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In India, thousands of suspected cases have been tested positive of corona virus resulting in more than 10 M confirmed corona virus cases. The newspaper played a vital role in supplementing abundant and accurate information through corona-related articles. This research paper presents a detailed analysis toward the rising coverage of COVID-19 and its related terms aiming at newspapers like “THE HINDU” using the base technology text mining. The PDFs of the newspaper are extracted through automation and converted to text files free from any ambiguous characters. The graphs are plotted for data visualization depicting the percentage coverage of COVID-19-related words and lines from March 2020 to July 2020 in the newspaper. The objective is that the given idea can be employed on various such topics and provide us refined information that can be easily used or represented graphically.

In this era of digitalization, there has been a surge in the spread of news as well as fake news. The main reason for this is the rise in the use of social media and with this advantage, it has opened an opportunity for people to spread fake news intentionally especially in situations like that of the COVID-19 pandemic. Apart from this, it becomes important to note that the spread of such news, be it through offline or online medium, poses an additional threat to societies worldwide further leading people to an empty borewell. In this study, we have looked upon various news across the world, after classifying them into three major categories and those in the top trending count have been mentioned. The datasets have been extracted from Twitter based on keywords provided by the Web crawler. Further, analysis based on the visualizations of the datasets has been illustrated through the histograms and the word clouds during the period of COVID-19 pandemic which shows how this spread of related news was at its peak. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

This article deals with the structural analysis of geometrically imperfect functionally graded plates (FGM) with microstructural defects (porosity) under a hygrothermal environment. The mathematical formulation is based on non-polynomial-based quasi-3D higher-order structural kinematics developed by the authors. The comparative studies have been carried out by comparing the obtained results with the published results. Finally, the influence of various parameters such as moisture contents, thermal environment, and various defects on the vibration and bending of FGM plates has been studied.

The history of vision can go back around 543 BC. From fossil studies, researchers found out that no. of animal species floats out and soon develops the first animal with eyes. As evolution in bigger species around fifty percent of neurons in our body are involved in the visual processing. Vision allows human to perceive, comprehend, and understand surrounding them while computer vision aims to duplicate the impact of human vision electronically in the form of images. The history of making artificial vison starts around 1545, Gemma Frisius, and Encylopedie in eighteenth century. The foundation period of the concept lies from 1943 to 1956, during this period research is cantered towards understanding the concept of machine learning intelligence, artificial neural system, and automata theory computation. The first work in the field of Artificial intelligence in computer vision and image processing was done in MIT called “Summer Vision Project”. The rise of artificial intelligence starts and it is used widely in every field of technology. As the technology advances machine learning is used in almost every field. This book chapter provides you some details how the machine learning is used in image processing and to solve the current problem and challenge in computer vison like: Denoising, Image compression, Image color enhancement, segmentation, etc. Machine learning algorithm like Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, Genetic Algorithm, Convolutional Neural Network, etc. were discussed in the book chapter.

The human body is frequently exposed to various stress factors that can cause tissue damage and the occurrence of wounds. Sometimes, wounds can be a potential threat to the human organs and body and can also lead to life-threatening conditions. For effective treatment of wounds, one requires detailed knowledge of (i) wound characteristics and the reason for tissue damage, as well as (ii) the physiological process of wound healing. In this chapter, we first classify wounds according to their etiology, morphology, integrity of skin, stage of infection, etc., that is required for planned and optimized treatment of the wounds. We show that despite several available classification schemes, we still lack the proper approach for the identification of wounds, which is important in establishing effective healing therapies and has great clinical significance. Next, we discuss the cellular and physiological mechanisms of wound healing required to attain wound closure and restore the integrity and function of the damaged tissue. In this section, we explain the role of various cells and growth factors during repair, growth, and tissue regeneration processes during wound healing. Overall, this chapter outlines the details required for wound classification and wound healing, which in turn is vital for a planned and successful treatment of wounds.

In this paper, the vibrational response of the functionally graded plate has been carried out using non-polynomial based algebraic shear deformation theory. Hamilton’s variational principle has been used in deriving the governing equations. The Navier solution technique has been employed to solve the governing equation in conjunction with boundary conditions which are simply supported. In addition to these, the power-law governing equations have been considered for calculating the effective material properties of FGM and its mechanical properties are considered to be changing in the direction of thickness. The non-dimensional frequency has been evaluated for several vibrating modes of functionally graded thin and thick plates. The frequency parameter has also been evaluated for different aspect ratios and thickness ratios.

This study utilized waste dimension limestone (viz. Kota stone) dust as a surrogate filler to conventional stone dust in asphalt concrete mixes. Primary characterization of both fillers was done through specific gravities, particle size distribution, German filler values, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), plasticity index, hydrophilic coefficient and pH value tests. Asphalt mixes were designed and tested as per Marshall test procedure recommended in Indian paving specification. Retained stability values and Marshall Quotient of both mixes were determined at their optimum binder contents. Kota stone mixes displayed superior mechanical properties and rutting resistance, which was attributed to the lower their relatively lower apparent film thickness. Kota stone mixes displayed and improved the resistance against moisture permeation due to the presence of Calcite, which improved aggregate–bitumen adhesion.

The vibration analysis of the geometrically imperfect functionally gradient (FGM) plate has been performed using hybrid higher order deformation theory. The present theory contains the nonlinear variation of thickness coordinate in in-plane and transverse displacement. The equation of motion for FGM plates are obtained through variational principle. The solution has been performed using a finite element method by employing C0 continuous isoparametric formulation with 72 DOF/element. The parametric study has been done to examine the influence of geometric configurations, volume fraction index and various modes of geometric imperfection on the vibration characteristics of the FGM plate.

The free messaging services offered by WhatsApp, spurred the onset of spam messages. These spam messages are plaguing the storage space and considered prosaic. Jio’s breakneck growth owing to the free 4-G services offered influenced the usage of WhatsApp in India. In this research paper, we aim to gauge the psychology behind sharing spam messages and analyze the indifference of people towards such messages. Dataset was collected for 18 parameters over varied age groups. Most of the data gathered are raw and anonymous which has further made the process of examining and analyzing the human behavior more vivid and deep. Data was garnered over various messaging apps like WhatsApp and social media platforms like Facebook.

Evaluation of various components of hydrologic cycle is necessary for planning and management of a river basin/watershed. The present study evaluated the water balance components in parts of upper Sabarmati basin (6211.56 km2) of central India using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) hydrologic model. The river basin was delineated to 31 sub-basins encompassing 116 hydrologic response units (HRUs). Monthly calibration (1992–1999) and validation (2000–2005) of the SWAT model were carried out using observed discharge data at Derol Bridge, Gujarat, India. Trend analysis results over the period of 1992–2005 for run-off and evapotranspiration shows an insignificant decreasing trend, along with decrease in precipitation with a magnitude of 21 mm/year, The model simulation results indicated a reduction in surface run-off (323.49–232.14 mm) and potential evapotranspiration(1935.71–1875.71 mm) between years 1992 and 2005. The present study also revealed a considerable decrease in water yield (493.2–317.6 mm) for same duration.

Analysis of extreme rainfall events provide an idea of the probable occurrence of such events in future, and catchment response to such events can be utilized for assessing the flood characteristics of the river basins. This study focuses on the analysis of the extreme precipitation events in the upper catchment of Sabarmati River in western India. Extreme precipitation indices such as the number of rainy days, annual precipitation, daily intensity index, consecutive wet spells, one-day maximum rainfall were calculated as per the norms suggested by Expert Team on Climate Change Detection Monitoring and Indices (ETCCDMI) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). These precipitation extremes were analysed using the IMD gridded precipitation datasets, and associated flood characteristics of the river basin were analysed with the available daily streamflow data for the period 1992–1994. This chapter explains the spatial variation in extreme rainfall events and its effect on the streamflow of the river. Finding of the study reveals no significant trend in the extreme rainfall events of the basin, but catchment response to the extreme rainfall events is evident which could be verified with longer period streamflow data analysis.

A microlevel analysis of vehicular speed is done to develop model between two mean speeds of vehicles such as time mean speed (TMS) and space mean speed (SMS) under mixed traffic stream. Traffic volume and speeds were collected on a mid-block section of an urban arterial to analyze different stream parameters. Vehicular composition along with the individual speed characteristics of each vehicle class was extracted from the collected field data. Models are framed between the speed characteristics of vehicles estimated from the field. A comparative analysis is also done with the existing traditional model to check the applicability of the suggested model. The result shows that the suggested models are reliable in forecasting vehicular speeds with higher accuracy.

Pharmaceutical compounds are used for many beneficial purposes in the modern society, but they also contaminate surrounding environment during their exposure. They may enter the environment through numerous routes e.g. treated wastewater discharge, sewage from landfills, sewer lines, runoff from animal wastes and land application of manure fertilizers. The pharmaceutical wastewater consists of high concentration of organic matter, microbial toxicants, high salt concentration and non-biodegradable compounds. Due to limited water resources, it is essential to understand and develop the methodologies for treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. Trace amounts of suspended solids and dissolved organic matter still persist even after secondary treatment, therefore, advanced treatment is prerequisite in order to improve the quality of pharmaceutical wastewater. In this chapter, the emphasis is mostly on best available technologies to remove and recycle the pharmaceutical wastewater. Effluents arising from different sectors of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), bulk drugs and related pharmaceutics, consuming a bulk amount of water are evaluated and the strategies are destined to recover valuable compounds upto a larger extent, and finally wastewater treatment is discussed. The complete removal of pharmaceutics from wastewater is not feasible with a single technology. The hybrid wastewater treatment appears to be the best comprising conventional treatment plans in conjunction with biological and advanced post-treatment methods. The recommendations provided in this analysis will be useful for the treatment of wastewater resulting from the pharmaceutical industry.

Paper and pulp industry is water intensive and has a greater impact on aquatic, surrounding environment and public health. Minimum fresh water usage and emphasis on waste-water recycling/management are key factors for the growth of this industry. Concentration of impurities and toxic substances in processed water mainly limits recycling benefits because it adversely affects processes, equipments and paper quality. Organic wastes are mostly processed through biodegradation and bioremediation using anaerobic digestion (methane production) followed by aerobic digestion (inducing sludge processing). Although, biological processing is economical and eco-friendly but treatment of wastes including non-biodegradable recalcitrant compounds mostly limits its broad application. Therefore, many other innovative approaches have been exploited to tackle this problem. Advanced oxidation process (AOP), novel biodegradable polymeric flocculants, electrocoagulation and photocatalysis etc. are used as alternative ways to facilitate detoxification and recycling. In this chapter, we emphasised and provided an in-depth knowledge about the various wastewater treatment strategies linked to paper and pulp industry.

Microbes are omnipresent in the biosphere, and their presence invariably affects the environment in which they grow. The effects of microbes on their environment can be beneficial or harmful or inapparent with regard to human measure or observation. The most significant effect of the microbes on earth is their ability to recycle the primary elements that make up all living systems, especially carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen (N). Primary production involves photosynthetic organisms which take up CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it to organic (cellular) material. The process is also called CO2 fixation, and it accounts for a very large portion of organic carbon available for synthesis of cell material. Decomposition or biodegradation results in the breakdown of complex organic materials to other forms of carbon that can be used by other organisms. There is no naturally occurring organic compound that cannot be degraded by some microbe, although some synthetic compounds such as Teflon, plastics, insecticides, and pesticides are broken down very slowly or not at all. Through the microbial metabolic processes of fermentation and respiration, organic molecules are eventually broken down to CO2 which is returned to the atmosphere for continuous process of primary production. Biological nitrogen fixation is a process found only in some bacteria which remove N2 from the atmosphere and converts it to ammonia (NH3), for use by the plants and animals. Nitrogen fixation also results in replenishment of soil nitrogen removed by agricultural processes. Thus along with all these benefits, microbes greatly contribute in maintaining sustainability of environment. This chapter mainly focuses on beneficial and harmful impacts of microbes on environment and their role to maintain quality, health, and sustainability of environment.

In this paper, the performance investigation of artificial neural network (ANN) controller-assisted small hydro power generation system (SHPGS) has been presented. The mathematical modeling of SHPGS is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink software. As the turbine speed and output power are directly proportional to the water flow rate and net head, an ANN controller has been implemented to control these parameters under varying load demand. A comprehensive investigation of the system under steady state and dynamic state has been done in terms of demand power, water flow rate, net head, turbine power, load voltage and current. The results validate that the ANN controller has satisfactory performance under dynamic conditions.

In this paper, a control scheme is proposed based on the fuzzy logic for a hybrid wind-battery power system under dynamic wind speed. The control scheme comprises three controllers such as blade pitch angle (BPA) control; voltage control and switching control. BPA control is utilized for constant wind turbine (WT) torque, voltage control maintains the voltage of the wind energy conversion system (WECS) at the reference voltage and switching control is used for switching between WECS and battery systems efficiently. The entire proposed system is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The overall system performance is estimated under dynamic wind speed in terms of WT torque, battery parameters, and duty ratio control of the buck/boost converter. The performance of overall system is found satisfactory under dynamic condition.

In this paper, the mathematical analysis of electrochemical model of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system has been done for MATLAB/Simulink modeling. Furthermore, the possible mechanism of the parameter influences effects and their interrelationships are discussed comprehensively. To investigate the performance of SOFC, the V and I characteristics, power density, current density, etc., analyzed by the influence effect of the important parameters. For this investigation, various important parameters, e.g., reactants’ flow pressure, operating temperature, membrane resistance, etc., are considered. This study is very helpful to predict the performance of the SOFC.

Accumulation of environmental dust on PV module reduces the solar radiations. The results of this phenomenon are observed in terms of reduction in efficiency of PV module. Various types of dust samples at different weights have been considered for study, presented in this paper. For the investigations, the dust samples such as Badarpur-1, Badarpur-2, Fly Ash, and Rice Husk are taken. An artificial lightening source of radiation is designed to maintain the constant radiation levels for the experimental study. The investigation is carried out with all dust samples and it is observed that the Rice Husk dust sample has maximum impact on PV module performance among the considered dust samples.

In this paper, a self-designed PV module of Series–Parallel (SP) configuration has been developed using mono-crystalline solar cells for performance investigations under partial shading and dust accumulation conditions. For this study two moving shading patterns (horizontal and diagonal) and four dust samples of different particle properties have been considered at three irradiation levels. Comprehensive investigations are carried out on the considered system and results are obtained in terms of I–V, P–V characteristics, PV power, weight of dust accumulated on PV panel and irradiation level. The results show that diagonal partial shading pattern and ash dust sample have more significant effect on the PV module performance among all the considered shading patterns and dust samples.