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The purpose of the study is to consider the problem of the existence of the Venetian and Genoese trading stations in Tana within the territory of the Golden Horde city of Azak during the internecine war in the Golden Horde between the sons of Toktamysh and Idegei. Through an analysis of sources, an effort is made to determine the circumstances of the attacks of the Golden Horde khans and the level of damage that arose from them. Research materials: Unpublished documents of the State Archives of Venice (Italy), as well as Venetian chronicles and historical works of the 15th–16th centuries. Results and scientific uniqueness: The study of Venetian sources showed that during the second period of turmoil in the Golden Horde which erupted after the defeat of Toktamysh by Tamerlane, Tana trading stations underwent extremely difficult times during the period of the domination of beklerbek Idegei. The point of disagreement between the Tatar khans and the Venetians was the non-payment of a tax for renting land, called terraticum, by the Venetian merchants who traded at the mouth of the Don. The Venetians tried to maneuver between the sons of Toktamysh and the henchmen of Idegei, but since power in the Horde often changed hands at the time, Tana became a hostage in this internecine struggle. In 1410, Tana suffered from an unexpected night raid by Timur Khan and was captured. The damage amounted to between 100,000 and 120,000 ducats. Many Venetian sources tell us about these events, but with great discrepancies in details. Thanks to the inclusion of an important commerce-related source – the protocol of the Venetian judges on petitions – we can determine the exact date of the attack, the name of the khan, and the amount of damage. In 1418, there was an even more devastating second attack on Tana by Khan Kerim-birdi. After that, the Venetian Senate, having comprehensively studied the situation, decided to surround Tana with stone walls and repair its fortifications. Thanks to the erection of strong fortifications at Tana, it was possible for the town to hold out until the Ottoman Turkish conquest in 1475.

Тhe Golden Horde khan Bek-Bulat’s reign is still representing the subject of debate despite both the fact that the name of this Jochid often occurs in the pages of historical and numismatic researches and the existence of separate research articles devoted to him and his coins. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the political career of Bek-Bulat according to written and numismatic sources. Its objective is to reasonably present the chronology of his reign (including consideration of the issue of his “first” reign). Materials and methodology of the present study. The article contains high-quality enlarged images of the dangs of this khan with metrology (most of these images have been introduced into the academic circulation for the first time). The author uses these images as sources for reconstruction (or reconstruction’s verification) of historical events and identifies the main types of Bek-Pulad’s silver coins including a previously unknown type of this khan’s dangs with a designation of minting place in Saray al-Jadid. The author analyzes the type of Azak mint’s dangs with spelling of the khan’s name as “Bulad”. He reads their date as 793 AH and dates this emission back to the beginning of Bek-Bulat’s reign. Results of the study. Oglan Bek-Bulat commanded the Tokhtamish’s troops in 1386 and 1391. After the defeat of the Golden Horde army in the Battle of the Kondurcha River, in summer 1391 Bek-Bulat was proclaimed a khan. The ensuing war between Tokhtamish and Bek-Bulat lasted quite a long time and ended with the death of the latter in the Crimea. Conclusions. The author dates the reign of Bek-Pulad back to 793–794 AH (approxi­mately the middle of 1391 – mid–1392 AD). Other dates indicated by scholars are based on the incorrect use of numismatic material. The question of the “first” reign of Bek-Bulat still remains open.