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Through this work we have created two geodesic support networks of the V order in the peat area of Poiana Stampei commune, supporting the subsequent topographic elevations of both the railway and its auxiliary elements, as well as the adjacent areas, be they forest boundaries, fences, etc. .a .. After materializing and making observations, it is necessary to compensate the networks to obtain the final coordinates of the points that will serve the subsequent topographic surveys and the topographic plans. In order to achieve this goal, the following aspects must be taken into account: - The harassment used; - Temperature; - Relief; - Environmental conditions; - Precision required. The two geodetic networks are made not only for lifting the portion of about 1 km. railway and its surroundings, but also with the purpose of strengthening the state geodetic network that will be able to support the subsequent topographic works. Thus, for lifting the details on this portion of about 1 km. length, we carried out a supported drilling on both ends with known orientations, based on the points of the previously made geodetic network. Large areas of forest are found in the area where I carried out the project. That is why we chose the solution to create two geodesic networks, the first to be positioned before entering the forested area, and the second to be at the exit of this forested area, thus ensuring the basis for the measurements of this project and possibly constituting support networks for subsequent work to be carried out in areas close to this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The algorithm of the strict adjustment of horizontal geodetic networks using least square adjustment method is well known and widely described in the literature. Referring to the Regulation of the minister of administration and digitization of 14 February 2012 on geodetic, gravimetric and magnetic control networks, which is in force in Poland, the authors draw attention to the important provision contained in this Ordinance: Observations should be adjusted using a rigorous adjustment, based on least square adjustment method, assuming zero variance for references points. Assumption of zero standard deviations for references points causes that, despite network adjustment process is rigorous, results obtained, both adjusted coordinates and the assessment of the accuracy of the coordinates, depend on the method of establishing the network, the number of points and the actual accuracy of references points. On the example of the small test network, there was demonstrated how important differences can be. The only solution to the problem of the ambiguity of the results of strict network adjustment is taking into account the accuracy of references points. It should be noted that the coordinates of references points can be a result of adjustment of various networks in various time periods, so they can be determined with various precision. Taking into account this fact can only be done by determining reliable relationship between weights of observations and coordinates of references points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization of geodetic network is often neglected but very important topic in the field of engineering surveying. The optimization is necessary especially for networks with high accuracy requirements like deformations monitoring networks. Mathematical optimization is often replaced by a design based on experience developed on the basis of known accuracy of elementary tasks. Optimization means minimizing measurement costs fulfilling the requirements for accuracy or reliability. We distinguish several types of optimization by parameters of geodetic network deals with. They are called zero, first, second and third order design. Most of the articles engage in first and second order design, which solve optimal point position and weight of observations respectively. These problems are solvable by well-known optimization algorithms like linear or quadratic programming. These algorithms generally operate but practical use is rare. Recently, many new optimization algorithms were created in connection with strong increases in computing power. Examples include genetic algorithms, simulated annealing or particle swarm algorithm. These methods can be applied to geodetic networks and can solve previously unsolvable problems. In this paper, will be discussed known methods of optimization and will be evaluated applicability of them in designing of real networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Romania it is used in the work of geodetic, topographic and cadastral local projection system called "Stereographic 1970". And Romania were determined points belonging to continental geodetic networks of global reference systems (WGS84/ETRS89) being conducted in several stages National Geodetic Space Network - NGSN consists of coordinate points known European Reference System ETRS89. Although permanent stations network in Romania is fully functional and permanent stations spread across the country has reached a suitable density, new networks of support through their specificity cannot always develop at a convenient distance to a permanent station in therefore solutions must be found to achieve them. In turn, a network of support geodetic GNSS can be compensated where appropriate, in a different way, as free network partially constrained or constricted. In this paper will be considered and addressed different positioning modes and some variants of calculation, clearing and transformation, presented and compared with each other, yielding interesting findings of interest to improve the positioning of GNSS support networks. The main cases analysed in this paper is Supporting the development of a point of National Geodetic Space Network (NGSN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romania and Bulgaria started to develop in partnership a system of monitoring, warning and dissemination of data on the quality of environment in the border-area counties. The project it is achieved under the strategic project WATER - integrated water management and is financed under the Romania - Bulgaria Cross-border Cooperation Programme 2007-2013. The project goal it is to establish a common management and control system of the quality of the Danube waters under extreme conditions, caused by natural and technological disasters. The project area includes about 500 km on Romanian and Bulgarian common Danube border area. In order to implement the designed activities in the project area, one of the major infrastructure needed it is the geodetic network and based on that a geo-database including digital maps, specific data and metadata, GIS applications, et al. Along the history, from geodetic point of view, for different activities on the Danube (navigation, water level and quality monitoring, floods management) different kinds of Coordinate and Reference Systems (CRS) were used by Danube countries. For the Romanian-Bulgarian sector, an important issue of this project it is the establishment of a common CRS including horizontal and vertical position. Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest (TUCEB - Romania) and Executive Agency for Exploration and Maintenance of the Danube River (EAEMDR - Bulgaria) are the responsible partners for Activity 6 of the WATER project. The main goal of the Activity 6 it is to adopt and to implement a common CRS according to the European INSPIRE Directive. This paper presents geodetic research and applications performed on Activity 6 of the WATER project in order to establish coordinates conversion and transformation standards. The theoretical and practical implementation of horizontal CRS, named ETRS89 (European Terrestrial Reference System) and vertical CRS, named EVRS (European Vertical Reference System) are presented. Research on possible connections between these CRS and previous CRS (as Black Sea 1975 and Baltic Sea) are investigated. The final results of this activity can contribute to the modern realization of the most recent connection between the national geodetic networks of Romania and Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last years, the creation of a modern geodetic network for introducing real estate and urban planning works in the municipality of Iaşi has become a necessity due to the fact that the previous network, created between 1950-1970 by using a standard measurement system, did no longer meet the expansion criteria of topographic and land survey measurements, as well as the perspective of ensuring the quality of the positioning precision in the peripheral areas of the locality. In 2010, the GPS (Global Positioning System) observations collected by the receptors located in the points of the municipal support geodetic network were introduced in a new algorithm of Precise Point Positioning - PPP, in order to estimate the points' coordinates by using the new positioning technique. The GPS support geodetic network, of classes B, C, and D of the municipality, included in the National Spatial Geodetic Network and, implicitly, in the European Geodetic Network - EUREF (European Reference Frame), through the density and distribution on the administrative territory of Iaşi municipality, ensures optimal conditions for topographic, land and photogrammetric surveying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romania and Bulgaria started to develop in partnership a system of monitoring, warning and dissemination of data on the quality of environment in the border-area counties. The project will be achieved under the strategic project WATER - integrated water management and is financed under the Romania - Bulgaria Cross-border Cooperation Programme 2007-2013. The project will be implemented by 12 partners from Romania and Bulgaria, for a period of 24 months from July 2012, having the goal to establish a common management and control system of the quality of the Danube waters under extreme conditions, caused by natural and technological disasters. This paper presents geodetic research and applications proposed to be performed on the WATER project. The adoption and implementation of horizontal CRS, named ETRS89 (European Terrestrial Reference System) and vertical CRS, named EVRS (European Vertical Reference System) are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]