Search

Background Although levodopa-induced dyskinesia-relevant white matter change has been evaluated, it is uncertain whether these changes may reflect the underlying predisposing conditions leading to the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Objective To elucidate the role of white matter connectivity networks in the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in drug-naive Parkinson's disease. Methods We recruited 30 patients who developed levodopa-induced dyskinesia within 5 years from MRI acquisition (vulnerable-group), 47 patients who had not developed levodopa-induced dyskinesia within 5 years (resistant-group), and 28 controls. We performed comparative analyses of whole-brain white matter integrity and connectivity using tract-based spatial and network- and degree-based statistics. We evaluated the predictability of levodopa-induced dyskinesia development and relationship with its latency, using the average connectivity strength as a predictor in Cox- and linear-regression, respectively. Results Mean-diffusivity was lower mainly at the left frontal region in the vulnerable-group compared to the resistant-group. Network-based statistics identified a subnetwork consisting of the bilateral fronto-striato-pallido-thalamic and lateral parietal regions (subnetwork A) and degree-based statistics identified four subnetworks (hub-subnetwork) consisting of edges centered on the left superior frontal gyrus, left putamen, left insular, or left precentral gyrus, where the vulnerable-group had stronger connectivity compared to the resistant-group. Stronger connectivity within the subnetwork A and hub-subnetwork centered on the left superior frontal gyrus was a predictor of levodopa-induced dyskinesia development independent of known risk factors and had an inverse relationship with its latency. Conclusions Our data suggest that white matter connectivity subnetworks within corticostriatal regions play a pivotal role in the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.

The westward transversal current (TC) in the southern Yellow Sea entrance was investigated during winter 2007 using a numerical ocean model. The three-dimensional structures and dynamics of the westward TC were highlighted. The model-simulated monthly mean current fields showed that the strong westward TC was limited to the upper water column (shallower than 50 m) and extended westward from 126° E to 124° E. Momentum balance analysis indicated that the westward TC was mainly regulated by a quasi-geostrophic balance. Both the sea surface elevation–related barotropic pressure gradient force and the density-related baroclinic pressure gradient force controlled the intensity and direction of the westward TC. Sensitivity model experiments focusing on tide and wind demonstrated that the westward TC was intensified when tide was ignored and was greatly weakened when wind was excluded. Lagrangian particle tracking experiments were also performed, to investigate the relationship between the Yellow Sea Warm Current and the westward TC in the frontal region. The characteristics of the water in the Yellow Sea Warm Current were affected by the properties of the water in the frontal zone, especially in the sub-surface and lower layers. The westward TC might act as an important bridge, connecting the frontal zone with the Yellow Sea Warm Current flowing along the western Yellow Sea trough.

Resting state electroencephalography (EEG) during eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions is widely used to evaluate brain states of healthy populations and brain dysfunctions in clinical conditions. Although several results have been obtained by measuring these brain activities in humans, it remains unclear whether the same results can be replicated in animals, i.e., whether the physiological properties revealed by these findings are phylogenetically conserved across species. In the present study, we describe a paradigm for recording resting state EEG activities during eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions from rats, and investigated the differences between eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions for humans and rats. We found that compared to the eyes-open condition, human EEG spectral amplitude in the eyes-closed condition was significantly higher at 8–12 Hz and 18–22 Hz in the occipital region, but significantly lower at 18–22 Hz and 30–100 Hz in the frontal region. In contrast, rat EEG spectral amplitude was significantly higher in the eyes-closed condition than in the eyes-open condition at 1–4 Hz, 8–12 Hz, and 13–17 Hz in the frontal-central region. In both species, the 1/f-like power spectrum scaling of resting state EEG activities was significantly higher in the eyes-closed condition than in the eyes-open condition at parietal-occipital and frontal regions. These results provided a neurophysiological basis for future translational studies from experimental animal findings to human psychophysiology, since the validity of such translation critically relies on a well-established experimental paradigm and a carefully-examined signal characteristic to bridge the gaps across different species.

A finite element model of the head of a 55-kg Yucatan pig was developed to calculate the incident pressure and corresponding intracranial pressure due to the explosion of 8 lb (3.63 kg) of C4 at three different distances. The results from the model were validated by comparing findings with experimentally obtained data from five pigs at three different blast overpressure levels: low (150 kPa), medium (275 kPa), and high (400 kPa). The peak values of intracranial pressures from numerical model at different locations of the brain such as the frontal, central, left temporal, right temporal, parietal, and occipital regions were compared with experimental values. The model was able to predict the peak pressure with reasonable percentage differences. The differences for peak incident and intracranial pressure values between the simulation results and the experimental values were found to be less than 2.2 and 29.3%, respectively, at all locations other than the frontal region. Additionally, a series of parametric studies shows that the intracranial pressure was very sensitive to sensor locations, the presence of air bubbles, and reflections experienced during the experiments. Further efforts will be undertaken to correlate the different biomechanical response parameters, such as the intracranial pressure gradient, stress, and strain results obtained from the validated model with injured brain locations once the histology data become available.

Although the linkage between health and marriage has been noted (e.g., Hayward and Gorman in Demography 41:87–107. doi: 10.1353/dem.2004.0005 , 2004; Kaplan and Kronick in J Epidemiol Community Health 60:760–765. doi: 10.1136/jech.2005.037606 , 2006; Schoenborn in Marital status and health: United States, 1999–2002. Advance data from vital and health statistics. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, 2004), understanding the connection between neurological and behavioral phenomena in marital relationships has yet to be tackled. This pilot study attempted to address this limitation by analyzing electrical brain activity during a conflict interaction between married couples. Results generally supported the work of Lazarus (Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991) and Harmon-Jones et al. (J Pers Soc Psychol 82:610–618. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.82.4.610 , 2002); individuals that felt like they were in an action-possible situation revealed relatively higher left hemispheric activity in the frontal region of the brain.

Previous research has demonstrated that, over a period of weeks, the auditory system accommodates to changes in the monaural spectral cues for sound locations within the frontal region of space. We were interested to determine if similar accommodation could occur for locations in the posterior regions of space, i.e. in the absence of contemporaneous visual information that indicates any mismatch between the perceived and actual location of a sound source. To distort the normal spectral cues to sound location, eight listeners wore small moulds in each ear. HRTF recordings confirmed that while the moulds substantially altered the monaural spectral cues, sufficient residual cues were retained to provide a basis for relearning. Compared to control measures, sound localization performance initially decreased significantly, with a sevenfold increase in front–back confusions and elevation errors more than doubled. Subjects wore the moulds continuously for a period of up to 60 days (median 38 days), over which time performance improved but remained significantly poorer than control levels. Sound localization performance for frontal locations (audio-visual field) was compared with that for posterior space (audio-only field), and there was no significant difference between regions in either the extent or rate of accommodation. This suggests a common mechanism for both regions of space that does not rely on contemporaneous visual information as a teacher signal for recalibration of the auditory system to modified spectral cues.

Drainages display tectonic forcing of their channels on the frontal region of the Arunachal Himalaya due to structural control. Dikari, a transverse river flowing along the N–S trending western limb of the major Siang Antiform, exhibits structurally controlled nature of its drainage on its downstream flow towards south, through a network of NE–SW and NW–SE trending conjugate faults. The river shows compressed meandering as the regional structural trend of ENE–WSW seems to be reactivated by the transverse NW–SE trend of neotectonic fault activity. The Himalayan frontal thrust (HFT) tracing along the Himalaya mountain front has been displaced sinisterly for a distance of ~7 km by a WNW–ESE trending fault running along the Sileng stream. Development of parallel drainages in the southern part of the Sub-Himalaya is interpreted to have formed as a result of uplifting related to the above-mentioned strike-slip movement. Along the HFT zone, the frontal streams and rivers exhibit deflection of their channels from NE–SW to ENE–WSW directions. Channel of the transverse Siang river has been deflected for a length of 3 km along the NNE–SSW direction across the Himalayan frontal part. In this part of the Himalaya, previous workers did not give much emphasis on the role of Siang Antiform as far as neotectonic with respect to the tectonics related to the HFT is concerned. There is a syntectonic relationship between the active NE–SW-oriented compression direction and the tectonic forcing of the drainages including development of the tectonic geomorphology.

This research aims at quantifying spatial gradients in skin temperature and sweat production under a bicycle helmet. Distribution of sweat production, skin temperature and air temperature was measured at different positions under a bicycle helmet on five male and four female test persons. Effort level was 100 and 150 watt for men (low and high effort level) and 80 and 120 W for women (low and high effort level). Skin temperatures were found to be spatially different (P0.05): frontal and lateral region varied 4.6 degrees C at low effort level and 5.3 degrees C at high effort level. Sweat production was found to be not significantly different (P0.05). Finally, air temperature variations were found to be spatially different (P0.05). Average air temperature differed 2.3 degrees C between lateral and frontal region at high effort level and 2.7 degrees C at low effort level. The results of this research can be used to help designing helmets with better thermal comfort.

Performance errors may cause serious consequences. It has been reported that ongoing activity of the frontal control regions across trials associates with the occurrence of performance errors. However, neural mechanisms that cause performance errors remain largely unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that some neural functions required for correct outcomes are lacking just before performance errors and to determine this lack of neural function we applied a spatiotemporal analysis to high-density electroencephalogram signals recorded during a visual discrimination task, a d2 test of attention. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a difference in the temporal development of scalp ERP between trials with error and correct outcomes as seen by topography during the d2 test of attention. We observed differences in the signal potential in the frontal region and then the occipital region between reaction times matched with correct and error outcomes. Our observations suggest that lapses of top-down signals from frontal control regions cause performance errors just after the lapses.

Evolutionary interpretation of brain oscillations and empirical evidence link delta oscillations with reward motivation and alpha with anxiety. It is hypothesised that a balance of activity in these two oscillatory systems underlies the dimension of behavioural control. Overcontrollers could be characterised as individuals with a relatively high activity of the alpha oscillatory system, undercontrollers as individuals with excessive activity of the delta oscillatory system, and resilients as individuals with balanced activity of these systems. This hypothesis was tested in a sample of 78 adolescents aged 10-16 years. The predictions were generally confirmed. Relative prevalence of alpha oscillations, particularly in the parietal zone, predicted overcontrolled prototype whereas relative prevalence of delta oscillations, mostly in the frontal region, predicted undercontrolled prototype. Resilients were characterised by balanced activity of alpha and delta oscillations. (Netherlands Journal of Psychology, 62, 81-90.)

Progressive hemifacial atrophy is characterized by slow progressive atrophy of the subcutaneous tissue. Although, in the majority of sufferers, half of the face and the chin are the most severely-affected areas, we present the case of a patient with a 2-year history of local atrophy in the forehead, a very rare involvement. Reconstruction was done using bilateral subcutaneous flaps. There was no recurrence of the atrophy at the 12th-month postoperative check.

The characteristic patterns of EEG spatial organization at different stages of natural sleep and the hypnotic state were studied in 26 volunteers aged 18–22 years. EEGs were recorded using 12 monopolar leads, and EEG cross-correlation coefficient matrices were calculated for consecutive epochs (4 and 8 s). Matrices averaged for each state were treated using factor analysis. The EEG correlation matrices were compared element by element for the states studied and the waking state. Relatively similar changes in the spatial structure of EEG correlations were observed at different stages of natural sleep, with the correlations tending to intensify, especially in the posterior temporal region of the right hemisphere. In the light and deep (somnambular) phases of hypnosis, the interaction between cortical zones that was characteristic of distant relationships of the EEGs of frontal regions, especially the posterior inferior frontal region of the right hemisphere, decreased. The systemic reorganization of the interregional EEG correlations during natural sleep was considerably more pronounced than in the hypnotic state. Notwithstanding, the highly orderly spatial organization of the cortical biopotential field that was typical of the waking state was retained at different stages of natural sleep and hypnosis. Thus, the coordination of the activities of distant nerve centers oriented to providing for a certain function or maintaining a certain functional state occurs against the background of a relatively invariant pattern of interregional integration at the level of the whole brain.

Background. Ectopic recurrences of craniopharyngioma after total surgical removal are a rare event. Two possible mechanisms of seeding have been proposed: the dissemination of tumoral cells during the surgical procedure would account for tumor recurrence along the surgical path, whereas the migration of tumoral cells through the subarachnoid or Virchow-Robin spaces would explain ectopic recurrences far from the surgical bed or within the brain parenchyma. Case report. We report a unique case of metastatic craniopharyngioma recurring in a child after different intervals in which both the mechanisms could have taken place. The first ectopic seeding arose along the operative track of the primary surgical procedure in the frontal region while the second involved the deep cerebral nuclei and the brain stem. Outcome. The first recurrence was successfully operated upon. The following recurrences were not operated upon but remained stable for the last 4 years, thus showing dissociation between the capacity of seeding and invasivity.

Male Empress Leilia butterflies ( Asterocampa leilia) use a sit-and-wait tactic to locate mates. To see how vision might influence male behavior, we studied the morphology, optics, and receptor physiology of their eyes and found the following. (1) Each eye's visual field is approximately hemispherical with at most a 10 degrees overlap in the fields of the eyes. There are no large sexual differences in visual field dimensions. (2) In both sexes, rhabdoms in the frontal and dorsal ommatidia are longer than those in other eye regions. (3) Interommatidial angles are smallest frontally and around the equator of the eye. Minimum interommatidial angles are 0.9-1 degrees in males and 1.3-1.4 degrees in females. (4) Acceptance angles of ommatidia closely match interommatidial angles in the frontal region of the eye. We conclude that vision in these butterflies is mostly monocular and that males have more acute vision than females, especially in the frontal region (large facets, small interommatidial angles, small acceptance angles, long rhabdoms, and a close match between interommatidial angles and acceptance angles). This study also suggests that perched males direct their most acute vision where females are likely to appear but show no eye modifications that appear clearly related to a mate-locating tactic.

The Sterkfontein Valley specimens SK 847 (Swartkrans Member 1) and Stw 53 (Sterkfontein Member 5) provide important evidence of earlyHomo in southern Africa. However, specific identity has been disputed, with that of SK 847 especially contentious. Opinions differ markedly as to whether the specimens are conspecific or not, whether they should be referred to East African earlyHomo species, or whether they represent new species. Morphometric analysis of facial dimensions reveals contrasting affinities for the two South African fossils, and so does not support claims for their conspecifity. Stw 53 is very like smaller East African crania referred toH. habilis, whereas SK 847 has a distinctive facial pattern. In some respects it resembles early AfricanH. erectus (=H. ergaster), but with a markedly more projecting mid-face, prominent zygomatic and unexpanded frontal region, all of which militate against inclusion in that species. The taxonomic implications of these contrasting facial affinities are briefly discussed.

The authors reported the case of a 35-year-old woman with an unusual huge recurrent meningioma in the left cerebral hemisphere confirmed by the pathological examination. This patient’s clinical presentation was very unusual. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a huge tumor in the left frontal region. The extracranial surface dimensions of the mass were 12 cm craniocaudal × 11 cm transverse × 9 cm anteroposterior; and the intracranial dimensions were 9 cm craniocaudal × 7 cm transverse × 10 cm anteroposterior respectively. The patient underwent left frontal recurrent meningioma resection by microsurgery, with total tumor resection. Following which the patient was discharged in a stable condition. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, such an unusual huge recurrent meningioma has not been reported. The authors reviewed the literatures with reference to recurrent meningioma, analyzed the unusual imaging appearances of this patient, and explored the mechanism underlying the huge volume formation. The fundamental principle to reducing or completely avoiding meningioma recurrence is to achieve total tumour resection. Recurrent meningiomas are also amenable to surgery.

Honeybees Apis mellifera detect coloured tar- gets presented to the frontal region of their compound eyes using their colour vision system at larger visual angles (a >1 5 ∞), and an achromatic visual system based on the long-wave photoreceptor type at smaller visual angles (5∞ < a

The bilaterally pedicled V-Y advancement flap was introduced by Pontes in 2002 with clinical applications for facial reconstruction [1]. Here we present the use of a bilaterally pedicled V-Y advancement flap for reconstruction of the nose following excision of a recurring basal cell carcinoma in a 97year-old patient. The bilaterally pedicled V-Y advancement flap is based on two subcutaneous pedicles that vascularize the skin island through subdermal plexus lateral bridges. It differs from traditional V-Y advancement flaps in that it does not rely on the classic subcutaneous vertical pedicle that is sectioned from top to bottom to improve advancement of the skin island based only on its bilateral pedicles. A 97-year-old man presented with a recurrence of a basal cell carcinoma 2.5 cm in diameter and located on the lower half of the nasal dorsum (Fig. 1). A bilaterally pedicled V-Y advancement flap was designed from the frontal region to the upper half of the nasal dorsum (Fig. 2). The recipient site determined the size of the flap and an isosceles triangle resulted when the flap was designed. The height (H) of the triangle which is the length of the V-Y flap, is calculated as follows

We report a case of pneumocephalus during continuous epidural infusion. A 52-year-old malnourished man with rectal cancer had been treated with continuous epidural block for the relief of pain in the left thigh. Eleven days after catheter insertion, a dull, persistent headache occurred in the frontal region, and it worsened gradually. It was precipitated by any head motion and was not relieved by the supine position. A head computed tomography (CT) scan taken 3 days after the onset of the headache revealed about 15 ml of intracranial air and backward compression of the brain. The catheter was removed and the patient maintained bed-rest. The headache disappeared 2 days later. It is speculated that the air was sucked in through the space along the epidural catheter.

During a dispute, a boy was injured by a curtain rail which penetrated the skull in the left frontal region and led to severe brain injury. Despite intensive medical care, death occurred 10 days later due to malignant cerebral edema. With regard to the question whether the trauma resulted from throwing or pushing, some biomechanical aspects are discussed including individual morphologic findings as well as the kinetic energy required for penetrating the skull. According to the calculated data, we conclude that the velocity necessary for penetrating could be reached by throwing the curtain rail.

Based on experimentally observed phenomena and the physical requirement of a unique value of saturation at any location within a porous medium, a restrictive condition for a valid solution to Bentsen's equation is derived: ∂2f/∂S2≤0. The steady-state solution to Bentsen's equation is shown to be identical to the Buckley-Leverett solution to the displacement equation, and the steady-state solution for the fractional flow is shown to be independent of the capillary number. It is proved that under steady-state conditions, the capillary term of the fractional flow equation in the frontal region does not depend on the capillary number. Therefore, the unrealistic triple-valued saturation profile of the original Buckley-Leverett solution resulted because the capillary term was in-appropriately neglected. The break-through recovery efficiency,Τbt, is shown to be a function of the capillary number. As the capillary number decreases, the break-through recovery efficiency increases and the maximum value ofΤbt can be obtained asNc → 0. The Buckley-Leverett solution is the limiting solution asNc → 0.

A field survey was undertaken to reveal the structure of the tidal front in Iyo-nada. An obvious tidal front was found between the mixed region around Hayasui Straits and the stratified region in Iyo-Nada. Its structure was typical in the eastern part and was influenced by the river discharge in the western part. An intense chlorophylla maximum was found in the subsurface layer of the eastern typical front. Analysis using TS diagram suggested that, around the eastern front, there was an intrusion from the mixed water to the middle layer of the stratified water. This intrusion was supposed to be an important process supplying nutrients from the mixed water to the subsurface of the frontal region and causing the intense chlorophylla maximum.

Comparison analysis of the LP characteristics of the PT0 component of the visual EP recorded from the symmetrical points of the frontal regions of both hemispheres revealed a significant difference (p < 0.001) between hemispheres throughout the entire experiment in both situations: in the right hemisphere, the LP were shorter than in the left one. Similar results were obtained with the N~0o and N200 components: in all experimental series, the significantly shorter LP were observed in the right hemisphere. Conversely, the LP of the P300 component was significantly shorter (p < 0.01 ) in the left hemisphere in all experimental series (figure). In the central as well as in the frontal region, the LP of components PTo, Nloo and N200 were shorter in the right hemisphere in all experiments, whereas the LP of component P300 were significantly shorter in the left hemisphere (/7 < 0.01), in both experimental situations. In the parietal regions of both hemispheres, the significantly shorter LP were recorded in the right hemisphere for all components studied.

The author reviews his study on generation mechanism of a shallow sea front and its variabilities awarded the Okada Prize of the Oceanographical Society of Japan for 1991.

During systematic archaelogical excavations of the early medieval kingdom of Serbia, and adult male skull belonging to the skeleton of a Roman individual was unearthed at Babrež site in the Ras region. A supernumerary bone was found interposed between the frontal bones of the skull and the facial skeleton. Paleopathological investigation and CT reconstruction proved that this skull had been deformed during foetal development due to a disorder or disease affecting the mother. This probably led to the formation of the supernumerary Glabellar bone in the frontal region. This is the first case of Os Glabellae recorded so far.

Background: brain sonography(U.S) is currently the reference screening method for early detection of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and periventricular haemorrhage (PVH).During the neonatal period, MRI assesment of brain damage is difficult because of brain immaturity (unmyelinisation and brain water content). Aims: 1) to achieve a quantitative T2 MRI mapping (T2 map) of brain damage in premature infants during the neonatal period 2) to compare U.S, qualitative MRI (T2 weighted) and T2map findings to outcome at 18 mo of age. Methods:20 preterm babies, 26-33 weeks of gestation (mean 29) were studied at 37 wks conceptionnal age. MR scans were performed with a Brucker 2.35 Tesla. Spin-echo T2-weighted transverse scans were acquired using 3000ms/30,60,90,120,150 ms/2(TR/TE/Nex). Qualitative analysis of the MRI were performed on the fifth echo(TE=50ms) and on the T2map. Neurologic outcome was assesed using the Griffith test. Results:the table lists the T2map values in the periventricular white matter (w.m).For babies with good outcome, T2map increased from occipital to frontal region (normal myelination progress). For the babies with bad outcome T2map values were higher in the parietal and occipital regions.

Concentration profiles of Pb-210, Po-210 were measured on several KEEP (Kuroshio Edge Exchange Process) program stations. Results of both Pb-210 and Po-210 of surface water along B transect (from station 6115 to station 4531) showed an increasing trend toward deeper water. This reflected the more efficient removal of Pb-210, Po-210 from the shelf water. Vertical profiles of deep water station (i.e. 4531, 5131) did show Po-210 deficiencies, Po-210/Pb-210＜1, at upper layer (＜100m); and Po-210 excess in the middle layer (200m-500m). With Box Model calculation, the recycling efficiency of Pb-210 and Po-210 in the middle laycr is found to bc 2.9% and 85.4%. Vcrtical profilc of the near shelf-break station 512Am where upwelling of intrusion of Kuroshio water occurred, showed the feature of richness in Po-210. the profile of the station 5323, located at a very steep upper slope region, showed the feature of Pb-210 excess all over the water column. Some sediment particles shich contains excess Pb-210 might re-export from the outer shelf to slope water. The shelf water station was characterized with Po-210 excess in most of the water column except the very top layer (＜20m).

In order to check the constancy of convexity block, the airencephalograms (AEG) of seventeen patients who had undergone two separate examinations were reexamined. A satisfactory filling by air of the basal cisterns or Sylvian fissures was a prerequisite for including the AEG in this series. Consistent results related to air filling of the parietal region were obtained at the two examinations except in one patient with clinical signs of a pontine neoplasm. When the AEG was repeated in a very short time and with unchanged clinical conditions, the degree of air filling over the convexity was practically identical. But, with progressive neurological signs, the parietal air blocks showed a slight increase and also extended to the frontal region. It was concluded, firstly, that upper convexity block is a reproducible finding; secondly, that it is related to organic brain disease, the extent of the convexity block being correlated to the degree of clinical deterioration. As judged from other studies using isotope cisternography, the subarachnoid space is usually not complelely obstructed. It is suggested that the organically changed brain and leptomeninges create special physical conditions for the appearance of convexity air block in the AEG.

The birefringent fibrils in thin-spread plasmodium ofPhysarum polycephalum have been investigated with both polarizing and electron microscopes. The birefringent fibrils were classified into three groups by polarized light microscopy. The first type of fibril is observed in the advancing frontal region as a mutual orthogonal array. The birefringence changes rhythmically in accordance with the shuttle streaming. The second type of birefringent fibril is located in the strand region and runs parallel or somewhat oblique to the strand axis. The third type is observed in the strand region always perpendicular to the streaming axis. Electron microscopy confirmed that all these fibrils are composed of microfilaments, which range in densities in the cross view of the fibril from 1.2 to 1.7 × 103/μm2 (1.5 × 103/(xm2 on the average).

This study evaluated the adequacy of two novel EMG biofeedback control procedures. During a single training session, 36 subjects received either (1) contingent EMG feedback from the frontal region (Veridical), (2) contingent feedback for vertical eye movements (Ocular), or (3) a feedback condition where the signal increased with deviations in any direction from baseline EMG levels (Stabilization). The results supported the use of Ocular but not Stabilization feedback as a control procedure in frontalis EMG biofeedback studies. Ocular feedback did not produce reductions in frontalis EMG but did lead to changes in subjective measures of nonspecific treatment effects that were at least comparable to those obtained with Veridical feedback. Stabilization subjects produced small but significant reductions in EMG, felt the most bored as a result of their feedback training, and were the most likely to rate themselves as having received false feedback. The implications of attribution theory and multiprocess relaxation theory for the evaluation of nonspecific treatment effects are discussed.

A three-dimensional numerical model based on the primitive equations is applied to a limited region of the North Sea off the English coast near Flamborough Head. In summer, this area contains a tidal mixing front between stratified water to the north and well-mixed water to the south. The model is given as initial conditions a stratification dependent on the depth. As the density structure is allowed to evolve over a few days meanders and eddies are formed. It is shown that both friction and the presence of bathymetry tend to suppress eddy growth. Results with different horizontal resolution are compared.

Wolf spiders have four pairs of eyes distributed in three rows. The first row which lie in the frontal region of the caparace, just above the chelicera, contains four eyes: a medial pair known as the anterior medial eyes (AM eyes or principal eyes) and two smaller eyes known as the anterior lateral eyes (AL eyes). The second row which is located also in the frontal region of the prosoma consists of two big eyes. These are the posterior median eyes (PM eyes). The third row contains the posterior lateral eyes (PL eyes) which lie in the flanks of the prosomal caparace. The AL, PM and PL eyes are the so-called secondary eyes.

Previous investigations on cats (4) demonstrated the importance of the motor cortex as an apparatus of convergence of visual and auditory afferent systems and of their conditioned-reflex integration. The unbreakable link between integrative activity of the brain and mechanisms of polysensory convergence was mentioned many years ago by Sherrington (22) and Ukhtomskii (21), and this problem has received more detailed analysis recently from the comparative physiological aspect (1, 10, 11, 13). Beritov (7) considers that the formation of a conditioned reflex to a combination must take place in brain structures which are excited by the combined action of all components of the combination. The frontal region in dogs, in contrast to cats, is an apparatus of polysensory convergence-a collector of afferent impulses, and it is natural to suppose that it must be responsible for certain functions in the integrative activity of the intact brain. It can be concluded from the results of the present experiments that a conditioned reflex to a simultaneous polysensory combination (flash+click) with differentiation of its components is severely disturbed after bilateral lobectomy, and to a lesser degree after destruction of the motor cortex. While disturbing inter-analyzer integration, frontal lobectomy does not give rise to appreciable motor disturbances, as occurred after extirpation of the sigmoid gyri.

Die Technik und einige gute Ergebnisse bei der plastischen Deckung von Knochendefekten im Stirnbereich werden beschrieben. Es wurde homoioplastischer kaltekonservierter Knochen verwendet. Das entsprechende Stuck des Spenderstirnbeines kann ideal in den Defekt eingefugt werden. Das komplizierte Relief der Stirn wird in vollkommener Weise hergestellt und der verpflanzte Knochen heilt gut ein. Die Methode ist noch nicht beschrieben. Es scheint, das sie den anderen, bisher gebrauchten uberlegen ist.

GHB at a dose of 200 mg . kg-1 i.p. elicited groups of slow waves with a frequency of 4--5 Hz in both frontal and occipital ECoG leads in adult rats. In 25- an 18-day-old rats similar slow wave activity became continuous and exhibited a clear-cut maximum in the frontal regions. In 15- and 12-day-old animals slow wave activity was also registered in the frontal region but it was organized into short groups of unstable frequency. No ECoG effects of GHB could be found in 9-day-old rats.

Influences from various parts of the cortex on the development of feeding motivation giving rise to goal-directed behavior were established in chronic experiments on rabbits. Electrical stimulation of the frontal and anterior parietal regions of the cortex inhibited the formation of feeding responses evoked by stimulation of the hypothalimic “food center.” Inhibitory influences of the frontal region were stronger. Stimulation of the posterior parietal and occipital regions was accompanied by lowering of the threshold of the evoked feeding response or even by its appearance in satiated animals.