neural networks are chaotic and stable in convergence. The received signal model is constructed firstly. The parameters of the recurrent neural networks have been trained properly according to the scene. The experiments and analysis display that the revised recurrent neural networks solution not only obtains high precision location, but also has high convergence rate.

This work mainly aimed to compare the growth and tolerance of fungal–algal cultures in various dilutions of anaerobically digested swine wastewater (ASW) and to determine their nutrient removal efficiency and role in biogas upgrading. Three species of microalgae, namely, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, were selected for ASW purification and biogas upgrading in photobioreactors with four different concentrations of 1300, 1000, 700, and 300 mg L−1 COD (chemical oxygen demand). Co-cultivation of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum and C. vulgaris in 300 mg L−1 COD was the most efficient for reduction of COD, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus by 79.74 ± 4.87%, 74.28 ± 6.13% and 85.37 ± 6.84%, respectively. With respect to biogas upgrading, co-cultivation of G. lucidum and P. subcapitata in 700 mg L−1 COD showed the maximum CO2 removal efficiency of 84.77 ± 3.04%. These results show the feasibility of simultaneously removing nutrients in ASW and CO2 in biogas using fungi-microalgae pellets.

Passive time delay estimation in multipath environments is studied in this paper. A novel restrained maximum likelihood (ML) estimator is proposed to estimate the multiple time delays. Unlike traditional ML function which has P global maximum values, restraint conditions limit the ML function of P paths time delays signal with only one global maximum value. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is used to find the global maximum of the restrained likelihood function to avoid traditional complex multidimensional grid search, initialization-dependent iterative methods or methods using interpolation to enhance performance. Indeed, MCMC sampling technique for ML function has a lower computational complexity than importance sampling (IS), which needs to compute the required realizations before sampling. Furthermore, Cramer---Rao lower bound of this model is derived. Finally, simulations results and theoretical analysis demonstrate that MCMC-based approach has the same performance as IS-based algorithm and the lower computational complexity than IS-based technique.

An integrated approach that combined freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus (FACHB-31) cultivation with piggery anaerobic digestate liquid treatment was investigated in this study. The characteristics of algal growth, biogas production, and nutrient removal were examined using photobioreactor bags (PBRbs) to cultivate S. obliquus (FACHB-31) in digestate with various digestate dilutions (the concentration levels of 3200, 2200, 1600, 1200, 800, and 400 mg L(-1) chemical oxygen demand (COD)) during 7-day period. The effects of the level of pollutants on nutrient removal efficiency and CO2 removal process were investigated to select the optimum system for effectively upgrade biogas and simultaneously reduce the nutrient content in digestate. The treatment performance displayed that average removal rates of COD, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), and CO2 were 61.58-75.29, 58.39-74.63, 70.09-88.79, and 54.26-73.81 %, respectively. All the strains grew well under any the dilution treatments. With increased initial nutrient concentration to a certain range, the CO4 content (v/v) of raw biogas increased. Differences in the biogas enrichment of S. obliquus (FACHB-31) in all treatments mainly resulted from variations in biomass productivity and CO2 uptake. Notably, the diluted digestate sample of 1600 mg L(-1) COD provided an optimal nutrient concentration for S. obliquus (FACHB-31) cultivation, where the advantageous nutrient and CO2 removals, as well as the highest productivities of biomass and biogas upgrading, were revealed. Results showed that microalgal biomass production offered real opportunities to address issues such as CO2 sequestration, wastewater treatment, and biogas production.

Two floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) in experimental tanks were compared in terms of their effectiveness on removing nutrients. The results showed that the FTWs were dominated by emergent wetland plants and were constructed to remove nutrients from simulated urban stormwater. Iris pseudacorus and Thalia dealbata wetland systems were effective in reducing the nutrient. T. dealbata FTWs showed higher nutrient removal performance than I. pseudacorus FTWs. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) removal rates in water by T. dealbata FTWs were 3.95 ± 0.19 and 0.15 ± 0.01 g/m2/day, respectively. For I. pseudacorus FTWs, the TN and TP removal rates were 3.07 ± 0.15 and 0.14 ± 0.01 g/m2/day, respectively. The maximum absolute growth rate for T. dealbata corresponded directly with the maximum mean nutrient removal efficiency during the 5th stage. At harvest, N and P uptak of T. dealbata was 23.354 ± 1.366 g and 1.489 ± 0.077 g per plant, respectively, approximate twice as high as by I. pseudacorus.

In this study, we sought to identify influent carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios that yield relatively high nutrient removal efficiency with relatively low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The earthworm eco-filter (EE) system, which is composed of earthworms and plants (EP group), was found to be optimal for maximizing nutrient removal while reducing GHG emissions. In this EE system, the optimal influent C/N ratio for nutrient removal and GHG emission under C2N treatment conditions. Nutrient removal efficiency under this condition was 85.19 ± 6.40% chemical oxygen demand, 71.99 ± 11.28% total nitrogen, and 77.91 ± 8.51% total phosphorus, while the CO2 emission rate was 678.89 ± 201.87 mg m(-2) h(-1). Moreover, the highest nutrient removal and GHG emission rates were both achieved in late summer (August). Thus, carbon variation, season, system variation, as well as synergistic interaction between system variations and seasons, significantly affect nutrient removal efficiencies and GHG emissions.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) show differential expression across breast cancer subtypes, and have both oncogenic and tumour-suppressive roles. Here we report the miRNA expression profiles of 1,302 breast tumours with matching detailed clinical annotation, long-term follow-up and genomic and messenger RNA expression data. This provides a comprehensive overview of the quantity, distribution and variation of the miRNA population and provides information on the extent to which genomic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional events contribute to miRNA expression architecture, suggesting an important role for post-transcriptional regulation. The key clinical parameters and cellular pathways related to the miRNA landscape are characterized, revealing context-dependent interactions, for example with regards to cell adhesion and Wnt signalling. Notably, only prognostic miRNA signatures derived from breast tumours devoid of somatic copy-number aberrations (CNA-devoid) are consistently prognostic across several other subtypes and can be validated in external cohorts. We then use a data-driven approach to seek the effects of miRNAs associated with differential co-expression of mRNAs, and find that miRNAs act as modulators of mRNA-mRNA interactions rather than as on-off molecular switches. We demonstrate such an important modulatory role for miRNAs in the biology of CNA-devoid breast cancers, a common subtype in which the immune response is prominent. These findings represent a new framework for studying the biology of miRNAs in human breast cancer.

Chemical fertilizer agricultural wastewater is a typical high-strength wastewater that has dramatically triggered numerous environmental problems in China. The Chlorella vulgaris microalgae biological wastewater treatment system used in this study can effectively decontaminate the high-strength carbon and nitrogen wastewater under an optimum light wavelength and light intensity supply strategy. The descending order of both the dry weight for C. vulgaris reproduction and wastewater nutrient removal efficiency is red white yellow purple blue green, which indicates that red light is the optimum light wavelength. Furthermore, rather than constant light, optimal light intensity is used for the incremental light intensity strategy. The phases for the optimal light intensity supply strategy are as follows: Phase 1 from 0 to 48 h at 800 μmol m(-2) s(-1); Phase 2 from 48 to 96 h at 1,200 μmol m(-2) s(-1); and Phase 3 from 96 to 144 h at 1,600 μmol m(-2) s(-1). Additionally, the optimal cultivation time is 144 h.

Neuroblastoma is a malignancy of the developing sympathetic nervous system that often presents with widespread metastatic disease, resulting in survival rates of less than 50%. To determine the spectrum of somatic mutation in high-risk neuroblastoma, we studied 240 affected individuals (cases) using a combination of whole-exome, genome and transcriptome sequencing as part of the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) initiative. Here we report a low median exonic mutation frequency of 0.60 per Mb (0.48 nonsilent) and notably few recurrently mutated genes in these tumors. Genes with significant somatic mutation frequencies included ALK (9.2% of cases), PTPN11 (2.9%), ATRX (2.5%, and an additional 7.1% had focal deletions), MYCN (1.7%, causing a recurrent p.Pro44Leu alteration) and NRAS (0.83%). Rare, potentially pathogenic germline variants were significantly enriched in ALK, CHEK2, PINK1 and BARD1. The relative paucity of recurrent somatic mutations in neuroblastoma challenges current therapeutic strategies that rely on frequently altered oncogenic drivers., National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.) (Grant U54HG003067), National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (Contract HHSN261200800001E)

HOX genes have been implicated as regulators of normal and leukemic stem cell functionality, but the extent to which these activities are linked is poorly understood. Previous studies revealed that transduction of primitive mouse hematopoietic cells with a NUP98HOXA10homeodomain (NA10HD) fusion gene enables a subsequent rapid and marked expansion in vitro of hematopoietic stem cell numbers without causing their transformation or deregulated expansion in vivo. To determine whether forced expression of NA10HD in primitive human cells would have a similar effect, we compared the number of long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) present in cultures of lenti-NA10HD versus control virus-transduced CD34(+) cells originally isolated from human cord blood and chronic phase (CP) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. We found that NA10HD greatly increases outputs of both normal and Ph(+)/BCR-ABL(+) LTC-ICs, and this effect is particularly pronounced in cultures containing growth factor-producing feeders. Interestingly, NA10HD did not affect the initial cell cycle kinetics of the transduced cells nor their subsequent differentiation. Moreover, immunodeficient mice repopulated with NA10HD-transduced CP-CML cells for more than 8 months showed no evidence of altered behavior. Thus, NA10HD provides a novel tool to enhance both normal and CP-CML stem cell expansion in vitro, without apparently altering other properties.

Follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are the two most common non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). Here we sequenced tumour and matched normal DNA from 13 DLBCL cases and one FL case to identify genes with mutations in B-cell NHL. We analysed RNA-seq data from these and another 113 NHLs to identify genes with candidate mutations, and then re-sequenced tumour and matched normal DNA from these cases to confirm 109 genes with multiple somatic mutations. Genes with roles in histone modification were frequent targets of somatic mutation. For example, 32% of DLBCL and 89% of FL cases had somatic mutations in MLL2, which encodes a histone methyltransferase, and 11.4% and 13.4% of DLBCL and FL cases, respectively, had mutations in MEF2B, a calcium-regulated gene that cooperates with CREBBP and EP300 in acetylating histones. Our analysis suggests a previously unappreciated disruption of chromatin biology in lymphomagenesis.

Gamma ray irradiation is considered as an effective way to degrade diclofenac. However, due to the extensive coexisting substances in natural waters, the use of gamma ray irradiation for degradation is often influenced by multiple factors. The various factors that affect degradation efficiency, such as initial diclofenac concentration, initial pH, and the concentration of the additives including H(2)O(2) (·OH radical promoter), CH(3)OH (·OH radical scavenger), thiourea (·OH, H·, and e (aq) (-) scavenger), humic acid, and NO(3)(-) (coexisting substances in natural waters), are investigated. Furthermore, possible intermediate products are identified and corresponding transformation pathways are proposed.Degradation experiments were performed in a 50-mL airtight Pyrex bottle loaded with 25 mL of diclofenac solutions at various initial concentrations of 20.5, 30.4, and 50.1 mg L(-1). The radiation doses were controlled at 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 kGy.Study results indicate that: (1) The degradation efficiency of diclofenac decreases with the increase of its initial concentration. (2) The degradation efficiency is higher under acidic conditions than in neutral and alkaline media. (3) The results obtained when H(2)O(2), CH(3)OH, and thiourea were added show that the degradation of diclofenac takes place via two pathways: oxidation by ·OH radicals and reduction by e (aq) (-) and H·. (4) The extensive coexisting substances in natural waters, such as humic acid and NO(3)(-), do not affect the degradation efficiency. Based on the identified intermediates, it is proposed that transformation pathways are initiated mainly by H·, e (aq) (-) , and ·OH.Gamma ray irradiation effectively degrades diclofenac.

The influent concentration has a great effect on nutrients removal efficiency in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland systems, but treatment performance response to different C: N: P ratios in the influent are unclear at present. At the first growing seasons, the effects of the plants present or not, season, the different C: N: P ratio in influent condition and their interaction on treatment performances were studied in the planted or the unplanted wetlands in greenhouse condition. Each set of units was operated at hydraulic loading rates of 40 L/d. Low, medium and high-strength (100, 200, 400 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand or 20, 40, 80 mg/L total nitrogen) synthetic sewage were applied as influent. According to the first growing season results, the average removal efficiencies for the unplanted and the planted wetlands were as follows: chemical oxygen demand (44–58 % and 55–61 % respectively), total nitrogen (26–49% and 31–54 %) and total phosphorus (36–64 % and 70–83 %). The both wetlands system was operated as an efficient treatment system of highest average removal rates of both chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus when medium-strength synthetic sewage were applied. When high strength synthetic sewage was applied, the planted wetlands usually had a higher nutrients removal rates than the unplanted over the study period. The plants grew well under any high loading treatment over the study period. Anyhow, it also proved that the wetland systems have a good capacity to treat different strength wastewater in greenhouse condition.

In alternative expression analysis by sequencing (ALEXA-seq), we developed a method to analyze massively parallel RNA sequence data to catalog transcripts and assess differential and alternative expression of known and predicted mRNA isoforms in cells and tissues. As proof of principle, we used the approach to compare fluorouracil-resistant and -nonresistant human colorectal cancer cell lines. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the approach by comparison to exon tiling and splicing microarrays and validated the results with reverse transcription-PCR, quantitative PCR and Sanger sequencing. We observed global disruption of splicing in fluorouracil-resistant cells characterized by expression of new mRNA isoforms resulting from exon skipping, alternative splice site usage and intron retention. Alternative expression annotation databases, source code, a data viewer and other resources to facilitate analysis are available at http://www.alexaplatform.org/alexa_seq/.

Follicular lymphoma (FL) and the GCB subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) derive from germinal center B cells. Targeted resequencing studies have revealed mutations in various genes encoding proteins in the NF-kappaB pathway that contribute to the activated B-cell (ABC) DLBCL subtype, but thus far few GCB-specific mutations have been identified. Here we report recurrent somatic mutations affecting the polycomb-group oncogene EZH2, which encodes a histone methyltransferase responsible for trimethylating Lys27 of histone H3 (H3K27). After the recent discovery of mutations in KDM6A (UTX), which encodes the histone H3K27me3 demethylase UTX, in several cancer types, EZH2 is the second histone methyltransferase gene found to be mutated in cancer. These mutations, which result in the replacement of a single tyrosine in the SET domain of the EZH2 protein (Tyr641), occur in 21.7% of GCB DLBCLs and 7.2% of FLs and are absent from ABC DLBCLs. Our data are consistent with the notion that EZH2 proteins with mutant Tyr641 have reduced enzymatic activity in vitro.

Recent advances in next generation sequencing have made it possible to precisely characterize all somatic coding mutations that occur during the development and progression of individual cancers. Here we used these approaches to sequence the genomes (>43-fold coverage) and transcriptomes of an oestrogen-receptor-alpha-positive metastatic lobular breast cancer at depth. We found 32 somatic non-synonymous coding mutations present in the metastasis, and measured the frequency of these somatic mutations in DNA from the primary tumour of the same patient, which arose 9 years earlier. Five of the 32 mutations (in ABCB11, HAUS3, SLC24A4, SNX4 and PALB2) were prevalent in the DNA of the primary tumour removed at diagnosis 9 years earlier, six (in KIF1C, USP28, MYH8, MORC1, KIAA1468 and RNASEH2A) were present at lower frequencies (1-13%), 19 were not detected in the primary tumour, and two were undetermined. The combined analysis of genome and transcriptome data revealed two new RNA-editing events that recode the amino acid sequence of SRP9 and COG3. Taken together, our data show that single nucleotide mutational heterogeneity can be a property of low or intermediate grade primary breast cancers and that significant evolution can occur with disease progression.

Increasing attention has been paid to the question of whether and how community forestry links with poverty reduction in the mountainous regions in developing countries. Household-based community forestry was first implemented in Yunnan and spread over other parts of China in the 1980s. In this forestry management system, rural households are the main actors. Household forestry is a form of small-scale community forestry and suits the rural areas of China, where social overhead capital and skilled human resources are lacking. Community forestry has played a remarkable role in guiding and facilitating rural poverty alleviation in Huoshan County, Anhui Province. This paper describes how the community forestry project in Huoshan County has helped the farmers improve their livelihoods through the creation of a forestry model involving science and technology demonstration households and independent farmers’ organisations. The sustainable poverty alleviation model developed in Huoshan has proved to be effective in poverty alleviation and environmental protection, featuring the participatory forestry components of the project, namely household forestry, science and technology demonstration households, and independent farmers’ organisations. With technological and financial aid from government, the local farmers were able and willing to establish this small-scale forestry management system, planting fast-growing multiple-use tree species with substantial economic benefits.

The high-strength wastewater is now well known as a threat to the natural water since it is highly possible to arouse water eutrophication or algal blooms. The effects of various light emitting diode wavelengths and intensities on the microalgae biological wastewater treatment system was studied in this research. The various nutrient removals and economic efficiencies represented similar variation trends, and these variations under both high C and N loading treatments were similar too. The order for microalgae C. vulgaris reproduction in terms of dry weight and nutrient removal efficiency both were red > white > yellow > blue, under high carbon and nitrogen loading treatments, indicating that the red light was the optimum light wavelength. Furthermore, considering the optimal light intensity in terms of nutrient removal efficiency was 2500 and 2000 μmol/m2•s, while in terms of economic efficiency was 1000, 1500 and 2000 μmol/m2•s. Therefore, the optimum light intensity was found to be 2000 μmol/m2•s. In addition, the optimal experimental illumination time was determined as 120 h. The Chlorella vulgaris microalgae biological wastewater treatment system utilized in this research was able to purify the high-strength carbon and nitrogen wastewater effectively under optimum light wavelength and intensity.

Background The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is the most serious insect pest of western North American pine forests. A recent outbreak destroyed more than 15 million hectares of pine forests, with major environmental effects on forest health, and economic effects on the forest industry. The outbreak has in part been driven by climate change, and will contribute to increased carbon emissions through decaying forests. Results We developed a genome sequence resource for the mountain pine beetle to better understand the unique aspects of this insect's biology. A draft de novo genome sequence was assembled from paired-end, short-read sequences from an individual field-collected male pupa, and scaffolded using mate-paired, short-read genomic sequences from pooled field-collected pupae, paired-end short-insert whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing reads of mRNA from adult beetle tissues, and paired-end Sanger EST sequences from various life stages. We describe the cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, and plant cell wall-degrading enzyme gene families important to the survival of the mountain pine beetle in its harsh and nutrient-poor host environment, and examine genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism variation. A horizontally transferred bacterial sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase was evident in the genome, and its tissue-specific transcription suggests a functional role for this beetle. Conclusions Despite Coleoptera being the largest insect order with over 400,000 described species, including many agricultural and forest pest species, this is only the second genome sequence reported in Coleoptera, and will provide an important resource for the Curculionoidea and other insects.

Analysis of a 2.6 million longSAGE sequence tag resource generated from nine human embryonic stem cell lines reveals an enrichment of RNA binding proteins and novel ES-specific transcripts., To facilitate discovery of novel human embryonic stem cell (ESC) transcripts, we generated 2.5 million LongSAGE tags from 9 human ESC lines. Analysis of this data revealed that ESCs express proportionately more RNA binding proteins compared with terminally differentiated cells, and identified novel ESC transcripts, at least one of which may represent a marker of the pluripotent state.