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Abstract The objective of this work is to investigate the perturbed Gerdjikov–Ivanov (GI) equation along spatio-temporal dispersion which explains the dynamics of soliton dispersion and evolution of propagation distance in optical fibers, photonic crystal fibers (PCF), and metamaterials. The algorithms, namely hyperbolic extended function method and generalized Kudryashov’s method, are constructed to obtain the new soliton solutions. The dark, bright, periodic, and singular solitons are derived of the considered equation with the appropriate choice of parameters. These results are novel, confirm the stability of optical solitons, and have not been studied earlier. The explanation of evaluated results is given by sketching the various graphs in 3D, contour and 2D plots by using Maple 18. Graphical simulations divulge that varying the wave velocity affects the dynamical behaviors of the model. In summary, this research adds to our knowledge on how the perturbed GI equation with spatio-temporal dispersion behaves. The obtained soliton solutions and the methods offer computational tools for further analysis in this field. This work represents an advancement in our understanding of soliton dynamics and their applications in photonic systems.

Abstract In this work we develop the square integral estimates for the functions of n variables which are subharmonic with respect to some variables and for other remaining variables are superharmonic. It is in a sense a generalization of reverse Poincaré type inequalities for the difference of superharmonic functions developed in (J. Inequal. Appl. 2015: doi:10.1186/s13660-015-0916-9 , 2015).

Abstract This work deals with the applications of thermodynamical geometries on conformal gravity black holes (CGBH) consisting of conformal parameters a and k. The stability of black hole (BH) addressed with the aid of small, middle, large and divergency roots, respectively. For this purpose, graphical behavior of heat capacity and temperature versus horizon radius is presented which help us to show the stability conditions. Further, studied the different geometries like Weinhold, Ruppeiner, Geometrothermodynamics (GTD) and Hendi-Panahiyah-Eslam-Momennia (HPEM), and found relationship between divergency of scalar curvature and zeros of heat capacity. As a result, it is noticed that Ruppeiner, HPEM and GTD metric exhibit more important information as compared to Weinhold.