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Temperature monitoring is a major issue in induction motor drives, because temperature variations under working conditions may affect the machine lifetime and the control performance as well. The paper presents a technique for on-line monitoring the rotor and stator temperature on field-oriented induction motor drives, based on a new approach to estimate the rotor and stator winding resistances. The proposed approach exploits the injection of small additional current signals to extract the thermal status of the electrical machine, without affecting the normal drive operation. Moreover, it features a low computational effort, does not require other transducers than these already present in a standard field-oriented controlled drive and can be applied on both conventional and sensorless induction motor drives. The stator and rotor temperature estimation can be used either to prevent dangerous overheating and for on-line tuning of the control system. The practical effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by simulations and experimental tests.

To assess the accuracy and precision of infrared cameras compared to traditional measures of temperature measurement in a temperature, humidity, and distance controlled intensive care unit (ICU) population. This was a prospective, observational methods comparison study in a single centre ICU in Metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. A convenience sample of 39 patients admitted to a single room equipped with two ceiling mounted thermal imaging cameras was assessed, comparing measured cutaneous facial temperature via thermal camera to clinical temperature standards. Uncorrected correlation of camera measurement to clinical standard in all cases was poor, with the maximum reported correlation 0.24 (Wide-angle Lens to Bladder temperature). Using the wide-angle lens, mean differences were − 11.1 °C (LoA − 14.68 to − 7.51), − 11.1 °C ( − 14.3 to − 7.9), and − 11.2 °C ( − 15.23 to − 7.19) for axillary, bladder, and oral comparisons respectively (Fig. 1a). With respect to the narrow-angle lens compared to the axillary, bladder and oral temperatures, mean differences were − 7.6 °C ( − 11.2 to − 4.0), − 7.5 °C ( − 12.1 to − 2.9), and − 7.9 °C ( − 11.6 to − 4.2) respectively. AUCs for the wide-angle lens and narrow-angle lens ranged from 0.53 to 0.70 and 0.59 to 0.79 respectively, with axillary temperature demonstrating the greatest values. Infrared thermography is a poor predictor of patient temperature as measured by existing clinical standards. It has a moderate ability to discriminate fever. It is unclear if this would be sensitive enough for infection screening purposes.Fig. 1Bland–Altman plots for temperatures measured using clinical standards to infrared camera. a Wide-angle camera versus bladder temperature. b Narrow-angle camera versus bladder temperature Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10877-021-00731-y.

The Internet of Things is a rapidly evolving technology in which interconnected computing devices and sensors share data over the network to decipher different problems and deliver new services. For example, IoT is the key enabling technology for smart homes. Smart home technology provides many facilities to users like temperature monitoring, smoke detection, automatic light control, smart locks, etc. However, it also opens the door to new set of security and privacy issues, for example, the private data of users can be accessed by taking control over surveillance devices or activating false fire alarms, etc. These challenges make smart homes feeble to various types of security attacks and people are reluctant to adopt this technology due to the security issues. In this survey paper, we throw light on IoT, how IoT is growing, objects and their specifications, the layered structure of the IoT environment, and various security challenges for each layer that occur in the smart home. This paper not only presents the challenges and issues that emerge in IoT-based smart homes but also presents some solutions that would help to overcome these security challenges.

Temperature monitoring and control is of great significance to ensure concrete quality during the construction of dam concrete. In this study, a 3D thermal field restructuring method is developed for the complex evolution process of thermal field in dam concrete during construction, based on real-time temperature monitoring. The proposed method is related to the ordinary Kriging interpolation and the distributed optical fiber temperature sensing (DTS) technology. Based on the temperature monitoring of the Wudongde (WDD) super-high arch dam, the 3D thermal field can be acquired effectively and fast by the proposed restructuring method. The results indicate the temperature difference between the temperature measured by thermometers and the restructured temperature is within 1 °C. The evolution process of the restructured 3D thermal field for the WDD arch dam is in good agreement with the site situation. In addition, the uncertainty, cons and pros of the proposed method and the optimal layout of temperature sensors are further discussed. Although the proposed thermal field restructuring method has some limitations, it is believed to be a valuable tool for acquiring the 3D thermal field and thermal gradient of dam concrete.

Time-temperature integrator/indicator (TTI) is a temperature monitoring tool that visually presents the temperature history of foods to easily and cost-effectively manage the temperature of food products in cold chain system. However, few TTIs exhibit suitable performance under chilled conditions over a long period, such as beyond 100 days, as in the storage and distribution of chilled beef across the world. This study aimed to visualize the temperature history of chilled vacuum-packed beef, during international distribution, using Maillard reaction–based TTIs to record the accumulated temperature under chilled conditions, for more than 100 days. The developed Maillard reaction–based TTI comprised of double-sealed large and small plastic pouches. While the small pouch contained 500 μL D-xylose solution, the large pouch contained 1000 μL glycine solution with disodium hydrogen phosphate solution. Both the solutions were mixed by breaking the small pouch into the large pouch, following which the Maillard reaction started, depending on the ambient temperature. We examined two different combinations of the solution concentrations of TTI that turned brown and yellow at -0.5 °C after approximately 77 days and 100 days, respectively. The developed TTIs, along with Tasmanian chilled beef, were transported from Australia to Japan through commercial supply chains and stored at a constant temperature of -0.5 °C. One of the TTIs (TTI-brown) turned pale brown after 77 days which is the current shelf life of Australian chilled beef in Japan. The color of TTI-yellow changed to clear yellow after 150 days, when the chilled beef developed an off-odor, as judged by sensory evaluation. The TTI-brown was functional until day 77 which is the current shelf life of Australian beef in Japan, while the TTI-yellow was functional until day 150 to indicate remaining shelf life of beef. The results collectively indicated the Maillard reaction–based TTIs to realize visualization of temperature history during long-term storage and distribution of chilled beef.

In recent decades, research of the Alps, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and Cordillera have made great progress in understanding the phenomenon of permafrost. For the most part, this has been made possible due to temperature monitoring. However, the permafrost parameters in an area of more than 2 million square km of the mountainous regions of northeast Asia, for the most part, remain a blank spot in the scientific community. Due to the lack and insufficiency of factual materials, in 2012 the P.I. Melnikov Permafrost Institute began to take temperature measurements in the upper part of the permafrost in the central part of the Verkhoyan-Kolyma uplands, namely the Suntar-Khayat ridge. The article describes the temperature characteristics of air, surface and rocks of the active layer in the range of heights from 850 to 1821 m, in various landscape and topographic elements. For the observation period from 2012 to 2019, we obtained information on temperatures in the soils of the active layer at depths of 1 m, 3 m, 4 m, and 5 m and also air and surface temperature parameters. The availability of data on automated monitoring of rock temperatures in the active layer and the upper horizons of the layer of annual heat rotations made it possible to substantiate the most typical conditions of the temperature conditions of the permafrost zone of the characterized region. The parameters of permafrost existence and development are in favorable conditions. This is shown in the analysis of temperature data of air, surface and active layer. Soil temperatures in the active layer of annual heat rotations are most clearly represented at a depth of 1 m. Currently, on the territory of the mountain regions of Eastern Siberia, there are no more such sites for monitoring the temperature regime of soils. Information on the permafrost parameters in the region will allow us to begin the process of creating new models or checking existing forecasts and the distribution of the temperature pattern. It will also make it possible to evaluate the response of sensitive and vulnerable frozen soils of mountain regions to climate change.

Background Temperature modulating devices (TMD) currently utilize core temperature measurements during targeted temperature management (TTM) that are currently limited to esophageal (Et), bladder (Bt), or rectal (Rt) temperatures. We assessed the ability of a continuous noninvasive temperature monitor to accurately approximate core temperature during TTM. Methods All patients undergoing TTM using a gel pad surface TMD and an existing core temperature monitoring device were eligible for this study. Core and continuous noninvasive temperature monitoring values were simultaneously recorded for up to 72 h of TTM. The two sets of temperature data were downloaded from a clinical data acquisition storage system at 1-min intervals. The Bland–Altman method assessed agreement between the core and continuous noninvasive temperature monitor values, by measuring the mean difference (± 2 SD) between these values. Results There were 20 subjects that underwent study between January 2018 and March 2018 (55% women, age: 57 ± 14 years old, BMI: 28.9 + 9.8 kg/m2, 100% mechanically ventilated). The comparison patient temperature source was predominantly esophageal (n = 10) followed by bladder (n = 5) or rectal (n = 5). There were a total of 999 h of paired patient temperature data from esophageal (50%), bladder (25%), and rectal (25%) temperatures. Bland–Altman analysis demonstrated good agreement with the superficial temperature monitor and core temperature measures in all patients overall, with a difference mean of 0.06 ± 0.39 C (P = 0.99) and no proportional bias noted (β =0.002, P = 0.917). Conclusions Continuous noninvasive temperature monitoring is a suitable alternative method for assessing core temperature during TTM. Future studies should focus on developing connectivity with a continuous noninvasive temperature monitor to approximate core temperature during TTM.

Mn0.55Fe1.25Cu2Ni2.2O4+δ glass-free thick films with negative temperature coefficient (NTC) character were fabricated on Al2O3 substrate by screen printing technology. The microstructural, electrical parameters, and cation distribution of materials varied with the slight change in sintering temperature (1000 °C, 1025 °C, 1050 °C) were investigated. All the thick film samples showed spinel structure of its main phase. CuAl2O4 phase was found when the sintering temperature was above 1025 °C, which is of practical importance for copper-containing thermal-sensitive materials bonding Al2O3 substrate. Both the room-temperature resistance R25 and material constant B value increased as temperature increased, R25 in the range of 17.3–125 kΩ, and B lying in the range of 2824–3074 K. Such feature was attributed to the redistribution of the multivalent state Mn, bivalence Fe and Cu cations with increasing sintering temperature. The optimal sintering temperature was 1000 °C due to its pure phase, best crystallinity, and lowest B value (2824 K), which was a good candidate for temperature monitoring and control in a relative widen temperature range.

Near future human being is going to enhance their capability to communicate sensations by incorporating their five sensory holistic information using modern techniques. Human bond communication is a concept through which we communicate or try to communicate received data by our five sensory organs to another person. The objective of this paper is to provide a smart way to protect infant from sudden infant death syndrome. Proposed technique is a novel concept which will help parents and caretaker to know their newly born baby’s feeling wirelessly whom an infant cannot share with them.

The mud cake is easily formed during the tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavation in clay soils or rocks containing clay minerals. Mud cake will lead to soil disturbance of tunnel face, clogging cutterhead and even affect the construction efficiency and personnel safety. In this study, a discrimination method of mud cake formation based on cutterhead temperature was proposed. An online monitoring system was designed and installed on the slurry balance TBM. The results show that: (a) the cutterhead temperature data can be reliably detected and transmitted by the system; (b) in a tunneling cycle, the temperature at some positions of the cutterhead will increase first and then decrease; (c) during the field test, the temperature variation is around 2.5 °C under the normal condition, but the temperature variation will increase more than 50 °C due to the mud cake or geological change; (d) compared with the cooling rate, mud cake formation can be accurately discriminated.

Fiber optic sensors have been widely used and studied in recent times. This paper presents operating principles and applications of fiber optic sensors namely reflectometric and interferometric fiber optic sensors. Majority of optical fiber sensors fall under these two broad categories. Both interferometric and reflectometric fiber optic sensors are becoming popular for their ease of use, flexibility, long distance sensing, and potentially noise free detection. Also, these sensors can easily be used in various applications such as structural health monitoring, perimeter intrusion detection, temperature monitoring, and other numerous applications. This paper broadly classifies fiber optic sensors into two subtypes. The paper further highlights different sensors based on their sensing resolution, range, spatial advantages, and applications.

Background Target temperature management (TTM) is suggested to reduce brain damage in the presence of global or local ischemia. Prompt TTM application may help to improve outcomes, but it is often hindered by technical problems, mainly related to the portability of cooling devices and temperature monitoring systems. Tympanic temperature (TTy) measurement may represent a practical, non-invasive approach for core temperature monitoring in emergency settings, but its accuracy under different TTM protocols is poorly characterized. The present scoping review aimed to collect the available evidence about TTy monitoring in TTM to describe the technique diffusion in various TTM contexts and its accuracy in comparison with other body sites under different cooling protocols and clinical conditions. Methods The scoping review was conducted following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases were systematically searched to identify studies conducted in the last 20 years, where TTy was measured in TTM context with specific focus on pre-hospital or in-hospital emergency settings. Results The systematic search identified 35 studies, 12 performing TTy measurements during TTM in healthy subjects, 17 in patients with acute cardiovascular events, and 6 in patients with acute neurological diseases. The studies showed that TTy was able to track temperature changes induced by either local or whole-body cooling approaches in both pre-hospital and in-hospital settings. Direct comparisons to other core temperature measurements from other body sites were available in 22 studies, which showed a faster and larger change of TTy upon TTM compared to other core temperature measurements. Direct brain temperature measurements were available only in 3 studies and showed a good correlation between TTy and brain temperature, although TTy displayed a tendency to overestimate cooling effects compared to brain temperature. Conclusions TTy was capable to track temperature changes under a variety of TTM protocols and clinical conditions in both pre-hospital and in-hospital settings. Due to the heterogeneity and paucity of comparative temperature data, future studies are needed to fully elucidate the advantages of TTy in emergency settings and its capability to track brain temperature.

Forest canopies have an important influence on the global climate balance. Through the analysis of the temperature of the canopy, it is possible to infer about the physiological aspects of the plants, helping to understand the behavior of the vegetation and, consequently, in the environmental monitoring and management of green areas. This study aims to validate the MOD11A2 V006 product from canopy surface temperature data obtained by an infrared radiation sensor. For the validation of the MOD11A2 product, a comparative analysis was performed between the land surface temperature (LST) data, obtained by the MODIS sensor, and the canopy temperature data, obtained by the SI-111 infrared radiation sensor coupled to the Itatiaia National Park (PNI) micrometeorological tower. Meteorological variables and land surface temperature collected from January to December 2018 in the PNI were also analyzed. The results reveal that the MOD11A2 product overestimates the canopy temperature in the daytime (MB ranging from 1.56 to 3.57 °C) and underestimates in the night time (MB ranging from - 0.18 to - 4.22 °C). During daytime, the months corresponding to the dry season presented a very high correlation (r = 0.74 and 0.86) and the highest values for the Willmott index (d = 0.70 and 0.64). At nighttime, the MOD11A2 product did not present a good performance for the LST estimation, especially in the rainy season. Therefore, we observed that the MOD11A2 product has limitations to estimate the land surface temperature and that possible changes in the algorithm of this product can be performed for high atmospheric humidity conditions.

Background Charcot neuroarthropathy is a complication of peripheral neuropathy associated with diabetes which most frequently affects the lower limb. It can cause fractures and dislocations within the foot, which may progress to deformity and ulceration. Recommended treatment is immobilisation and offloading, with a below knee non-removable cast or boot. Duration of treatment varies from six months to more than 1 year. Small observational studies suggest that repeated assessment with magnetic resonance imaging improves decision-making about when to stop treatment, but this has not been tested in clinical trials. This study aims to explore the feasibility of using serial magnetic resonance imaging without contrast in the monitoring of Charcot neuroarthropathy to reduce duration of immobilisation of the foot. A nested qualitative study aims to explore participants’ lived experience of Charcot neuroarthropathy and of taking part in the feasibility study. Methods We will undertake a two-arm, open study and randomise 60 people with a suspected or confirmed diagnosis of Charcot neuroarthropathy from five NHS, secondary care multidisciplinary Diabetic Foot Clinics across England. Participants will be randomised 1:1 to receive magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and remission up to 12 months, with repeated foot temperature measurements and X-rays (standard care plus), or standard care plus with additional three-monthly magnetic resonance imaging until remission up to 12 months (intervention). Time to confirmed remission of Charcot neuroarthropathy with off-loading treatment (days) and its variance will be used to inform sample size in a full-scale trial. We will look for opportunities to improve the protocols for monitoring techniques and the clinical, patient-centred and health economic measures used in a future study. For the nested qualitative study, we will invite a purposive sample of 10–14 people able to offer maximally varying experiences from the feasibility study to take part in semi-structured interviews to be analysed using thematic analysis. Discussion The study will inform the decision whether to proceed to a full-scale trial. It will also allow deeper understanding of the lived experience of Charcot neuroarthropathy, and factors that contribute to engagement in management and contribute to the development of more effective patient-centred strategies. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN74101606. Registered on 6 November 2017.

Objective To document the temperature integrity at the vaccine storage devices at various levels in three states of India. Methods A total of 213 health facilities including 196 facilities (district and sub-district levels) from 27 select districts and 17 division or state level vaccine stores in three states were included. At these facilities, temperature in 223 vaccine storage devices was recorded for at least 7 consecutive days using electronic temperature datalogger. Results During the observation period, overall the vaccines were exposed to temperature 8 °C for 6.6% of the storage time including 1.3, 13 and 5.1% at state/division, district and sub-district vaccine stores, respectively. Continuous episodes of temperature deviation for 45 min or longer to 8 °C was observed in 7.2 and 6.4% of the observation period, respectively. These temperature deviations were not captured by the routine temperature monitoring practice. Conclusion The vaccines were exposed to freezing temperature for a considerable period at all level stores, which was more than the exposure to higher temperature. To ensure vaccine potency and immunogenicity, stringent temperature integrity maintenance is needed at all levels.

Accurately monitoring peri-operative core temperature is a cornerstone of good practice. Relatively invasive devices such as oesophageal temperature probes and pulmonary artery catheters facilitate this, but are inappropriate for many patients. There remains a need for accurate monitors of core temperature that can be used in awake patients. This study compared the accuracy of two core temperature thermometers that can be used for this purpose: the 3M Bair Hugger™ Temperature Monitoring System Zero Flux Thermometer and the CorTempR™ Wireless Ingestible Temperature Sensor. Readings were compared with the oesophageal probe, the current intraoperative standard. Thirty patients undergoing elective surgical procedures under general anaesthesia were recruited. The ingestible sensor was ingested prior to induction of anaethesia, and post induction, the zero-flux electrode attached above the right eyebrow and oesophageal probe inserted. During surgery, the temperature on each device was recorded every minute. Measurements were compared using Bland-Altman analysis. The ingestible sensor experienced interference from use of diathermy and fluoroscopy in the operating theatre, rendering 39% of its readings unusable. These were removed from analysis. With remaining readings the bias compared with oesophageal probe was + 0.42 °C, with 95% limits of agreement - 2.4 °C to 3.2 °C. 75.4% of readings were within ± 0.5 °C of the OTP reading. The bias for the zero flux electrode compared to oesophageal probe was + 0.02 °C with 95% limits of agreement - 0.5 °C to 0.5 °C. 97.7% of readings were within ± 0.5 °C of the oesophageal probe. The study findings suggest the zero-flux thermometer is sufficiently accurate for clinical use, whereas the ingestible sensor is not.Trial registration The study was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT Number: NCT02121574.

In the noninvasive zero-heat-flux (ZHF) method, deep body temperature is brought to the skin surface when an insulated temperature probe with servo-controlled heating on the skin creates a region of ZHF from the core to the skin. The sensor of the commercial Bair-Hugger ZHF device is placed on the forehead. According to the manufacturer, the sensor reaches a depth of 1–2 cm below the skin. In this observational study, the anatomical focus of the Bair-Hugger ZHF sensor was assessed in pre- and postoperative CT or MRI images of 29 patients undergoing elective craniotomy. Assuming the 2-cm depth from the forehead skin surface, the temperature measurement point preoperatively reached the brain cortex in all except one patient. Assuming the 1-cm depth, the preoperative temperature measurement point did not reach the brain parenchyma in any of the patients and was at the cortical surface in two patients. Corresponding results were obtained postoperatively, although either sub-arachnoid fluid or air was observed in all CT/MRI images. Craniotomy did not have a detectable effect on the course of the ZHF temperatures. In Bland–Altman analysis, the agreement of ZHF temperature with the nasopharyngeal temperature was 0.11 (95% confidence interval − 0.54 to 0.75) °C and with the bladder temperature − 0.14 (− 0.81 to 0.52) °C. As conclusions, within the reported range of the Bair-Hugger ZHF measurement depth, the anatomical focus of the sensor cannot be determined. Craniotomy did not have a detectable effect on the course of the ZHF temperatures that showed good agreement with the nasopharyngeal and bladder temperatures.

Currently, global warming is worsening, causing the difficulty of cultivating crops in open fields, and leading to unstable quality of crops. Plant factories provide a well-controlled growth environment for precisely cultivating plants. However, uneven temperature distributions (UTDs) still occur at each cultivation shelf in plant factories, which decreases the yields (fresh weight) of plants. In this study, a wireless sensor network (WSN)-based automatic temperature monitoring and fan-circulating system for precision cultivation in plant factories is proposed, and it is built upon the technologies of WSN, ordinary kriging spatial interpolation, and automation control, to precisely find the UTD areas of cultivation shelves. Once a UTD area occurs, the fan-circulating system can be triggered immediately to automatically trace the area and circulate the air. This action can effectively improve the air flow in the cultivation zone, providing optimal growth conditions for plants. The proposed system has been deployed in two plant factories that grew Boston lettuces, and a series of performance evaluation experiments were conducted. The experimental results indicate that the fresh weight of the harvested lettuces increases by 61–109% when employing the proposed system that efficiently and significantly decreases the variation of the temperature in the cultivation zone.

When monitoring the temperature of insulated wires, the temperature is measured on the surface of the insulation rather than the conductor. The insulation is made of cross-linked polyethylene with low heat conductivity, which leads to a significant temperature difference between the conductor and the insulation surface. A method of calculating the temperature of the conductor from the temperature measured on the insulation surface is described. The permissible surface temperatures of 20 and 35 kV SIP-3 wires that allow controlling the line loading are determined.

The recent development in the temperature memory effect (TME) via differential scanning calorimetry in shape memory alloys is briefly discussed. This phenomenon was also called the thermal arrest memory effect in the literature. However, these names do not explicitly reveal the potential application of this phenomenon in temperature monitoring. On the other hand, the standard testing process of the TME has great limitation. Hence, it cannot be directly applied for temperature monitoring in most of the real engineering applications in which temperature fluctuation occurs mostly in a random manner within a certain range. However, as shown here, after proper modification, we are able to monitor the maximum or minimum temperature in either over-heating or over-cooling with reasonable accuracy.

The EU Directives for human tissues and cells (Directive 2004/23/EC) and for blood and blood components (Directive 2002/98/EC, with their related Directives), promotes the principle to minimise or remove potential sources of contamination (e.g. foreign particles, microorganisms, processing agents). Under this framework, mercury thermometers are of interest; as these devices present potential hazards through their use in preparation processes (for the verification of temperature criteria) or temperature monitoring systems (for the preservation of materials and reagents). This article outlines the potential hazards of mercury thermometers, the current available alternatives and the initiatives for the decline of mercury usage.

Background Temperature monitoring during high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy on tissue is essential to regulate the degree of thermal coagulation and to achieve the desired treatment outcomes eventually. The aim of the current study was to design and investigate the feasibility of a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) temperature controller-integrated portable HIFU driver for thermal coagulation. Methods A portable HIFU driver was designed and operated at a maximum output voltage of 50 V with pulse-width modulation signals at 2 MHz. The temperature of ex vivo bovine liver tissue was monitored using a K-type thermocouple during the 2-MHz HIFU exposure. Results The tissue temperature was maintained at 60 °C using a PID controller-integrated HIFU driver that modulated the output voltage during the 300-s HIFU exposure. The ex vivo testing demonstrated that the tissue temperature at the focal point approached the chosen temperature, i.e., 60 °C, within 70 s. The temperature was maintained with a deviation of less than 4 °C until the HIFU driver voltage was turned off at 300 s. Conclusions The designed PID controller-integrated HIFU driver can be used as a small portable tool to regulate the tissue temperature in real time and achieve thermal coagulation via HIFU sonication.

Our rapidly warming climate is threatening coral reefs as thermal anomalies trigger mass coral bleaching events. Deep (or “mesophotic”) coral reefs are hypothesised to act as major ecological refuges from mass bleaching, but empirical assessments are limited. We evaluated the potential of mesophotic reefs within the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and adjacent Coral Sea to act as thermal refuges by characterising long-term temperature conditions and assessing impacts during the 2016 mass bleaching event. We found that summer upwelling initially provided thermal relief at upper mesophotic depths (40 m), but then subsided resulting in anomalously warm temperatures even at depth. Bleaching impacts on the deep reefs were severe (40% bleached and 6% dead colonies at 40 m) but significantly lower than at shallower depths (60–69% bleached and 8–12% dead at 5-25 m). While we confirm that deep reefs can offer refuge from thermal stress, we highlight important caveats in terms of the transient nature of the protection and their limited ability to provide broad ecological refuge., It has been suggested that deep coral reefs offer a refuge against warming and mass bleaching. Here Frade et al. look at the 2016 bleaching event in the northern Great Barrier Reef and found that deep reefs initially acted as thermal refuges, though this effect lessened in the late summer months.

Objective All childhood vaccines, except the oral polio vaccine, should be kept at 2–8 °C, since the vaccine potency can be damaged by heat or freezing temperature. A temperature monitoring study conducted in 2008–2009 reported challenges in cold chain management from the provincial level downwards. The present cross-sectional pilot study aimed to assess the current status of the cold chain in two provinces (Saravan and Xayabouly) of Lao People’s Democratic Republic between March–April 2016. Two types of temperature data loggers recorded the temperatures and the proportions of time exposed to 8 °C were calculated. Results The temperature remained within the appropriate range in the central and provincial storages. However, the vaccines were frequently exposed to > 8 °C in Saravan and 8 °C during the transportation in Saravan and to both > 8 and

The authors describe the case of a 6.6-cm symptomatic spinal aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) in a 17-year-old athlete treated percutaneously. Surgical treatment was not considered as the first option owing to its invasiveness and associated morbidity. CT-guided cryoablation of the expansile part of the ABC was performed for tumour shrinkage and nerve decompression. Thermal insulation, temperature monitoring and functional control/electrostimulation of the neural structures at risk were applied. Finally, the bony defect was cemented. No complications occurred during the procedure. Complete resolution of the ABC on imaging and clinical improvement were achieved. Percutaneous cryoablation should be considered as an alternative treatment option, especially when tumour size reduction is desired.

Tissue temperature distribution plays a crucial role in the outcome of laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT), a technique employed for neoplasias removal. Since recent studies proposed LITT for pancreatic tumors treatment, assessment of temperature and of its effects around the laser applicator could be useful to define optimal laser settings. The aims of this work are temperature monitoring and measurement of ablated tissue volume in an ex vivo porcine pancreas undergoing double-applicator LITT. A three-dimensional numerical model is implemented to predict temperature rise and volumes of ablated tissue in treated pancreas. Experiments are performed to validate the model, with two modalities: (1) 12-fiber Bragg grating sensors are adopted to monitor the heating and cooling during LITT at several distances from the applicators tip, and (2) 1.5-T MR imaging is used to estimate the ablated volume. Experimental data agree with theoretical ones: at 2 mm from both applicators tips, the maximum temperature increase is approximately 60°C downward from the tips, while it increases of about 40°C and 30°C, respectively, at the level and upward from the tips. This behavior occurs also at other distances, proving that the tissue downward from the tip is mostly heated. Furthermore, the estimated volume with MRI agrees with theoretical one (i.d., 0.91±0.09 vs. 0.95 cm 3). The encouraging results indicate that the model could be a suitable tool to choose the optimal laser settings, in order to control the volume of ablated tissue. © 2013 Springer-Verlag.

Warning indicators of the dam body’s temperature are required for the real-time monitoring of the service conditions of concrete dams to ensure safety and normal operations. Warnings theories are traditionally targeted at a single point which have limitations, and the scientific warning theories on global behavior of the temperature field are non-existent. In this paper, first, in 3D space, the behavior of temperature field has regional dissimilarity. Through the Ward spatial clustering method, the temperature field was divided into regions. Second, the degree of order and degree of disorder of the temperature monitoring points were defined by the probability method. Third, the weight values of monitoring points of each regions were explored via projection pursuit. Forth, a temperature entropy expression that can describe degree of order of the spatial temperature field in concrete dams was established. Fifth, the early-warning index of temperature entropy was set up according to the calculated sequential value of temperature entropy. Finally, project cases verified the feasibility of the proposed theories. The early-warning index of temperature entropy is conducive to the improvement of early-warning ability and safety management levels during the operation of high concrete dams.

As the depth of mines increases, the temperature in the mine workings also increases due to the geothermal gradient. A questionnaire was prepared and sent to a number of mine ventilation engineers, consultants and academics in order to gain an understanding of their experiences and current views on real-time dry and relative humidity temperature monitoring practices. Eighteen persons provided a response to the questionnaire. The answers were compiled and analyzed. This paper presents and analyzed the results obtained from the survey.

The aim of this study was to assess the variability of temperatures measured by a video-based infrared camera (IRC) in comparison to rectal and vaginal temperatures. The body surface temperatures of cows and calves were measured contactless at different body regions using videos from the IRC. Altogether, 22 cows and 9 calves were examined. The differences of the measured IRC temperatures among the body regions, i.e. eye (mean: 37.0 °C), back of the ear (35.6 °C), shoulder (34.9 °C) and vulva (37.2 °C), were significant (P < 0.01), except between eye and vulva (P = 0.99). The quartile ranges of the measured IRC temperatures at the 4 above mentioned regions were between 1.2 and 1.8 K. Of the investigated body regions the eye and the back of the ear proved to be suitable as practical regions for temperature monitoring. The temperatures of these 2 regions could be gained by the use of the maximum temperatures of the head and body area. Therefore, only the maximum temperatures of both areas were used for further analysis. The data analysis showed an increase for the maximum temperature measured by IRC at head and body area with an increase of rectal temperature in cows and calves. The use of infrared thermography videos has the advantage to analyze more than 1 picture per animal in a short period of time, and shows potential as a monitoring system for body temperatures in cattle.

This paper presents a design for a self-powered radio frequency identification (RFID) tag with a thin film bulk acoustic resonating piezoelectric power supply (PPS), which can be used for portable remote temperature monitoring. We call this system a PPS-RFID for short. The RFID systems have been found to have many applications in the internet of things (IOT) in the past decade. But semi-active RFID tags require an onboard battery which limits their applications in many fields. For these reasons, our research focuses on power sources for the RFID tags. This paper emphasizes the circuit design and simulation of PPS. In our tests, 0.283 mW was generated by PPS at 1 Hz vibration by a 650 N impact force. The results showed that the integrated PPS could supply sufficient power for the designed PPS-RFID tag. The PPS-RFID tag can be widely used for temperature monitoring during mobile transport of perishable items such as medicines or food.

A narrow channel setup was established and experiments were conducted to study the pre-ignition characteristics of wire insulation under overload conditions in weak buoyancy environment. The pre-ignition temperature variation trend of both the wire insulation and its nearby temperature monitoring points, the movement characteristics of smoke produced from the wire insulation and the ignition delay time of wire insulation were investigated. The results indicated that the narrow channel setup with a height of 10–15 mm was effective to suppress the effect of buoyancy, and the pre-ignition characteristics of wire insulation in microgravity could be predicted well by the narrow channel method.

The paper reports on detection and quantification of the impact of local anthropogenic structures and regional climatic changes on subsurface temperature field. The analyzed temperature records were obtained by temperature monitoring in a borehole in Prague-Spořilov (Czechia) and by repeated logging of a borehole in Sempeter (Slovenia). The observed data were compared with temperatures yielded by mathematical 3D time-variable geothermal models of the boreholes’ sites with the aim to decompose the observed transient component of the subsurface temperature into the part affected by construction of new buildings and other anthropogenic structures in surroundings of the boreholes and into the part affected by the ground surface temperature warming due to the surface air temperature rise. A direct human impact on the subsurface temperature warming was proved and contributions of individual anthropogenic structures to this change were evaluated. In the case of Spořilov, where the mean annual warming rate reached 0.034°C per year at the depth of 38.3 m during the period 1993–2008, it turned out that about half of the observed warming can be attributed to the air (ground) surface temperature change and half to the human activity on the surface in the immediate vicinity of the borehole. The situation is similar in Sempeter, where the effect of the recently built surface anthropogenic structures is detectable down to the depth of 80 m and the share of the anthropogenic signal on the non-stationary component of the observed subsurface temperature amounts to 30% at the depth of 50 m.

To develop an ultrafast MRI-based temperature monitoring method for application during rapid ultrasound exposures in moving organs.A slice selective 90° - 180° pair of RF pulses was used to solicit an echo from a column, which was then sampled with a train of gradient echoes. In a gel phantom, phase changes of each echo were compared to standard gradient-echo thermometry, and temperature monitoring was tested during focused ultrasound sonications. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance was evaluated in vivo in a rabbit brain, and feasibility was tested in a human heart.The correlation between each echo in the acquisition and MRI-based temperature measurements was good (R = 0.98 ± 0.03). A temperature sampling rate of 19 Hz was achieved at 3T in the gel phantom. It was possible to acquire the water frequency in the beating heart muscle with 5-Hz sampling rate during a breath hold.Ultrafast thermometry via phase or frequency monitoring along single columns was demonstrated. With a temporal resolution around 50 ms, it may be possible to monitor focal heating produced by short ultrasound pulses.

To assess the practical feasibility and effectiveness of real-time magnetic resonance (MR) temperature monitoring for the radiofrequency (RF) ablation of liver tumours in a clinical setting, nine patients (aged 49-87 years, five men and four women) with one malignant tumour (14-50 mm, eight hepatocellular carcinomas and one colorectal metastasis), were treated by 12-min RF ablation using a 1.5-T closed magnet for real-time temperature monitoring. The clinical monopolar RF device was filtered at 64 MHz to avoid electromagnetic interference. Real-time computation of thermal-dose (TD) maps, based on Sapareto and Dewey's equation, was studied to determine its ability to provide a clear end-point of the RF procedure. Absence of local recurrence on follow-up MR images obtained 45 days after the RF ablation was used to assess the apoptotic and necrotic prediction obtained by real-time TD maps. Seven out of nine tumours were completely ablated according to the real-time TD maps. Compared with 45-day follow-up MR images, TD maps accurately predicted two primary treatment failures, but were not relevant in the later progression of one case of secondary local tumour. The real-time TD concept is a feasible and promising monitoring method for the RF ablation of liver tumours.

This study details the microstructural evolution during hot rolling of AZ31 alloy sheet using a pilot-scale rolling mill. The aim is to understand the deformation mechanisms leading to grain refinement under industrial processing conditions and to design and optimize the hot rolling schedule for AZ31 in order to produce sheet with a fine and homogeneous microstructure. The study examined three different hot rolling temperatures, 350, 400, and 450°C, and two rolling speeds, 20 and 50 rpm. A total thickness reduction of 67% was obtained using multiple passes, with reductions of either 15% or 30% per pass. It was found that the microstructure of the AZ31 alloy was sensitive to the rolling temperature, the reduction (i.e., strain) per pass and the rolling speed (i.e., strain rate). The results show that the large cast grain structure is broken down by segmentation of the cast grain through localized deformation in twin bands, where dynamic recrystallization occurs in these bands as well as at the grain boundaries (necklacing).

Current temperature tracking systems lack the convenience and accuracy demanded by the real conditions of a fast-paced produce supply chain. In recent years RFID technology has been suggested to be an enhanced method for temperature tracking because of its many benefits, such as using little instrumentation, offering the quick readings necessary for real-time decision making, and allowing the capture of long-duration temperature profiles. However its limitation lies in that probeless systems fail to provide accurate temperature readings in some of the critical points of the pallet and the load. The objective of this work was to study the use of RFID in temperature monitoring by comparing the performance of RFID temperature tags versus conventional temperature tracking methods, as well as RFID temperature tags with probe versus RFID temperature tags without probes and their utilization along the supply chain. Therefore, the temperature mapping of a shipping trial comprising pallets of crownless pineapples instrumented using different RFID temperature dataloggers and traditional temperature dataloggers and packed in two kinds of packages (corrugated boxes and reusable plastic containers) inside a container was performed. The results showed that RFID temperature tags are analogous with regards to accuracy to the conventional methods, but have a superior performance because they allow quick instrumentation and data recovery, and the possibility of accessing the sensor program and data at any point of the supply chain without line of sight. In addition, the use of RFID tags with probe was justified by its role in determining the efficiency of the pre-cooling operations and low temperature abuse tracking during transportation and refrigerated storage; while the RFID tags without probe proved useful for high temperature abuse monitoring during transportation and refrigerated storage. The creation of a RFID sensor with a probe, able to record both ambient and pulp temperatures simultaneously is suggested.

The objective of this study was to evaluate breathing influence on precision in temperature determination by using the proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift method depending on the location in abdominal organs at 0.2 and 1.5 T.Phase images were acquired with gradient echo sequences in a total of 12 volunteers at 1.5 and 0.2 T. Different examination protocols were performed (each 8 measurements with (1) in-/expiration, (2) free breathing, (3) under breathhold, (4) with breathing belt triggering, and (5) with navigator triggering (integrated in MR signal acquisition). Regions of interest were placed on liver and kidneys, and the resulting phase differences between the measurements were transformed into corresponding temperature differences.Precision significantly varied depending on the liver segment or location in the kidney. Gating techniques were found better than breathhold techniques and clearly better than non-gated examinations. The most precise approach reached a standard deviation of 2.0 degrees C under continuous breathing when navigator gating was used at 1.5 T.PRF temperature measurement is feasible even for moving organs in the abdomen at 0.2 and 1.5 T. The location of the target region and the required precision of the measurements should direct the choice of examination mode.

Temperature was monitored as a function of time at several selected depth levels in a slim experimental borehole. The hole is 15 cm in diameter, 150 m deep, and effectively sealed from the influx of ground water by a plastic tube of 5 cm diameter. The mean temperature gradient is 19.2 mK/m. The borehole was drilled in 1993 and has been in equilibrium since then. The data obtained reveal that: (1) the temperature-time series showed a complex, apparently random oscillation pattern with amplitudes of up to 25 mK; (2) irregular temperature variations characterized by larger oscillations may alternate with relatively “quiet” intervals; and (3) the character of the oscillation may vary both in depth as well as in time and the transition between two distinct regimes may be sudden.

Preventing foot complications in high-risk patients with diabetes is often overlooked. Assessing risk factors and providing standard preventative care is low tech and relatively inexpensive. The objective of this article is to discuss standard screening and prevention practices and using temperature as a self-assessment and monitoring tool. There are a number of studies that demonstrate the impact of screening and prevention; three randomized clinical trials report a three- to 10-fold reduction in foot ulcerations among high-risk patients.

The need of heat exchanger in the ECMO circuit is controversial. Moreover, how to monitor patient central temperature during extracorporeal support is still not clear, but potentially useful for the detection of “unexpressed” fever, eventually related to septic complications.

By testing the temperature of the coal and the stress of the working surface, we got the variation law of coal temperature and coal stress during the excavation. The result shows that the activities of mining affect the coal temperature, the fluctuation of coal temperature and the coal stress is synchronous. During the smooth change of crustal stress, the coal temperature basically keeps unchanged, when the dynamic phenomenon appears, the coal temperature changes, as well the coal stress. Therefore, we can use the online coal temperature monitoring system to test the coal temperature of the working surface continuously, and it can provide basic information for forecasting coal mine power disaster before it happens.

A new designed and analyzed silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide Michelson interferometer (SMI) sensor is proposed in this paper. The authors compare an optical SMI sensor, a silicon-on-insulator Bragg waveguide grating (SBG) sensor, and a fiber Bragg grating sensor (FBG) for temperature sensing in medicine applications. The SMI sensor has 20 times sensing more accuracy than the FBG sensor. Moreovr, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the pass-band frequency responses of our proposed SMI can be designed much narrower than FBG and SBG sensors for sensing resolution enhancement. Further, the improved characteristics of the SMI demonstrated in this paper could pave the way for future high density temperature monitoring medicine applications.

Annual epidemics of late blight of potato have lead to debate as to the relative importance of overwintering sources of inoculum. Host availability is a key factor for overwinter survival ofPhytophthora infestans and the initiation of epidemics of potato late blight. Temperature within discarded piles of cull potatoes may influence tuber tissue temperature and therefore affect survival of meristematic tissue. Consequently the risk of initiation of an epidemic of late blight from cull piles is closely related to the thermal experience of overwintered potato culls. Temperature monitoring of cull piles over two years indicated that temperature was stable in the interior of the piles regardless of cull pile size (1–15 ton) or year. The possible use of ambient temperature information gathered during winter months in potato-growing regions may not help estimate the risk of an epidemic of late blight initiated from cull piles as, although highly correlated with the surface temperature of cull piles, ambient temperature was not correlated with the temperature within the cull piles. The presence of cull piles in excess of 1 ton may enhance the survival of the host and thus the development ofP. infestans from infected tubers.

Artificial time-delay feed-forward neural networks (NN) with one hidden layer and error back-propagation learning are used to predict surface air temperatures (SAT) for six hours up to one day. The networks were trained and tested with the use of data covering a total of 26280 hours (three years) monitored in the period 1998-2000 in location Spořilov (suburban area of Prague). The NN models provided a good fit with the measured data. Phase diagrams as well as the results of the variability studies of SAT revealed a fundamental difference between summer temperatures (April-September) and winter temperatures (October-March). Results of the trial runs indicated that NN models perform better when both periods are trained separately. The results show that relatively simple neural networks, with an adequate choice of the input data, can achieve reasonably good accuracy in one-lag as well as in multi-lag predictions. For the “summer” period the total errors give 0.055 and/or 0.044 mean accuracy of predicted values in training and testing sets, respectively. Similarly high mean accuracy of the simulated values of 0.057 and 0.065 was obtained for the training and testing sets in the winter season. Similarly good results with the mean error of 0.028 were obtained for the summer period of the year 2001, which were used for additional testing (see Appendix). Higher accuracy obtained for the year 2001 is due to the fact, that warm temperature extremes, which are generally predicted with less accuracy, did not occurred in the summer 2001.

Since myocardial lesion size during radio-frequency (RF) ablation is limited at high power by impedance rise when electrode tip temperature exceed 100 °C, controlling tip temperature by continuous intraelectrode saline infusion could permit generation of larger lesion. (1) Two dogs randomly received either standard or cooled tip RF ablation at 4 to 6 separate LV sites. Power output of 30 W was delivered via modified 7 Fr deflectable catheter with 4 mm tip for up to 120 sec or until impedance rise occurred. (2) Six dogs randomly received cooled tip RF ablation at power output of 20, 30, 40 W for 120 sec. (3) Three dogs randomly received cooled tip RF ablation using room temperature saline (21–25 °C) or chilled saline (1–4 °C) infusion.

A hydrogeological study of a natural hot spring at Sembawang, Singapore, has been undertaken, including boreholes of up to 100 m in depth, pumping tests, water chemistry analyses and temperature monitoring. The paper describes the investigations undertaken at the site, presents the data obtained and discusses a postulated hydrogeological and hydrothermal system of which the hot spring is a part.

Purpose: To examine the effects of temperature on auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) in infants during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass for total circulatory arrest (TCA). The relationship between ABRs (as a surrogate measure of corebrain temperature) and body temperature as measured at several temperature monitoring sites was determined. Methods: In a prospective, observational study, ABRs were recorded non-invasively at norrnothermia and at every I or 2~ change in ear-canal temperature during cooling and rewarming in I 5 infants (ages: 2 days to 14 months) that required TCA. The ABR latencies and amplitudes and the lowest temperatures at which an ABR was identified (the threshold) were measured during both cooling and rewarming. Temperatures from four standard temperature monitoring sites were. simultaneously recorded�9 Re,sults: The latencies of ABRs increased and amplitudes decreased with cooling (P < 0.01), but rewarming reversed these effects. The ABR threshold temperature as related to each monitoring site (ear-canal, nasopharynx, esophagus and bladder) was respectively determined as 23 ___ 2.2~ 20.8 --- 1.7~ 14.6 __. 3.4~ and 21.5 --- 3.8~ during cooling and 21.8 _+ 1.6~ 22�9 _+ 2.0~ 27.6 --- 3.6~ and 23.0 --- 2.4~ during rewarming. The rewarming latencies were shorter and Qi0 latencies smaller than the corresponding cooling values (P < 0.01). Esophageal and bladder sites were more susceptible to temperature variations as compared with the ear-canal and nasopharynx. Conclusion: No temperature site reliably predicted an electrophysiological threshold. A faster latency recovery during rewarming suggests that body temperature monitoring underestimates the effects of rewarming in the core-brain. ABRs may be helpful to monitor the effects of cooling and rewarming on the core-brain during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass. Objectif: Examiner les effets de la temperature sur les rEponses du tronc cErEbral ~ des stimuli auditifs chez des enfants pendant la circulation extracorporelle hypothermique dans le cas d'un art& circulatoire total (ACT). La relation entre les r~ponses du tronc cErEbral (en rant que mesure substitutive de la temperature c&Ebrale centrale) et la temperature du corps (mesurEe ~ diff&ents points d'enregistrement)