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Primordial germ cells (PGCs) play an important role in sexual fate determination and gonadal development in gonochoristic fish, such as zebrafish and medaka. However, little is known about the function of PGCs in hermaphroditic fish. Rice field eel (Monopterus albus), a protogynous hermaphroditic fish, is an economically valuable aquaculture species. We eliminated PGCs in rice field eels during embryogenesis via morpholino-mediated knockdown dead end (dnd). The PGCs-depleted gonads developed into testis-like structures with Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. The gene expression pattern of 15-month-old PGCs-depleted gonads showed that male-biased genes, dmrt1, sox9a, gsdf, and amh, were significantly higher than that of the WT, whereas female-biased genes, foxl2 and cyp19a1a, were significantly decreased. These results indicate that PGCs are essential for ovarian differentiation in rice field eel, and PGCs-depleted gonads develop into sterile males without undergoing the female and intersex stages. Our study is the first to identify the role of PGCs in sex differentiation in rice field eel, a protogynous hermaphrodite teleost. And it is of great significance in rice field eel for discovering the underlying mechanism of sex differentiation and establishing sex control technology.

The main contribution of this paper is to give a new axiomatic definition of entropy measure and provide a constructing approach in the context of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set (IVIFS). We give a new idea to define entropy on IVIFS: From the graphical representation, we consider the difference between a given IVIFS and its corresponding two interval fuzzy sets (IVFSs) by introducing a distance function that meets some specific conditions. The relationship between the distance function and the distance measure has also been illustrated. Based on distance functions, we give an approach to construct entropy measures on IVIFS. Then, a plenty of new entropies on IVIFS are introduced. Furthermore, we use a comparative example to show the proposed measures outperform the existing measures and utilize a demonstrative example to explain the application of the entropy measure in the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), which verify the feasibility of our entropy construction method.

For non-directional drilling cores, selection of samples and the test methods for in situ stress measurements to evaluate the Kaiser effect (KE) were proposed, and the magnitude and direction of the principal stresses were derived from first principles. Based on this approach, the KE for 423 samples in the Burtai and Baode coal mines in the northern Ordos Basin (NOB), China, have been investigated. The results show that the maximum horizontal principal stress (σH), the minimum horizontal principal stress (σh) and the vertical stress (σv) varied with depth and location, and the values increase with increasing depth. Generally, the horizontal stresses play a leading role. For the main stress regimes in the NOB, σH > σh > σv (Burtai Mine, σH > σv > σh (Burtai Mine, 170–800 m; Baode Mine, 170–400 m), and the σv > σH > σh stress regimes are mainly distributed in moderately deep to deep coal mines. For rock masses with a depth of 350 m, k ((σH + σh)/2σv) tends to 1, indicating that a deep critical state will gradually emerge. The test results are compared with those for the overcoring (OC) method, the anelastic strain recovery (ASR) method and micro-hydraulic fracturing (HF). The relative errors for σH, σh and σv were 14.90%, 19.67%, 15.47% (Burtai Mine) and 10.74%, 22.76%, 19.97% (Baode Mine), respectively, and the errors are all within an acceptable range, thus verifying the reliability of the KE method. The dominant orientation for the σH (Burtai mine, NE-NNE; Baode Mine, NEE) is obtained via paleomagnetic technology, and the data are consistent with those (NE-NEE) of the earthquake focal mechanism solutions for the area. Based on the Byerlee–Anderson theory, a discussion is given on the levels of stress accumulation in the rock mass of the mines. For dry rocks or hydrostatic pressure rocks, the friction coefficients of the faults are low for both locations, and the values are less than the lower limit (0.6) of the strike-slip faults slip, indicating that the stress fractures at a low level around the study areas are lower than the friction limit stress. The stress accumulation levels in the Baode Mine are slightly larger than those in the Burtai Mine.

A hesitant fuzzy soft set is a hybrid model consist of a hesitant fuzzy set and a soft set. It can be considered an effective mathematical tool for dealing with vagueness and uncertainty. This study focuses on the measure of information fuzziness for hesitant fuzzy soft sets. First, we propose the concept of the relative entropy of hesitant fuzzy soft sets which is used to measure the discrimination information. Then, we introduce the symmetric cross-entropy of hesitant fuzzy soft sets considering the relative entropy. In addition, we provide the axiomatic definitions of the similarity measure and entropy of hesitant fuzzy soft sets. Meanwhile, we develop a novel similarity measure and an entropy formula of hesitant fuzzy soft sets by using the concept of the symmetric cross-entropy. Furthermore, we present two different decision-making methods for multi-attribute decision making and multi-attribute group decision making where multi-attribute index information is described by hesitant fuzzy soft sets. Finally, practical examples are presented in order to illustrate the validity and practicability of the similarity measure and entropy. We also compare and analyze our entropy and similarity measures with other measures.

This paper presents an original design of the single-shot iterative frequency-domain interferometry (IFDI) technology to measure the ultrafast phase. Unlike frequency domain holography (FDH), in which the reference pulse interferes with the phase-modulated probe pulse, in IFDI two linearly chirped probe pulses co-propagate and are both phasemodulated by the measured ultrafast phase, and then the phase can be reconstructed with the iterative algorithm. Compared with two types of FDH, the IFDI technology has better accuracy and stability.

This paper studies the problem of finite-time fuzzy adaptive dynamic surface control (DSC) design for a class of single-input and single-output (SISO) high-order nonlinear systems with output constraint. Fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) are utilized to identify the unknown smooth functions. By adopting Barrier Lyapunov function (BLF), the problem of output constrain is handled. Combining adding a power integrator and adaptive backstepping recursion design technique, a novel fuzzy adaptive finite-time DSC algorithm is proposed. Based on finite-time Lyapunov stable theory, the developed control algorithm means that all the signals of the closed-loop system are semi-global practical finite-time stable (SGPFS) and the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of origin in finite time. In addition, the output does not violate the given constrain bound. Finally, both numerical and practical simulation examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.

Complex numbers are indispensable parts of describing states of quantum systems and their dynamic behavior, and they are widely used in classical and quantum physics. In recent years, some studies and experiments have shown the necessity of complex numbers in quantum physics. In this work, we investigate the quantification of imaginarity and explore connections of several properties of imaginary measures. In addition, we focus on two specific imaginarity measures: the weight of imaginarity and the relative entropy of imaginarity, proving that they have some nice properties. We also study the corresponding semidefinite programming form of the weight of imaginarity and obtain a closed expression of the relative entropy of imaginarity. Moreover, we analyze the quantitative relationships of several imaginarity measures. Our work further studies the quantification of imaginarity, and provides two concrete measures with interesting properties for imaginarity, which will contribute to the development of quantum mechanics and quantum technology.

The formalism of general probabilistic theories (GPTs), which include classical probability theory and quantum mechanics, has provided us with physical theories beyond quantum mechanics. In this work, we focus on studying the connection between several classes of exclusion tasks and core problems of resource theories-weight-based resource quantifiers and resource manipulations in any GPT. First, we introduce two resourceful quantifiers called the weight of state (WOS) and the weight of measurement (WOM) in any GPT; then, we show that the WOS accurately quantifies the best advantage that a given resource state offers over resourceless states in all channel exclusion tasks. Meanwhile, a similar conclusion can be drawn for the WOM. Second, we introduce the weight-generating power of a channel (WGPC) in any GPT, based on which the resource content of a nonfree channel can be quantified by understanding the number of resources produced by it. It is proven that the WGPC can be considered as the best advantage provided by a given nonfree channel when considering a class of free-state exclusion tasks. In the context of quantum mechanics, we show that the best advantage that a given resource channel provides over resourceless channels in a class of entanglement-assisted state exclusion tasks can be accurately quantified by the weight of channel (WOC). In addition, we introduce the maximum WOC ensemble (MWCE) and find that the MWCE admits an operational interpretation as the best advantage that a given resource channel ensemble provides over free channel ensembles in a class of specific free-channel exclusion tasks. Finally, we show that several classes of channel and state exclusion tasks can constitute complete sets of monotones, completely describing the transformations of states and measurements in any GPT, respectively.

This paper investigates the fuzzy adaptive fault-tolerant control design problem for a class of electromagnetic active suspension systems. The change of the contact between the tire and the ground is studied to increase the vehicle stability in the presence parameter uncertainties. Meanwhile, considering the nonlinearity of the spring in the suspension space, the characteristics of the damper are studied to form the basis of accurate control. Furthermore, unknown time-varying delay and dynamic abrupt fault are considered, which helps deal with emergencies and transmission delays. Fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) are utilized to identify the unknown dynamics. On the basis of Lyapunov stability theory, it is proved that all the signals of the closed-loop system are semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB). Finally, the simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control approach.

This paper investigates the problem of fuzzy adaptive finite-time fault tolerant control (FTC) for a class of multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems with actuator failure. In control design, the fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) are adopted to identify the unknown nonlinear functions and a state observer is constructed to estimate the unmeasurable states. By combining dynamic surface control (DSC) technique with backstepping design, a novel finite-time fuzzy adaptive FTC strategy is proposed based on fault-tolerant control technique to overcomes the “explosion of complexity” problem. The presented control method demonstrates that all signals of the closed-loop system are semi-global practical finite-time stability (SGPFS), and the tracking errors converge to a small neighborhood of zero in a finite time. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the presented control method.

Fractional viscoelastic constitutive equations have been extensively used for describing the creep and relaxation behaviors of geomaterials. Their value and efficiency for fitting the creep or relaxation curves of geomaterials have been validated by many researches. In order to study the physical meaning of fractional order, creep curves of shale, rock salt, and mudstone under different confining and deviatoric stresses, temperatures, and water contents have been fitted and compared. We found that samples from the same layer have similar fractional orders and they are almost constant during the steady creep. Increasing confining stress will increase the elasticity of the rock and a larger deviatoric stress will lead to a stronger viscosity. The most interesting phenomenon is that the fitted parameters will have a mutation, when the deviatoric stress acting on the sample is larger than the long-term strength of the rock. Both the temperature and water content, which is the ratio of water mass and dried simple mass, have significant impacts on the creep curves. However, the fractional order is more controlled by temperature than water content. This is because that temperature has a more significant influence on the property of the minerals and the cementing property between the mineral grains is more likely to be determined by water content.

Near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is proposed for the classification of pathogenic bacteria using optical properties. The spectrally resolved data are analyzed using a diffuse reflectance model to extract the local optical properties, including the reduced scattering coefficient and absorption coefficient. The optical properties at different wavelengths form the feature set. A particle swarm optimization-based support vector machine is used to classify seven categories of bacteria. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the method for the rapid and noninvasive classification of pathogenic bacteria using optical properties.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to systematically identify variants in NOTCH signaling pathway genes that correlate with mandibular prognathism (MP) in the general Chinese population. Methods Targeted sequencing of NOTCH signaling pathway genes was conducted in 199 MP individuals and 197 class I malocclusion control individuals. The associations of common and rare variants with MP, cephalometric parameters, and continuous cephalometric phenotypes were analyzed by principal component (PC) analysis. The associations between rare variants and MP were tested for each gene. Results Six SNPs, including rs415929, rs520688, and rs423023 in an exonic region of NOTCH4; rs1044006 in an exonic region of NOTCH3; rs1051415 in an exonic region of JAG1; and rs75236173 in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of NUMB were associated with MP (P JAG1 was significantly related to PC1 (P = 3.608 × 10− 4), which explained 24.3% of the overall phenotypic variation observed and corresponded to the sagittal mandibular position towards the maxilla, ranging from a posterior positioned mandible to an anterior positioned mandible. Additionally, 41 other variants were associated with PC1–5 (P EP300, NCOR2, and PSEN2 gene showed an association with MP (t Conclusions An association between NOTCH signaling pathway genes and MP has been identified.

Intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy set (IHFS) provides a valid mean for dealing with the uncertainty of complex problems. Information measures on IHFS can measure the uncertain information, so that we shall introduce a method to construct a class of distance measures for IHFS in this paper. For constructing more objective distance measures to reflect the actual situation, we consider the information content and information clarity of IHFS simultaneously and utilize different functions to adjust their contribution. Its superiority is evidenced by an example of pattern recognition that the proposed distance measure improves numerically results obtained with existing distance measures. In particular, we investigate the connection between distance measure, similarity measure, and entropy measure of IHFS, and prove that they can be constructed mutually under this axiomatic framework. On this basis, we apply the proposed entropy measure to determine criteria weights in multi-criteria decision-making problems and design an extended intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) method, which effectiveness is presented by a practical application.

To characterize the uncertainty of a hesitant fuzzy set, a new entropy, which is called (R, S)-norm information measure, is proposed in this paper. It is proved that the proposed measure satisfies the axiomatic definition of entropy measures for hesitant fuzzy sets, and then, some properties of the proposed measure are also explored. Furthermore, several examples are presented to show the advantages of the (R, S)-norm information measure compared with some existing entropy measures. Then, based on the new information measure, we utilize decision-making method by combining prospect theory with technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution to address multi-attribute decision-making problems. Finally, a concrete example of business investment is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed information measure, and comparative analysis is also completed to verify the validity of the (R, S)-norm information measure.

We adequately characterize the distillability of quantum coherence under the maximally incoherent operations (MIO) in the probabilistic distillation’s framework. In particular, we prove that every non-full-rank coherent state exhibits a nonzero probability in the task of probabilistic deterministic distillation. Moreover, we find that the maximal coherence, a computable coherence monotone under strictly incoherent operations (SIO), is a coherence monotone under incoherent operations (IO) and add the proof that the maximal coherence fulfills strong monotonicity under SIO. It is suggested that the maximal success probability of distillation from all coherent states whose density matrix does not contain any rank-one submatrix is less than 1 under IO and equals 0 under SIO. Finally, we present an explicit example for probabilistic distillation under IO and show that a class of non-full rank 3-dimensional states possesses the probabilistic distillability.

Observables on quantum structures can be seen as generalizations of random variables on a measurable space $$(\Omega , \mathcal {A})$$ for the case when $$\mathcal {A}$$ is not necessarily a Boolean algebra. The present paper investigates an extending of the usual pointwise sum of random variables onto the set of bounded observables on a $$\sigma $$ -distributive lattice effect algebra E. We describe conditions under which this operation, so-called sum $$x+y$$ of observables x, y, preserves continuity of spectral resolutions of x, y. We show how the spectrum $$\sigma (x+y)$$ depends on spectra $$\sigma (x)$$ , $$\sigma (y)$$ , and we provide a relation between the meager part $$x_m$$ and the dense part $$x_d$$ of an observable x.

In this paper, a comprehensive model combining analytical and numerical solution has been developed to study the interaction between a hydraulic fracture (HF) and a natural fracture (NF). A new analytical solution is presented to analyze the interaction mechanism with consideration of fluid lag and stress singularities near the HF tip, and to predict whether the HF crosses the NF when the propagating tip reaches the interface and the fluid front remains farther back. A new numerical solution based on the displacement discontinuity method and finite-volume method is derived to solve the problem of coupled rock deformation, fluid transport, stress interference, interface slipping, and opening, and to investigate the interaction between an HF and an NF after the fluid front reaching the interface. Based on the comprehensive model, sensitivity analyses of key influence parameters are implemented. The analyses indicate that the HF tends to cross the NF under conditions of high principal stress difference, high intersection angle, high interfacial friction, high injection rate, high fracturing fluid viscosity, and low initial conductivity of the NF. Moreover, the morphology of HF is significantly affected by two engineering parameters, the injection rate and the fracturing fluid viscosity. The same value of the product of these two parameters results in the same HF morphology at the times of the same injected fluid volumes. The new comprehensive model is validated with published analytical and numerical criterions and laboratory tests.

In this article, we mainly study the consistency properties of wavelet estimator in nonparametric regression model with extended negatively dependent samples. Under some suitable conditions, the pth mean consistency, complete consistency and complete consistency rates of the wavelet estimator in nonparametric regression model with extended negatively dependent samples are obtained. Our results generalize or improve the corresponding ones and the wavelet estimator method for independent and mixing dependent samples to some extent.

A diffusion function based on mixed gradient and variable exponent is built by combining image characteristics in wavelet transform and spatial domains to solve the edge blurring problem of the traditional anisotropic diffusion model in image filtering and improve image filtering performance. A convective term is introduced as a constraint in the image diffusion model to control the strength of image diffusion, and an image adaptive diffusion filtering algorithm is developed. Experimental simulation using test images as research objects is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Results show that the proposed algorithm effectively inhibits the edge blurring effect during image diffusion and improves the visual quality of the filtered image.

In this paper, a novel spectral-spatial hyperspectral image classification method has been proposed by designing hierarchical subspace switch ensemble learning algorithm. First, the hyperspectral images are processed by fast bilateral filtering to get the spatial features. The spectral features and spatial features are combined to form the initial feature set. Second, Hierarchical instance learning based on iterative means clustering method is designed to obtain hierarchical instance space. Third, random subspace method (RSM) is used for sampling the features and samples, thereby forming multiple sub sample set. After that, semi-supervised learning (S2L) is applied to choose test samples for improving classification performance without touching the class labels. Then, micro noise linear dimension reduction (mNLDR) is used for dimension reduction. Afterwards, ensemble multiple kernels SVM(EMK_SVM) are used for stable classification results. Finally, final classification results are obtained by combining classification results with voting strategy. Experimental results on real hyperspectral scenes demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively improve the classification performance apparently.

This paper proposed a new and efficient multiparty quantum direct secret sharing (QDSS) by using swapping quantum entanglement of Bell states. In the proposed scheme, the quantum correlation between the possible measurement results of the members (except dealer) and the original local unitary operation encoded by the dealer was presented. All agents only need to perform Bell measurements to share dealer’s secret by recovering dealer’s operation without performing any unitary operation. Our scheme has several advantages. The dealer is not required to retain any photons, and can further share a predetermined key instead of a random key to the agents. It has high capacity as two bits of secret messages can be transmitted by an EPR pair and the intrinsic efficiency approaches 100%, because no classical bit needs to be transmitted except those for detection. Without inserting any checking sets for detecting the eavesdropping, the scheme can resist not only the existing attacks, but also the cheating attack from the dishonest agent.

This paper investigates the adaptive fuzzy output feedback control problem for nonlinear non-strict feedback system with input delay. In the control design, the Pade approximation method and fuzzy logic system are used to handle the input delay and unknown functions, and a state observer is designed to approximate the unmeasured states of the system. By backstepping technique, an observer-based adaptive fuzzy control design method is given. The stability of the controlled system and the tracking performance of the system are demonstrated by utilizing the Lyapunov function theory. Finally, a simulation example of electromechanical system is provided to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

We show that Tsallis relative 2-entropy of coherence is equal to l 1 norm of coherence for all pure states and give the additivity property for the general quantum states. We also explore the relation among Tsallis relative 2-entropy, l 1 norm and relative entropy of coherence, and give some sharp inequalities connecting the three coherence measures. Further, we use the decay of coherence to study how does a quantum noise effect l 1 norm and Tsallis relative 2-entropy of coherence on pure qubit system.

The study of tractable subclasses of constraint satisfaction problems is a central topic in constraint solving. Tree convex constraints are extensions of the well-known row convex constraints. Just like the latter, every path-consistent tree convex constraint network is globally consistent. However, it is NP-complete to decide whether a tree convex constraint network has solutions. This paper studies and compares three subclasses of tree convex constraints, which are called chain-, path-, and tree-preserving constraints respectively. The class of tree-preserving constraints strictly contains the subclasses of path-preserving and arc-consistent chain-preserving constraints. We prove that, when enforcing strong path-consistency on a tree-preserving constraint network, in each step, the network remains tree-preserving. This ensures the global consistency of consistent tree-preserving networks after enforcing strong path-consistency, and also guarantees the applicability of the partial path-consistency algorithms to tree-preserving constraint networks, which is usually much more efficient than the path-consistency algorithms for large sparse constraint networks. As an application, we show that the class of tree-preserving constraints is useful in solving the scene labelling problem.

Quantifying purity is a basic problem for quantum information theory. In this paper, we introduce the robustness of purity which has an operational interpretation. We find that robustness of purity satisfies all requirements for a valid purity measure, even for the stronger monotonicity which has not discussed before in the resource theory of purity. The upper and lower bounds of robustness of purity are obtained. The robustness of purity has an efficient numberical computability via semidefinite programming. We also prove the robustness of purity has operational significance as the best advantage one can obtain in mixture of unitary channel discrimination games. A trade-off relation between robustness of purity and mixedness is obtained. Finally, we discuss whether all the conditions holds for Renyi α-entropy purity and linear entropy purity respectively.

Industry benefits cannot be obtained from shale gas reservoir without stimulations, due to the ultra-low porosity and permeability of shale. A series of integrated technical measures have been developed for developing shale gas economically, such as horizontal wells and multistage hydraulic fracturing. Combining the above works, we can achieve higher productivity by enlarging stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) and linking fracture network in shale gas reservoirs. In this paper, a novel analytical mathematical model for production forecast of multistage horizontal well was developed based on the seepage theory of fractured well in the dual-medium gas reservoirs. In this model, multi-scale migration mechanism and the complicated morphology of hydraulic fractures in fractured shale gas reservoir were considered. It has been closely solved by the method of well test analysis and mathematical physics. To validate the accuracy of the model in this paper, a well from Changning–Weiyuan shale gas reservoir in China is taken as a real-case application. The calculation results of the model and the actual production data of the well are in good accordance. Meanwhile, the impacts of sensitive factors including desorption, Knudsen diffusion, slip flow, stress sensitivity of micro-fractures and high-velocity non-Darcy flow within hydraulic fractures on cumulative production were analyzed. At last, fracture morphology has been optimized through the model.

In this paper, we investigate some monogamy and polygamy relations in terms of concurrence, Renyi α-entropy entanglement and Tsallis q-entropy entanglement. Those relations are tighter than the existing monogamy and polygamy relations. As application, we give some examples in detail.

Fundamental power couplers are crucial components for feeding radio frequency power to accelerating cavities. Couplers must be tested and conditioned on a room-temperature test stand to evaluate and potentially improve their performance before being installed in an accelerating cavity. A new test system has been designed and is under construction at the institute of modern physics. For this test system, multiple conditioning modes, including the pulse mode, CW mode, and amplitude-sweeping mode, have been embedded in the low-level radio frequency system of the test stand. All of these conditioning modes can be run manually or automatically. In addition, a novel test cavity is proposed and has been designed, which facilitates non-contact conditioning and a multi-purpose test stand.

An information theoretical model for quantum secret sharing was introduced by A. C. A. Nascimento et al.[Quantum Inf. Comput. Vol.5,1,205,68-79(2003)], which was analyzed by quantum information theory. In this paper, we analyze this information theoretical model using the properties of the quantum access structure. By the analysis we propose a generalized model definition for the quantum secret sharing schemes. In our model, there are more quantum access structures which can be realized by our generalized quantum secret sharing schemes than those of the previous one. In addition, we also analyse two kinds of important quantum access structures to illustrate the existence and rationality of the generalized quantum secret sharing schemes and consider the security of the scheme by simple examples., 14 pages, 1 figure. References updated

This work considers Mamdani fuzzy systems constructed from finite input–output data pairs using the generalized fuzzy sets with contradictory, opposite and medium negation (GFScom). Considering that the information available often consists of a set of finite numerical data pairs, a new table look-up scheme for constructing Mamdani fuzzy systems is presented. The designed fuzzy system is proved to be capable of approximating any real continuous function on a compact set to arbitrary degree of accuracy. We use this fuzzy modeling method for the truck back-upper control problem. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a comparison with the traditional table look-up scheme.

This paper deals with the problem of adaptive fuzzy tracking control for a single-link robotic manipulator coupled to a brushed direct current motor with actuator saturation. Fuzzy logic systems are used to approximate the unknown nonlinear systems. The filtered signals are introduced to eliminate the interference of high-frequency signals. The virtual/actual control inputs are derived from the solutions of a series of dynamical equations. Under the framework of the backstepping control design, an observer-based output feedback control design scheme is proposed. It is proved that the control approach can guarantee that all the signals in the closed-loop system are bounded.

We developed an efficient way to prepare benzyl 3-phenylpropiolates via copper-catalyzed coupling between corresponding benzyl halides and alkynoic acids under ligand-free condition. This methodology is also suitable for aromatic and α,β-unsaturated acids. The desired esters could be obtained in good yields. We developed an efficient way to prepare benzyl 3-phenylpropiolates via copper-catalyzed coupling between corresponding benzyl halides and alkynoic acids under ligand-free condition. This methodology is also suitable for aromatic and cinnamic acids. The desired esters could be obtained in good yields.

This paper proposes a new dynamic multiparty quantum direct secret sharing (DQDSS) using mutually unbiased measurements based on generalized GHZ states. Without any unitary operations, an agent can obtain a shadow of the secret by simply performing a measurement on single photons. In the proposed scheme, multiple agents can be added or deleted and the shared secret need not be changed. Our DQDSS scheme has several advantages. The dealer is not required to retain any photons and can further share a predetermined key instead of a random key to the agents. Agents can update their shadows periodically, and the dealer does not need to be online. Furthermore, the proposed scheme can resist not only the existing attacks, but also cheating attacks from dishonest agents. Hence, compared to some famous DQSS schemes, the proposed scheme is more efficient and more practical. Finally, we establish a mathematical model about the efficiency and security of the scheme and perform simulation analyses with different parameters using MATLAB.

Overgrowths of hydraulic fracture height occur in reservoirs without stress barriers. It may decrease the efficiency of hydraulic fracturing, pose harm to well production, and increase the possibility of groundwater pollution. Hence, fracture height containment methods are recommended to restrain the overgrowths of fracture height. To enhance the effect of artificial barrier technology, it is improved by replacing the sand or the ceramic used for bridging the fracture tips by gel particles. This innovative technology could be named “artificial gel-barrier technology”. Experiments show that the design of artificial gel-barrier technology is more convenient and controllable, since the dilatability and the gelling performance of the selected gels are mainly controlled by salinity. Experiments also show that the break-through pressure of the gel-barrier is much larger than that of the classical barrier. Numerical simulations reveal that the artificial gel-barrier technology is more helpful and efficient than classical barrier technology. This improved technology has been applied to fracturing operations in Tahe oilfield of China; 73% of these operations were more efficient and the performances of these wells were better than those of adjacent wells.

In this paper, we consider the quantum uncertainty relations of two generalized relative entropies of coherence based on two measurement bases. First, we give quantum uncertainty relations for pure states in a d-dimensional quantum system by making use of the majorization technique; these uncertainty relations are then generalized to mixed states. We find that the lower bounds are always nonnegative for pure states but may be negative for some mixed states. Second, the quantum uncertainty relations for single qubit states are obtained by the analytical method. We show that the lower bounds obtained by this technique are always positive for single qubit states. Third, the lower bounds obtained by the two methods described above are compared for single qubit states.

Coherence is a basic feature of quantum systems and a common necessary condition for quantum correlations. It is also an important physical resource in quantum information processing. In this paper, using relative entropy, we consider a more general definition of the cohering power of quantum operations. First, we calculate the cohering power of unitary quantum operations and show that the amount of distributed coherence caused by non-unitary quantum operations cannot exceed the quantum-incoherent relative entropy between system of interest and its environment. We then find that the difference between the distributed coherence and the cohering power is larger than the quantum-incoherent relative entropy. As an application, we consider the distributed coherence caused by purification.

The secondary neutron emission differential and double-differential cross sections (DX and DDXs) of n + 9Be have been measured at the neutron energy of 21.94MeV using the multi-detector fast neutron time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometer. The data was derived by comparing the measured TOF spectra with detailed Monte Carlo simulation, and corrected with n-p scattering cross section. Meanwhile, theoretical calculations based on the Hauser-Feshbach and exciton model have been performed to compare with experimental data. Measured differential cross sections were also compared with other measurements. It was found that the experimental results were in agreement with other measurements and theoretical calculations, while discrepancies were also present in the whole energy region and at some angles.

This paper investigates the adaptive fuzzy output-feedback control problem for single-input and single-output switched uncertain nonlinear systems. The addressed systems in this paper have the characteristics of arbitrary switchings, unknown nonlinear dynamics and immeasurable states. A common state observer is designed independent of switching signals. Fuzzy logic systems are utilized to approximate unknown lumped nonlinear dynamics. Based on the framework of backstepping design technique, an adaptive fuzzy output-feedback control scheme is developed. By using the common Lyapunov function theory, the stability of the closed-loop system is proved. The proposed control scheme does not need the assumptions that the states of the controlled system are available for measurement and that the switching signals satisfy the average dwell time. Moreover, it can guarantee that all the closed-loop signals are bounded, and the system output eventually converges to a small neighborhood of the origin. Finally, simulation studies are provided to further check the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

The information rate is an important metric of the performance of a secret-sharing scheme. In this paper we consider 272 non-isomorphic connected graph access structures with nine vertices and eight or nine edges, and either determine or bound the optimal information rate in each case. We obtain exact values for the optimal information rate for 231 cases and present a method that is able to derive information-theoretical upper bounds on the optimal information rate. Moreover, we apply some of the constructions to determine lower bounds on the information rate. Regarding information rate, we conclude with a full listing of the known optimal information rate (or bounds on the optimal information rate) for all 272 graphs access structures of nine participants.

In this paper, we propose a scheme for quantum information splitting based on the non-maximally entangled four-qubit state in order to realize the splitting of the specific two-qubit state |ψ〉 A B =x|00〉+y|11〉. The information splitter will safely share an state to the receiver with help of the controller. Through introducing an auxiliary system and applying several appropriate unitary transformations the information receiver can reconstruct the original state sent by the information splitter. Due to the non-maximally entangled four-qubit state, the total probability that the receiver obtains the original information is P. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between the successful splitting probability and the concurrence of the entangled state and get a specific expression. In addition, the scheme is tested against external and internal attacks, and we define a function to characterise the security with the concurrence of the entanglement.

In this study, the photochemical polymerization using graphene oxide (GO) as initiator generates a new composite film with polypyrrole (PPy) covering the GO nanosheets. The specular reflection infrared spectroscopy reveals the continuous upload of the conjugated polymers. Structures of the as-synthesized films are studied by using Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with the aim of gaining an insight into the interface. The electronic properties of the composite films are investigated using solid-phase ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Fabricated from the synthesized film, the ITO/GO–PPy/Al device exhibits a nonvolatile rewritable memory with a reversible bistable resistance switching and the turn on voltage of 1.7 V. The ON/OFF current ratio reaches 105. Analyzing the current–voltage characteristics indicates that the ON-state charge transport follows Ohmic conduction, and the OFF-state charge transport is dominated by trap-limited space charge limited conduction.

The grass carp is an important farmed fish, accounting for similar to 16% of global freshwater aquaculture, and has a vegetarian diet. Here we report a 0.9-Gb draft genome of a gynogenetic female adult and a 1.07-Gb genome of a wild male adult. Genome annotation identified 27,263 protein-coding gene models in the female genome. A total of 114 scaffolds consisting of 573 Mb are anchored on 24 linkage groups. Divergence between grass carp and zebrafish is estimated to have occurred 49-54 million years ago. We identify a chromosome fusion in grass carp relative to zebrafish and report frequent crossovers between the grass carp X and Y chromosomes. We find that transcriptional activation of the mevalonate pathway and steroid biosynthesis in liver is associated with the grass carp's adaptation from a carnivorous to an herbivorous diet. We believe that the grass carp genome could serve as an initial platform for breeding better-quality fish using a genomic approach.