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The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of melanin content on the visible wavelength range spectrophotometricmeasurement of SO2 in the skin of normal healthy black and white volunteers. The reactive hyperaemia induced by a 5-minute period of tourniquet occlusion of the brachial artery, as manifested in the change in skin SO2, was compared with the reactive hyperaemia index (RHI) and arterial stiffness index (AI) as measured using the Endo-PAT2000® peripheral arterial tonometry device. Further measurements were carried out on a diabetic patient with critical ischaemia. The measurements in the normal volunteers and the patient showed that there that there was no correlation between SO2 and melanin index (r2 = 0.02). There was a poor correlation between the degree of reactive hyperaemia as assessed using tissue SO2 measurement and the parameters derived using the Endo-PAT2000® device. Measurements on the critically ischaemic lower limb of the diabetic patient revealed a mean medial/lateral SO2 of 26.3% and a degree of tissue hypoxia (the percentage of recordings with an SO2 of 15% or less) of 16.2%. This pilot study demonstrated that themeasurement of tissue SO2 in the skin of black subjects is feasible, not only under conditions of normal perfusion, but also in critical limb ischaemia.

The aims of this study were to determine the normal range of tissue oxygenation (SO2) in the “mature” colostomy stoma and to investigate whether there were any diurnal variations in the SO2 values. Ten patients with an end colostomy for a minimum duration of three months and using conventional colostomy bags were included in this study. Tissue SO2 was measured on the stoma using visible wavelength spectroscopy (Whitland RM 200, Whitland Research, Whitland, UK) The measurements were carried out on each patient on three occasions: the first early in the morning (designated “baseline”), a second after 6 h and the third on the next day at 24 h. The results showed that the mean baseline SO2 in the colostomy stoma was 77.6 ± 6.8 and there were no differences in the SO2 measurements between the baseline, 6 h and the 24 h values. There were also no differences in the SO2 values between the four quadrants of the stomas. In conclusion, visible wavelength spectrophotometry can reliably measure stomal SO2 in a non-invasive way. No significant diurnal variations in the stomal SO2 values were detected.

Air And Fire.- Mathematical Modeling of The Interaction Between Oxygen, Nitric Oxide And Superoxide.- Haemoglobin Saturation Controls The Red Blood Cell Mediated Hypoxic Vasorelaxation.- Blood Vessel Specific Vaso-Activity To Nitrite Under Normoxic And Hypoxic Conditions.- Nitrite-Induced Improved Blood Circulation Associated With An Increase In A Pool Of Rbc-No With No Bioactivity.- The Control of Oxidative Phosphorylation in the Adrenal Gland (Y1) Cell Line.- Replication of Murine Mitochondrial DNA Following Irradiation.- Effects of Anesthesia on Brain Mitochondrial Function, Blood Flow, Ionic And Electrical Activity Monitored in Vivo.- The Influence Of Flow Redistribution On Working Rat Muscle Oxygenation.- Heterogeneity Of Capillary Spacing In The Hypertrophied Plantaris Muscle From Young-Adult And Old Rats.- Microvascularity of the Lumbar Erector Spinae Muscle During Sustained Prone Trunk Extension Test.- Fiber Capillary Supply Related To Fiber Size And Oxidative Capacity In Human And Rat Skeletal Muscle.- Novel Therapeutic Approach Targeting The Hif-Hre System In The Kidney.- Carotid Body Sensory Discharge And Glomus Cell Hif-1? Are Regulated By A Common Oxygen Sensor.- Impact of Reactive Oxygen Species on the Expression of Adhesion Molecules in Vivo.- Mini Sensing Chip for Point-of-Care Acute Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis Utilizing Micro-Electro-Mechanical System and Nano-Technology.- A Chemical Biosynthesis Design for an Antiatherosclerosis Drug by Acyclic Tocopherol Intermediate Analogue Based on "Isoprenomics".- Zymogen Protein C Concentrate for Safer Heterozygote Surgery, "I am a Guinea Pig!".- Steady State Redox Levels in Cytochrome Oxidase: Relevance for in Vivo Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Nirs).- Bicuculline-Induced Seizures: A Challenge for Optical and Biochemical Modeling of the Cytochrome Oxidase CuA Nirs Signal.- A Method to Calculate Arterial and Venous Saturation from Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Nirs).- Development Of A Dynamic Test Phantom For Optical Topography.- Numerical Simulation Of Oxygen Transport In Cerebral Tissue.- Non-Invasive Estimation Of Metabolic Flux And Blood Flow In Working Muscle: Effect Of Blood-Tissue Distribution.- Oxygen Extraction Index Measured By Near Infrared Spectroscopy - A Parameter For Monitoring Tissue Oxygenation?.- Non-Invasive Measurement Of the Superficial Cortical Oxygen Partial Pressure.- One Sensor Fits All - A New Approach In Monitoring Brain Physiology.- Evaluation Of Nirs Data Based On Theoretical Analysis Of Oxygen Transport to Cerebral Tissue.- Myocardial Capillary Net And Blood Constituents In Streptozotocin (Stz)-Induced Diabetic Rats.- Effects Of Proinsulin C-Peptide On Oxygen Transport, Uptake and Utilization In Insulinopenic Diabetic Subjects - A Review.- Reduced Oxygenation In Diabetic Rat Kidneys Measured By T2* Weighted Magnetic Resonance Micro-Imaging.- Identification and Distribution of Uncoupling Protein Isoforms in the Normal and Diabetic Rat Kidney.- Iodinated Contrast Media Decrease Renomedullary Blood Flow.- C-Peptide Normalizes Glomerular Filtration Rate in Hyperfiltrating Conscious Diabetic Rats.- Lipoprotein Nanoplatform for Targeted Delivery of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents.- Prognostic Potential Of The Pretherapeutic Tumor Oxygenation Status.- Histological Basis Of Mr/Optical Imaging Of Human Melanoma Mouse Xenografts Spanning A Range Of Metastatic Potentials.- The Relationship Between Vascular Oxygen Distribution And Tissue Oxygenation.- Intraoperative Measurement Of Colonic Oxygenation During Bowel Resection.- Quantifying Tumour Hypoxia By Pet Imaging - A Theoretical Analysis.- New Measurements For Assessment Of Impaired Cerebral Autoregulation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.- Single Shot T1? Magnetic Resonance Imaging Of Metabolically Generated Water In Vivo.- Brain Tissue Oxygen Consumption And Supply Induced By Neural Activation:.- Brain Oxygen Balance Under Various Experimental Pathophysiologycal Conditions.- Ketones Suppress Brain Glucose Consumption.- False Positives In Functional Nearinfrared Topography.- Relationship Between Brain Tissue Haemodynamics, Oxygenation And Metabolism In The Healthy Human Adult Brain During Hyperoxia And Hypercapnea.- Use Of A Codman(R) Microsensor Intracranial Pressure Probe: Effects On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Measurements And Cerebral Hemodynamics In Rats.- Effect of Severe Hypoxia on Prefrontal Cortex and Muscle Oxygenation Responses at Rest and During Exhaustive Exercise.

Recently lightguide spectrophotometry (LGS) has been investigated for assessing bowel mucosal oxygenation and may prove helpful in the diagnosis of bowel ischaemia. This pilot study explores the use of LGS and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF)to measure SO2 and perfusion in the bowel during key stages of colon surgery. SO2 and perfusion in the mucosal and serosal layers of the rectum, sigmoid and descending colon were measured in 7 patients by LGS (Whitland Research, UK) and LDF (Moor Instruments, UK) respectively at four stages (baseline, after mobilisation of the sigmoid, after ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and after complete devascularisation of the sigmoid). The sigmoid mucosal SO2 and LDF values were significantly lower than the baseline after the ligation of IMA and devascularisation. Mean (SD) baseline sigmoid mucosal SO2 (73%) decreased to 55% after ligation of IMA and to 39% after complete devascularisation. The sigmoid serosal SO2 did not show any change after ligation of IMA and showed only 7% decrease after devascularisation. There was no difference in baseline SO2 and LDF values in different parts of the bowel but the mean mucosal baseline SO2 (75%) was significantly lower than that in the serosa (87%). In conclusion, mucosal SO2 measurements can accurately diagnose bowel ischaemia but serosal SO2 does not reflect mucosal ischaemia.

Use of Visible Light Spectrophotometry (VLS) and Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) is currently being studied by the authors to assess the viability of tissue margins in colon resection and to assess mucosal oxygenation in the colon. Thus, as a preliminary study it was necessary to evaluate whether there is any systematic inter-probe variability of the measurements by VLS and LDF. The oral mucosa was used as a model.

Final results of an investigation into whether oxygen saturation of tissues (StO2, measured by spectrophotometry) could predict surgical site infections (SSI) after major abdominal surgery are presented

Anticoagulant Blood Factor Deficiencies (Protein C).- Hemorheological Aspects in The Microvasculature of Several Pathologies.- Clonidine Elicits A Long-Term Depression in Mucosal Red Cell Flux.- Real-Time, Automated, Fluorophore Mediated Multi-Cardiac Marker Biosensing System with Nano-Metallic Particle Reagent.- Pten and Ndufb8 Aberrations in Cervical Cancer Tissue.- Prediction Of Surgical Site Infections After Major Surgery Using Visible And Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.- Application Of Novel Metal Nanoparticles As Optical/Thermal Agents In Optical Mammography And Hyperthermic Treatment For Breast Cancer.- Possible Mechanisms Of Improved Radiation Response By Cytotoxic Rnase, Onconase(R), On A549 Human Lung Cancer Xenografts Of Nude Mice.- Effect Of Ph And Imidazole On Protein C Purification From Cohn Fraction Iv-1 By Imac.- Predicting Melanoma Metastatic Potential By Optical And Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- Analysis of Sdhd and Mmp12 in an Affected Solar Keratosis and Control Cohort.- Wyman's Equation and Oxygen Flux Through The Red Cell.- Simultaneous Measurement of pO2 and Perfusion in The Rabbit Kidney in Vivo.- Pseudogenes and The Electron Transport Chain.- Intratumoral Vegf and Fgf1 Administration Alters Tumor Growth, Vascular Density, Oxygenation, and Expression of Mcp-1 and Interleukins.- Nitric Oxide in The Kidney Direct measurements of bioavailable renal nitric oxide.- Separation Of Protein C From Cohn Fraction Iv-1 By Mini-Antibody.- The Role of ATP Sensitive Channels in Insulin Secretion and The Implications in Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycaemia of Infancy (PHHI).- Triptolide Alters Mitochondrial Functions.- Immunohistochemical Identification And Localization Of Endogenous Endostatin And Its Related Peptides In Murine Tumors.- Impact Of Hypoxic And Acidic Extracellular Conditions On Cytotoxicity Of Chemotherapeutic Drugs.- Brief Exposure To -2 G Z Reduces Cerebral Oxygenation In Response To Stand Test.- Normal Cardiac Output, Oxygen Delivery And Oxygen Extraction.- Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy And Arterial Oxygen Extraction At Altitude.- Oxygen Delivery at Sea Level and Altitude (After Slow Ascent to 5000 Meters), at Rest and in Mild Exercise.- Increased Sensitivity to Transient Global Ischemia in Aging Rat Brain.- Single Breath Tracing for Carbon Dioxide in Septic Patients with Tissue Hypoxia.

ISOTT Roots, Founding, Beyond.- Dietrich W Lubbers: Celebration of a Life Dedicated to Research into Oxygen Transport to Tissue.- A. Oxygen Transport in Tissue.- Investigation of frontal cortex, motor cortex and systemic haemodynamic changes during anagram solving.- Do red blood cell ss-Amyloid interactions alter oxygen delivery in Alzheimer's disease?.- UNCOUPLING PROTEIN-2 IN DIABETIC KIDNEYS: Increased protein expression correlates to increased non-transport related oxygen consumption.- MEASUREMENT OF OXYGENATION AT THE SITE OF STEM CELL THERAPY IN A MURINE MODEL OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.- Oxygen pressures in the interstitial space and their skeletal muscle and tumors in vivo.- B. Other Metabolite Transport in tissue.- ADJUVANT INDUCED GLUCOSE UPTAKE BY ACTIVATED T CELLS IS NOT CORRELATED WITH INCREASED SURVIVAL.- Lactate with oxygen incites angiogeniSIS.- C. Blood, Hemostasis and Hemodynamics.- ACTIVATED PROTEIN C MODULATES CHEMOKINE RESPONSE AND TISSUE INJURY IN EXPERIMENTAL SEPSIS.- MANIPULATION OF THE AFFINITY BETWEEN PROTEIN AND METAL IONS BY IMIDAZOLE AND PH FOR METAL AFFINITY PURIFICATION OF PROTEIN C FROM COHN FRACTION IV-1.- Separation of factor V Leiden molecule, a mutated form of human factor V, from plasma of homozygous patient.- A simple volume related model of arterial blood pressure generation.- D. Tumor, Cancer and Oncology.- STRIKINGLY HIGH RESPIRATORY QUOTIENTS: A FURTHER CHARACTERISTIC OF THE TUMOR PATHOPHYSIOME.- Endogenous hypoxia markers: Case not proven!.- RAD18 SIGNALS DNA POLYMERASE IOTA TO STALLED REPLICATION FORKS IN CELLS ENTERING S-PHASE WITH DNA DAMAGE.- ALANINE IN HI: A SILENT MUTATION CRIES OUT!.- Biomathematics in Cancer Detection: SIMULATION OF LIPOGENESIS IN CANCER.- Activity of drug efflux transporters in tumor cells under hypoxic conditions.- Antioxidants reduce consequences of radiation exposure.- Anti-cancer effect of resveratrol is associated with induction of apoptosisvia a mitochondrial pathway alignment.- E. Tissue Engineering.- Computationally determined shear on cells grown in orbiting culture dishes.- Formation of capillary structure on micro patterned biomaterials.- F. Bio-Instrumentation.- Error analysis of finite-spectral-linewidth illumination in optical oximetry systems.- Changes in the attenuation of near infrared spectra in the healthy adult brain during hypoxaemia cannot be accounted for solely by changes in the concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin.- Assessment of oxygenation and perfusion in the tongue and oral mucosa by visible spectrophotometry and laser doppler flowmetry in healthy subjects.- Cerebral tissue oxygen saturation calculated using spontaneous low frequency hemoglobin oscillations measured by near infrared spectroscopy in adult ventilated patients.- Biosensor for diagnosing factor V leiden, a single amino acid mutated abnormality of factor V.- Scanning laser ophthalmoscope-particle tracking method to assess blood velocity during hypoxia and hyperoxia.- F. Nano-Bio Technology.- Highly sensitive, rapid, reliable, and automatic cardiovascular disease diagnosis with nanoparticle fluorescence enhancer and MEMS.- Tumor specific nano-entity for optical detection and hyperthermia treatment of breast cancer.- LHRH receptor targeted therapy for breast cancer.- G. Translational and Clinical Studies.- Saturation of hemoglobin in intracranial arteries is similar in patients with Hemodynamically relevant and irrelevant stenosis of the internal carotid artery.- A three-tiered approach for calibration of a biosensor to detect estrogen mimics.- Biosensors for Detecting Estrogen-like molecules and protein Biomarkers.- H. Modeling and Analysis of Metabolism and Transport. This section was contributed by the Center for Modeling Integrated Metabolic Systems (MIMS) of the Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.- MUSCLE OXYGEN UPTAKE DIFFERS FROM CONSUMP

Wound infections occur in approximately 5% of operations. These infections cost the U.K. National Health Service up to £65 million per year and lower patient quality of life. If wound infections could be predicted there would be potential for prevention and a reduction in cost and morbidity would ensue. Work has previously been carried out to predict when these infections will occur, and attempts have been made to create scoring systems for patients undergoing operations. The most simple of these is to classify the type of operation into one of the four following groups

It was the development by Clark in 1956 of the membrane-covered “integral” electrode that opened the field for truly physiological in vivo - and indeed clinical - measurements of oxygen partial pressure in blood and tissue. Since then, much of our knowledge about oxygen transport to tissue has been gained by the use of polarographic oxygen (and hydrogen) electrodes — many of them of the Clark-type. It is not possible in this paper to examine all of these applications and the reader is referred to a comprehensive review by Ltibbers.

It is has been estimated that hospital acquired (nosocomial) infections cost the National Health Service (NHS), in England alone, £931 million per annum.1 Of this, the cost of lower limb wound infections (which account for about 21% of all surgical wound infections) can be calculated at £13.7 million per annum. Thus, the development of techniques that can quantify the risk of infection and thus allow early preventative treatment is desirable on both clinical and economic grounds.