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The long-duration, fast convergence, and imbalance of crustal mass in the India-Asia collisional system challenge the classical rules of continental dynamics. Here, we calculate the mass deficit of felsic crust in Greater India indicating ~20–47% of the felsic crust is missing during collision. Phase equilibria modeling and density calculations demonstrate the pressure-temperature-dependent density of felsic crust is denser than the surrounding mantle at P > 7–8 GPa. Integrated petrological-thermo-mechanical models and analytical studies of the slab-pull forces confirm the Greater Indian continent with its felsic crust can subduct spontaneously under its own negative buoyancy when it is dragged to >170 km by the preceding oceanic slab. The great slab-pull force, induced by the negative buoyancy of subducted crust below 170 km, not only contributes to the long-lasting fast convergence between India and Asia but also explains the crustal mass imbalance during the Himalayan orogeny.

Global seismic tomography of the subduction zones shows that the subducting slabs could either stagnate around the 660-km discontinuity, or penetrate into the lower mantle. The stagnating slabs also have various morphologies. These are directly related to the interaction between the subducting slabs and the mantle transition zone (MTZ), the dynamics of which are still debated. Using a 2-D thermo-mechanical model, we systematically investigated the modes of subduction in the mantle transition zone and explored the key constraints of various subduction styles. Four basic subduction modes are obtained in the numerical experiments, including one with slab penetrating through the 660-km discontinuity and three other modes with slab stagnating in the MTZ (i.e. folding, lying and rolling-back). The numerical models indicate that the age of subducting oceanic plate, the thickness of overriding continental lithosphere and the convergence velocity play crucial roles in the dynamics of subducting slab and MTZ interaction. In general, the young subducting slab favors the penetration or folding mode, whereas the old subducting slab tends to result in lying or rolling-back mode, although other parameters can also affect. Our models also show a strong correlation between the subduction mode selection and dip angle of the slab tip when reaching the 660-km phase boundary.

Numerical experiments are used in this study to systematically investigate the effects of convergence rate, crustal rheological strength, and lithospheric thermal structure on the dynamics of continental collision. The study focuses on the types, conditions and processes of unstable continental subduction. Modelling results suggest that the development of unstable continental subduction can be promoted by conditions that tend to decrease rheological strength of the lithosphere, such as low crustal rheological strength, “hot” thermal structure of the lithosphere, or low convergence rate. Unstable subduction mode can be further categorized into three types: (1) multi-stage slab breakoff, (2) continuously “flowing” of fluid-like slab into the upper mantle, and (3) large-scale detachment of the thickened orogenic root. These three types of unstable continental subduction are respectively associated with (1) a low convergence rate, (2) “hot” thermal structure of the lithosphere with a high convergence rate, and (3) moderate-high crustal rheological strength with a low convergence rate. It is also revealed that the evolution of crustal melting is dominated by the deformation pattern of continental collision, which is mainly controlled by crustal rheological strength. The modelling results have important implications for understanding of continental subduction mode selection under specific geodynamic conditions.

2D thermo-mechanical models are constructed to investigate the effects of oceanic and continental crustal eclogitization on plate dynamics at three successive stages of oceanic subduction, slab breakoff, and continental subduction. Crustal eclogitization directly increases the average slab density and accordingly the slab pull force, which makes the slab subduct deeply and steeply. Numerical results demonstrate that the duration time from initial continental collision to slab breakoff largely depends on the slab pull force. Specifically, eclogitization of subducted crust can greatly decrease the duration time, but increase the breakoff depth. The detachment of oceanic slab from the pro-continental lithosphere is accompanied with obvious exhumation of the subducted continental crust and a sharp uplift of the collision zone in response to the disappearance of downward drag force and the induced asthenospheric upwelling, especially under the condition of no or incomplete crustal eclogitization. During continental subduction, the slab dip angle is strongly correlated with eclogitization of subducted continental lower crust, which regulates the slab buoyancy nature. Our model results can provide several important implications for the Himalayan-Tibetan collision zone. For example, it is possible that the lateral variations in the degree of eclogitization of the subducted Indian crust might to some extent contribute to the lateral variations of subduction angle along the Himalayan orogenic belt. Moreover, the accumulation of highly radiogenic sediments and upper continental crustal materials at the active margin in combination with the strong shear heating due to continuous continental subduction together cause rising of isotherms in the accretionary wedge, which facilitate the development of crustal partial melting and metamorphism.

The subduction channel is defined as a planar to wedge-like area of variable size, internal structure and composition, which forms between the upper and lower plates during slab subduction into the mantle. The materials in the channel may experience complex pressure, temperature, stress and strain evolution, as well as strong fluid and melt activity. A certain amount of these materials may subduct to and later exhume from >100 km depth, forming high to ultra-high pressure rocks on the surface as widely discovered in nature. Rock deformation in the channel is strongly assisted by metamorphic fluids activities, which change composition and mechanical properties of rocks and thus affect their subduction and exhumation histories. In this study, we investigate the detailed structure and dynamics of both oceanic and continental subduction channels, by conducting high-resolution petrological-thermomechanical numerical simulations taking into account fluid and melt activities. The numerical results demonstrate that subduction channels are composed of a tectonic rock melange formed by crustal rocks detached from the subducting slab and the hydrated mantle rocks scratched from the overriding plate. These rocks may either extrude sub-vertically upward through the mantle wedge to the crust of the upper plate, or exhume along the subduction channel to the surface near the suture zone. Based on our numerical results, we first analyze similarities and differences between oceanic and continental subduction channels. We further compare numerical models with and without fluid and melt activity and demonstrate that this activity results in strong weakening and deformation of overriding lithosphere. Finally, we show that fast convergence of orogens subjected to fluid and melt activity leads to strong deformation of the overriding lithosphere and the topography builds up mainly on the overriding plate. In contrast, slow convergence of such orogens leads to very limited deformation of the overriding lithosphere and the mountain building mainly occurs on the subducting plate.

Trollius chinensis Bunge is a traditional edible and medicinal plant utilized popularly in north China. This study is intended to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of extracts obtained with different processing methods from Trollius chinensis Bunge. The results showed that all extract displayed moderate or great potential of antioxidant and antibacterial activity, especially ultrasound-assisted ethanol extracts (UAE). It exhibited the highest 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH; EC50 0.215 ± 1.10 mg/mL), 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS; EC50

The aims of this study were to examine the effects of genetic and clinical factors on the maintenance dose of tacrolimus in patients following renal transplantation and to develop a tacrolimus-dosing model that could be combined with associated factors. This study included 142 renal transplant recipients who received tacrolimus as immunosuppressive agent. CYP3A5, MDR1 and NR1I2 gene polymorphisms were identified based on the SNaPshot assay. The relationship between the genetic and clinical factors and tacrolimus maintenance dose as well as between dose-corrected tacrolimus concentration was examined. CYP3A5 genotype, body weight, haematocrit, haemoglobin and total bilirubin significantly influenced the maintenance tacrolimus dose. The tacrolimus-dosing model derived from linear regression model accounted for 40.5% of total variations in the tacrolimus maintenance dose. A pharmacogenetics-based dosing model has been developed for the prediction of the tacrolimus maintenance dose in renal transplant recipients. This model may be useful in helping clinicians prescribe the initial tacrolimus dose with greater safety and effectiveness.

Rheological properties of low-concentration Konjac gum and impacts of concentration, shearing rate, pH value and stirring time on its viscosity were studied. The results show that the viscosity of low-concentration Konjac gum increases with the increase of its concentration. The solution presents pseudo-plasticity fluid, which shows the characters of shear thinning as follows: first, its viscosity decreases gradually as the temperature increases, and then increases with the increase of temperature. The viscosity decreases sharply at both acid and alkaline conditions, indicating that it is influenced apparently by pH value. And the viscosity of low-concentration Konjac gum is also impacted by the stirring time.