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Children who suffer from the ADHD syndrome have problems regulating their behavior due to an imbalance between their excitatory and their inhibitory systems. Because of that they are unable to function optimally. In order to perform better the imbalance can be corrected by means of chemical treatment (medication) or by means of effort (behavior modification programs).

Research in developmental neuropsychology has emphasized empirical methods and differences in methodology have probably restricted broader conceptual understanding. Moreover, attention has too often been focused on isolated tests purporting to measure left-right discrimination, form perception, writing, and calculation. This state of affairs has generated a plethora of studies into specific developmental disorders, but these are often based on unrepresentative cases, inadequate design, and isolated behaviors. Theory development has been slow, thus preventing the conceptual integration of findings which appear unrelated or discrepant with specific hypotheses.