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Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) have gained a great attention to be developed as vaccine vectors against human and veterinary pathogens. Avirulent APMVs are highly safe to be used as vaccine vectors for avian and non-avian species. APMV vectored vaccines induce robust cellular and humoral immune responses in a broad range of hosts. APMV vectors can be a good platform by facilitating rapid generation of vaccines against emerging pathogens. In this chapter, we discuss application of reverse genetics of APMVs for vaccine development, design of APMV vectored vaccines, cloning of protective antigen(s) into a vector, recovery of vectored vaccines and characterization of generated vaccine viruses.

Reverse vaccinology (RV) is the state-of-the-art vaccine development strategy that starts with predicting vaccine antigens by bioinformatics analysis of the whole genome of a pathogen of interest. Vaxign is the first web-based RV vaccine prediction method based on calculating and filtering different criteria of proteins. Vaxign-ML is a new Vaxign machine learning (ML) method that predicts vaccine antigens based on extreme gradient boosting with the advance of new technologies and cumulation of protective antigen data. Using a benchmark dataset, Vaxign-ML showed superior performance in comparison to existing open-source RV tools. Vaxign-ML is also implemented within the web-based Vaxign platform to support easy and intuitive access. Vaxign-ML is also available as a command-based software package for more advanced and customizable vaccine antigen prediction. Both Vaxign and Vaxign-ML have been applied to predict SARS-CoV-2 (cause of COVID-19) and Brucella vaccine antigens to demonstrate the integrative approach to analyze and select vaccine candidates using the Vaxign platform.

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Vibrio cholerae 01 is a non-invasive enteric pathogen of humans responsible for asiatic cholera. Thus, in order for it to cause disease it must adhere to and colonize the small intestinal mucosa where it is then able to efficiently deliver its toxins responsible for inducing the typical watery diarrhoea. The adhesions, colonization factors and toxins all have been the subject of interest because of the implications for vaccine development.

The newly emerging discipline of immunoparasitology has extensively borrowed from and contributed to the more general field of immunology. Initially immunoparasitology benefited from technology developed by the more advanced discipline of immunology. More recently immunoparasitology has developed to the point that it clearly is capable of making significant and unique contributions to our understanding of immune response mechanisms. For example, vital information has been provided on the role of the eosinophil, mechanisms of genesis and modulation of granulomatous hypersensitivity, and genetic control of both host and parasite responses during infection. Clearly the approaches in immunoparasitology have become increasingly concordant to those of general immunology. Hence, it comes as no surprise that monoclonal antibody technology has been embraced by immunoparasitology and extensively utilized in the study of parasitic diseases. Areas of emphasis have included the preparation of purified reagents and the selective identification of antigenic determinants involved in antiparasite reactions. In addition to these general areas, there are also areas of emphasis unique to the field of immunoparasitology. These include: 1. Seroepedemiological studies to assess the incidence, prevalence, and morbidity of parasitic diseases. 2. The preparation of reagents for use in vaccines for either immunoprophylaxis or the control of morbidity. 3. The elucidation of mechanisms of resistance and morbidity in both experimental and clinical infections.

“Ribosomal vaccines” can be defined as ribosome-rich subcellular extracts of microorganisms used as vaccines. Extracts of this sort have been shown to be highly protective against a number of experimental bacterial and fungal infections, but their mechanisms of protection are still under investigation (1). This paper is concerned with protection induced by such subcellular extracts prepared from Salmonella typhimurium. Experiments have been carried out using a murine model of salmonellosis in which animals were immunized intraperitoneally and challenged three weeks later, intraperitoneally. Survival of vaccinated and control animals was followed for 30 to 40 days post-challenge.