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As one of the most important public transportation facilities in the city, urban rail transit facilities meet a large number of travel needs of the public, however, they are not the most important public transportation facilities in the city. Since most of the rail transit facilities are underground spaces, they are characterized by large flows of people and confined spaces, which can easily cause major disasters in the event of a disaster. Personnel injuries, therefore, are especially important for the study of passenger disaster evacuation in rail transit. The thesis proposes a theory of passenger evacuation in urban rail transit hubs based on system simulation, and studies the platform structure, platform structure, and platform structure of rail transit hubs. The influences of crowd size and crowd density on passenger evacuation, and the design of optimal evacuation scenarios for emergencies through simulation experiments. Evacuation paths and methods. Simulation results show that the evacuation strategy combining the three factors produces good results and can solve the bottleneck problem of emergency evacuation at the station. Reducing casualties, providing guidance for the design of emergency evacuation plans for urban rail stations, and providing guidance for disaster evacuation strategies in stations. Provide informative advice on design.

In 2017 in Tokyo, more than thousand occupants of a seven-story office building evacuated due to fire located at an adjacent site. Because the fire did not occur on their own site, the evacuation was spontaneous and, therefore, not performed according to a normal evacuation manual. This paper investigates the human behavior in this evacuation case, especially focusing on the decision-making process. To do this, the authors conducted face-to-face interviews with four people from the organization who made the decision to let employees evacuate and forty-one employees who evacuated. The major findings of the study are: (1) visual observation of fire through windows influences the occupants’ evacuation strategy; (2) occupants tended to postpone leaving the workplace until they received an explicit evacuation cue from others; and (3) multiple occupants chose stairs by taking into consideration that the fire was not in their building. Since the fire compartments had not yet been built and there was no immediate danger to life, these results can also be applied to the evacuation of non-fire floors in a building fire.

Hospitals are considered to be safer places where injuries are treated rather than generated. Even though hospitals follow safety measures and monitor the reports of accidents happened, there is always a boundless chance for a new accident to happen because hospital environment is charged with compound inherent risks. Apart from risks, hospitals are a combination of numerous hazards in different parts of the building like biological, chemical, physical, and fire hazards [1]. There have been major incidents in hospitals reported in the past, including the fire accident that occurred in AMRI, a hospital located in Kolkata, which killed almost 90 people in the year 2012 [2]. It is one of the recent accidents happened in hospitals in India. In the morning of May 15th, 1929 Cleveland hospital in USA encountered a massive fire accident followed by poisonous gas release from burning nitrocellulose X-ray film ignited by a nearby light bulb [3]. Around 125 people died in this disaster since there was no proper evacuation strategy and lack of fire protection systems. Fire accidents taking place in hospitals are not easily controllable, and casualties are more because the evacuating techniques are typically diverse as most of the patients cannot move out by themselves. And if the accident happens nearby anesthesia care [4] or intensive care, patients inside the wards may not be aware of fire and could not respond properly to call for help. This is why a fire accident is always very precarious in a hospital. This paper emphasizes about the hazards associated with fire in the hospital environment, proper evacuation in case of fire, and appropriate fire fighting equipment. Evacuation plan and fire extinguishing equipment should be easily approachable, readily usable, and maintained properly in regular intervals, and competent persons in evacuation techniques should be available. The constructions of buildings also play a significant role in case of evacuation. Proper guidelines followed during the construction of a hospital building can also help in avoiding various hazards which may turn into disasters. The aim of this paper is to identify hazards and provide long-term and short-term control measures to deliver safety for the staff members and the patients who have the right to be treated with dignity and also protect them during any unexpected situations.

This study was performed to assess the event of a fire on a train within the SC CFD smoke modelling and evacuation analysis. These tools provide important components required to perform an ASET and RSET assessment, which can provide powerful insight into the ability of passengers to escape. By constructing a 3D CFD model and measuring key parameters with respect to time, the tenability along the potential escape routes was considered. Combining this data with a travel time assessment of the evacuating passengers informed the performance-based approach to develop an optimum and specific ventilation and evacuation strategy. These in turn allow for guidance to be developed on the training and management requirements, which are to form part of the overall system’s operational emergency procedures. It also addressed the considerations for the access provisions for the fire brigade.