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The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems, the conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is atmospheric nitrogen, making it the largest source of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle. Human modification of the global nitrogen cycle can negatively affect the natural environment system and also human health. Volatilization and its Relationship to N2 fascination in Nitrogen Cycle in agriculture field is discuss in this paper.

Bifidobacterium pullorum, commonly found in chicken waste and preferring mesophilic characteristics, contains an enzyme known as Beta-Xylanase. This enzyme effectively breaks down xylan, offering potential for creating biogas, like methane, and biofuels, such as ethanol. Scientists are actively exploring sustainable energy sources, while industries aim for cost-effective methods to decrease operational expenses. The conventional methods for producing biogas and biofuels involve high-temperature processes using fuel combustion, leading to significant expenses. To address this, mesophilic bacteria present a promising alternative for more cost-efficient biofuel production. This study is the first to delve into the genomic and three-dimensional structure of beta-xylanase, crucial for breaking down xylan. Our findings highlight that the beta-xylanase in Bifidobacterium pullorum showcases a TIM-barrel structure, similar to other GH10 xylanases essential in carbohydrate breakdown. This indicates a potential connection between Bifidobacterium pullorum's beta-xylanase and the improvement of biogas production.

Crop requires proper plant nutrition; one of the most important factors governing plant growth and development is the integrated supply of micronutrients and macronutrients in adequate amounts and appropriate proportions; although micronutrients are required in minute quantities, they play an important role in plant growth. Micronutrients must be used wisely in crop production to ensure the optimum output of high-quality products. Plant metabolism, nutrition management, chlorophyll synthesis, reproductive growth, flower retention, and fruit and seed development are all performed by micronutrients. Boron, chlorine, copper, iron, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, and nickel are micronutrients that are required by all higher plants. Chlorine, copper, iron, and manganese are engaged in diverse photosynthetic activities, whereas zinc, copper, iron, and manganese are involved in various metabolic processes. Molybdenum is exclusively found in nitrate reductase. Boron is related with glucose metabolism, plant reproduction, photosynthesis, and enzymatic activity. The review focuses on the primary roles of micronutrients in crop development and gives an overview of recent research discoveries linked to the role of micronutrients in plants, helping to improve knowledge of their importance.

Biochar is a promising solution for pesticide pollution and soil degradation in agriculture. It improves fertilizer efficiency by increasing nutrient availability, and acts as a slow-release fertilizer. Biochar enhances soil fertility by retaining nutrients, and increasing organic matter, water retention, and microbial activity. It also shows potential in pesticide degradation through chemical, and microbial processes. However, the sorption of pesticides on biochar can hinder degradation. Factors like feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, and application rate influence biochar's nutrient retention capabilities. Understanding these factors is crucial for optimizing biochar's effectiveness in agricultural systems.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the function of bacterial surface elements and functional signals in biofilm formation. Plant-associated bacteria can significantly affect the health and productivity of a plant because they are found in many different areas of the plant, including roots, transport channels, stems, and leaves. The management of these compounds by plants is still unknown, although biofilm production on plants is associated with both symbiotic and pathogenic responses. While some of the bacteria found in biofilm matrices trigger pathogenesis, others can promote plant thriving and serve as biocontrol agents for phytopathogens. This detailed review discusses in depth the various elements and methods involved in the production of bacterial biofilms on plant surfaces and their attachment, as well as the relationship between these factors and bacterial activity and survival.

Plants and plant-microbial compounds can be a viable means of remediating contaminated soils, in this review, two approaches to phytoremediation are discussed, the first approach how plants can promote the growth of degrading microorganisms in the soil rhizosphere, which can lead to enhanced degradation of chlorinated pesticides; the second approach focuses on the potential of plants to remove and accumulate metals from their environment, a unique test system, the Target Neighbor Method, is used to evaluate how plant density affects metal uptake, these studies could provide valuable information for optimizing plant density to improve metal removal and remediate metal-contaminated soils or to minimize toxic metal accumulation in crops and reduce human exposure.

Zinc is a crucial micronutrient found in food that is essential for the development of all living organisms, it plays a vital role in gene expression and various physical processes, its deficiency can lead to disease onset and reduce crop yield, restrict plant development, and lower the quality of produced goods, zinc is also used in fertilizers and the handling of metals to protect them from oxidation. Additionally, Zinc is important in enhancing the human immune system, and its deficiency can result in hair loss, memory loss, skin disorders, and muscular weakness.

Macronutrients are crucial for the growth, and development of plants due to their roles as structural components and redox-sensitive agents. Generally, the application of macronutrients leads to increased crop output, growth, and overall quality. While macronutrients play a role in every stage of a plant's life, scientists in fields such as plant physiology, biotechnology, and eco-physiology have recently focused on exploring additional aspects of these minerals, and their potential. Each macronutrient has a unique function in plant metabolism, and this study aims to examine the latest advancements in understanding the specific roles of macronutrients in plant growth and acclimatization. Furthermore, the study also discusses future research prospects in this field, highlighting the importance of ongoing investigations in maximizing plant productivity, and resilience.