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In recent decades, the expansion of multi and extensively drug-resistant (MDR and XDR) bacteria has reached an alarming rate, causing serious health concerns. Infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria have been associated with morbidity and mortality, making tackling bacterial resistance an urgent and unmet challenge that needs to be addressed properly. Endolysins are phage-encoded enzymes that can specifically degrade the bacterial cell wall and lead to bacterial death. There is remarkable evidence that corroborates the unique ability of endolysins to rapidly digest the peptidoglycan particular bonds externally without the assistance of phage. Thus, their modulation in therapeutic approaches has opened new options for therapeutic applications in the fight against bacterial infections in the human and veterinary sectors, as well as within the agricultural and biotechnology areas. The use of genetically engineered phage enzymes (EPE) promises to generate endolysin variants with unique properties for prophylactic and therapeutic applications. These approaches have gained momentum to accelerate basic as well as translational phage research and the potential development of therapeutics in the near future. This review will focus on the novel knowledge into EPE and demonstrate that EPE has far better performance than natural endolysins and phages in dealing with antibiotic-resistant infections. Therefore, it provides essential information for clinical trials involving EPE., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Today, the use of nanoparticles has attracted considerable attention in biomedical investigations and applications. Antibody-nanoparticle conjugates have proven to be useful tools for raising accuracy and sensitivity in in vitro diagnostics. IgY antibodies have benefits over different antibodies in terms of minimizing animal harm, reducing reactivity with mammalian factors, and cost-effective extraction. Metal nanoparticles are widely used for various medical and biological applications and are potential candidates for identifying pathogens and treating them, which can be mostly related to their special properties, including their shape and size. Avian IgY antibodies conjugated with nanoparticles have been widely used for the detection of parasitic, viral, and bacterial infections as well as allergens and toxicological and pharmaceutical molecules. This review aimed to investigate avian antibodies conjugated with metal nanoparticles and their biological applications., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)