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Visual selective attention can be achieved into bottom-up and top-down attention. Different selective attention tasks involve different attention control ways. The pop-out task requires more bottom-up attention, whereas the search task involves more top-down attention. P300, which is the positive potential generated by the brain in the latency of 300 ~ 600 ms after stimulus, reflects the processing of attention. There is no consensus on the P300 source. The aim of present study is to study the source of P300 elicited by different visual selective attention. We collected thirteen participants' P300 elicited by pop-out and search tasks with event-related potentials (ERP). We collected twenty-six participants' activation brain regions in pop-out and search tasks with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). And we analyzed the sources of P300 using the ERP and fMRI integration with high temporal resolution and high spatial resolution. ERP results indicated that the pop-out task induced larger P300 than the search task. P300 induced by the two tasks distributed at frontal and parietal lobes, with P300 induced by the pop-out task mainly at the parietal lobe and that induced by the search task mainly at the frontal lobe. Further ERP and fMRI integration analysis showed that neural difference sources of P300 were the right precentral gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus (medial orbital), left middle temporal gyrus, left rolandic operculum, right postcentral gyrus, and left angular gyrus. Our study suggests that the frontal and parietal lobes contribute to the P300 component of visual selective attention.

Regret affects decision-making behavior, which is mediated by a cognitive process known as counterfactual thinking in economic science. Several studies indicate that orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) plays a crucial role in decision-making behavior. However, the neural correlates of regret trait and the function of the OFC in decision-making remain unclear. In this study, we employed a typical monetary decision-making task, a modified 'Wheel of Fortune gamble' paradigm, to investigate decision-making behavior and its neural mechanism. We combined voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and task-evoked functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses to explore the neural substrates of regret trait. VBM analyses revealed that individual Regret Scale Score was negatively associated with the gray-matter volume (GMV) in the frontal and temporal areas, including the bilateral OFC. These results indicate that individuals with high regret trait have smaller GMV in these areas. Moreover, we found stronger task-evoked activation of the left OFC in high regret trait individuals during the decision-maker's choice (choose conditions) phase, whereas we did not find this relationship in computer-selected's (follow conditions) choice phase. Using generalized psychophysiological interactions (PPI) analysis, we further found that the functional connectivity of the left OFC to right inferior frontal gyrus and left cerebellum was stronger in the complete feedback choose condition (under regret theoretical framework) than partial feedback choose condition (under disappointment theoretical framework). These findings verify the critical role of the OFC in the decision-making, more importantly, provide novel insights into the morphological and functional substrates of individual regret trait.

This study examined the local structural properties of Pt nanoparticles on SiO2, TiO2–SiO2, and ZrO2–SiO2 supports to better understand the impact of oxide-support type on the performance of Pt-based catalysts. In situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements were taken for the Pt L3-edge in a temperature range from 300 to 700 K in He, H2, and O2 gas environments. The XAFS measurements demonstrated that Pt atoms were highly dispersed on TiO2–SiO2 and ZrO2–SiO2 forming pancake-shaped nanoparticles, whereas Pt atoms formed larger particles of hemispherical shapes on SiO2 supports. Contrary to the SiO2 case, the coordination numbers for Pt, Ti, and Zr around Pt atoms on the TiO2–SiO2 and ZrO2–SiO2 supports were nearly constant from 300 to 700 K under the different gas environments. These results are consistent with the improvements in thermal stability of Pt nanoparticles achieved by incorporating TiO2 or ZrO2 on the surface of SiO2 supports. XAFS analysis further indicated that the enhanced dispersion and stability of Pt were a consequence of the strong metal support interaction via Pt–Ti and Pt–Zr bonds. From XANES measurements, oxygen coordination numbers of a Pt atom on different supports of (a) SiO2, (b) TiO2-SiO2, and (c) ZrO2-SiO2 were determined. As temperature increases, oxygen coordination numbers gradually decreased in a He gas, whereas it is dramatically decreases in an H2 gas.