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The article calls the attention of interested individuals to submit article that will be presented during conferences of Associations concerning economics. The organizers of the Seventh Annual Heilbronn Symposium in Economics and the Social Sciences Christian Freiherr von Wolff that will be held on June 22-25,1995 is inviting everyone to submit abstract and correspondence relevant to the theme. Likewise, the organizers of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the History of Economics Society that will be held on June 2-5, 1995 in South Bend, Indiana is calling the same.

Outlines the contents of previous and recent publications of the "British Journal of Educational Studies," which talk about education and academic affairs. Effects of the transformation in the relationship of the universities to the government, which has been talked about in the article "The Open Market and Higher Education: The Universities and the Future," by John Turner in the May 1989 issue of the journal; Threats in the scenario to that conception of education; Analysis and critiques of the implications of these threats for education academics; Significant contributions of the journal to the deeper understanding and major focus of future issues.

How can unwritten histories of gender, and, in particular, colonial histories, be recovered? In this paper, emphasis is placed on unwritten albeit materialised traces of history. Instead of concentrating solely on texts and images produced by diverse European colonial agents, the focus of analysis consists in objects made by Papua women - the pieces of bark cloth or maro that were made and used as loincloths by Humboldt Bay and Lake Sentani women. As a dress for initiated and married women only, maro was strongly associated with ideas about the female body. For European travellers and collectors, its presence as well as its absence, was linked to prevailing European notions about sexuality and civilisation. Yet bark cloth also reveals a localised dialogue between colonised women and men in interaction with predominantly male Europeans. This paper thus shows how a gendered colonial history is embodied in things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the representation and teaching of the Minoan civilization (Crete, c. 3000-1400 BC) in Greek primary education. Unlike Classical civilization, the Minoan civilization is a period less charged with nationalistic connotations. As primary education seems freer to experiment with the transmission of cultural knowledge than universities, I examine how this part of the past is taught. After an account of the current 'Minoan' educational experience (within and outside the curriculum), an analysis of primary school historical/archaeological education and the cognitive processes that have led to it is attempted. A theoretical model of the interplay of archaeology and the public is proposed, so as to place this pedagogy in a wider framework. Finally, issues of narrative, corporeality and cultural symbols are raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to present the overall socioeconomic thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi as an origin of alternative development. The first section of the paper provides Gandhi's criticism of modern civilization, that of economics and that of Marxist socialism and communism. The second section analyzes his ideas for a "post-modern" construction of India, where his views on Swadeshi (self-reliance), his theory of trusteeship (theory of class and distribution) and his images of an ideal village economy are examined. The paper, referring to the works of E. F. Schumacher and the Other Economic Summit as well, concludes that Gandhian style of development theories have persistently furnished a critique of "modern" ways of thinking and presented alternative visions of socioeconomic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that we need to broaden the understanding of political economy beyond the circulation of 'things' so as to include forms of production, transformation and exchange of meanings. To illustrate the argument, the paper focuses on the contradictory encounter between two regimes of representation in nineteenth-century Colombia: the 'will to civilization' and laissez-faire. Because political economy was founded upon the desire to civilize classes, races and gender, the premises for laissez-faire could not be achieved. Arguments about local artisanship, the causes of poverty or the international division of labour were embedded in distinctions between the local and the European: ignorant artisans were contrasted with English workers, theory was preferred to reality and coarse textiles were compared to imported ones. Negative representation of female and Indian dresses increased the desire for imported textiles, which in turn led to the displacement of local manufactures in favour of European ones. In those nations imagined as deprived of civilization, the idea of a self-regulatory principle did not prosper. In Colombia, the formation of gender, class and racial identities within the 'will to civilization' regime of representation arrested the formation of an 'indifferent' capitalist labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing people are willing to protect wildlife when they feel connected with nature, we used owls as a case study to review owl symbolism in Greek history (2900 BC - 2000 AD). For five millennia, Greek civilization thrived and used owls as a dominant symbol in major cultural expressions. Consequently, a broad spectrum of social beliefs evolved towards owls. Until 1500 BC, they were mainly used as decorative attributes. During the Mycenaean era, though, owls began to be worshipped as eerie creatures in funeral rituals, inducing fear and respect. When Greek civilization peaked during the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods, an important shift is noticed in social perceptions. Owls are transformed into major symbols of wisdom, power, justice and divinity, connected to the goddess Athena and the city of Athens. Their significance faded in the subsequent Roman period and was absent throughout the Byzantine era, for 1500 years. When owls reappeared after 1800 AD in cultural aspects of modern Greece, society again considered them fearsome creatures. We finalize our historical review with a recent survey in Greece, capturing up-to-date trends. Our survey indicates that today: (i) owls are mostly considered beneficial and deserving of protection, but part of the population still perceives owls as bad omens, powerful and scary; (ii) elementary concepts of raptors' importance in ecosystems are still unknown to many; (iii) a small but impactful percentage still deliberately kill house-nesting owls, outlining the need to educate and provide nest-boxes as a relocation solution. By performing a thorough review of historical perceptions toward owls, important insights are offered on how to positively connect people with their wildlife and cultural heritage. We claim that people who understand how nature was related to their country in the past are inspired and more inclined to protect it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A genuinely sociological theory of social change is lacking, but the literature of the social sciences abounds with the elements of such a theory. The present paper deals with one of these elements, namely the change from tribalism to urbanism as a major instance of social change. For this purpose the concepts of culture and civilization are examined, and a plea is made to restore the concept of civilization to its rightful place in the vocabulary of sociologists and anthropologists. In doing this, the intention is not to reduce social change to the process of urbanization, but rather to isolate the sociological element which makes for social change within the supersession of a familial by a territorial society, wherever it occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mihail Manoilescu was among the foremost intellectual figures of the interwar period in Romania. He was known as a politician and central banker, as well as an economist. From the very beginning of his theoretical and practical career, or at least from the late 1920s onward, Manoilescu’s ideas and theories (especially his corporatist theory) were marked by clear continuity and consistency based on the theory of protectionism grounded on productivity differences. By developing his model — an alternative to the theory of comparative advantage — Manoilescu endeavored to show the need for protectionist measures to promote the development of peripheral countries. His defense of protectionism is usually presented as clumsy and founded on an incorrect method, even if he is often recognized as the forerunner of the theory of unequal exchange and the dependency theory. Few scholars note the similarity of Manoilescu’s theory with Karl Marx’s labor theory. This paper contributes to validating Manoilescu’s conclusions, the soundness of which we test here by reconstructing the theory from a Marxian perspective. A reconstruction of this type offers new possibilities of evaluating his theory and a better understanding of its contributions and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a rejoinder by the author on comments made by scholar David Stoddart on the paper "Carl Sauer and Cultural Evolution," by Michael Solot. Stoddart expresses or implies three points namely scholar Carl Sauer used the term areal differentiation several times in his writings, suggesting that this was his definition of geography, this was Sauer's prescription for geography in the morphology and the phrase in English is Sauer's. Sauer did use the expression in both the 1925 and 1941 papers, but what did he mean by it? In no instance did he ever use it as a prescription for geography but as a conceptual tool to indicate a continuing strand found throughout then current European geographical writing.

This paper deals with J.B. Rudnyckyj (1910-1995), a leading Ukrainian émigré scholar of the Cold War period, and his manifold contributions to library science in Canada and the West in general. Although he was a philologist and lexicographer by training and profession, Rudnyckyj took a keen interest in all Ukrainian books and libraries to which he had access during this period. From his very immigration to Canada in 1949, he traveled extensively in this country, in the USA, and in Western Europe. Everywhere he went, he investigated local private Ukrainian, public, and academic libraries, museums, and cultural centres, met with resident scholars, both émigré and Western, and wrote about them in his voluminous publications. These included both travelogues with a strong cultural bent and also more formal library descriptions. For two decades he also compiled extensive yearly bibliographies of Slavic publications in Canada. Rudnyckyj's motivation, it seems, was a desire to document and preserve the Ukrainian cultural heritage which he thought was under threat in his ancestral European homeland. Today, all this material forms a valuable resource for the history of Slavic studies in Canada during the time of the "Long Cold War" (1945-1991). It also says much about Ukrainian culture in North America in general during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celebrating the World Women's Day and initiating a conference for promoting Turkey's integration to Europe on the one hand, and discussing the discrimination against women on the ground of human rights and even harbouring the radical protest from left-wing as well as the Islamist women on the other, the women auxiliaries of AKP (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, Justice and Development Party) seemingly position themselves at the very intersection of various political discourses including Westernism, feminism, liberalism and Islamism. Articulating these disparate discourses, however, requires a meticulous selectivity and a specific political strategy. Is this discursive selectivity inevitable for an overtly religious party in a modern nation-state where secularism and integration into the European civilisation have dominated the state ideology since its foundation? What are the reactions of outsiders, especially of European countries? More specifically, what are the repercussions of this strategic mentality in terms of the women's question? Does it attract various women's groups and thus create solidarity among different voices? Or on the contrary does it not truncate or even silence the demands of women? This paper discusses the women politicians in the AKP as well as its policies on gender equality and relations. It aims to analyze the party on three angles: women's representations and visibility, changes in political ideology and rhetoric, and the adaptation of party organization to the demands of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of the military conflicts of 1936 – 45, there seemed to be a global renunciation of war as an instrument of state policy. Shortly thereafter, however, decades of ideological attrition between the major powers and the inherent perversion of postcolonial states reduced the solemn declarations of 1945 to ineffectual rhetoric. Underpinning the decline and demise of a human-centred approach to global peace and security is the enduring notion of the civilised self and the barbaric other. The polarisation of humanity between camps of the savage and the civilised has continued to animate international policy making despite denials. This paper argues that a rejection of the polarities is imperative for the success of the emergent concept of human security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some workers have suggested that a hypothetical genetic mutation in an African population less than 100,000 years ago led to a cascade of neurological changes in the human brain that culminated in the appearance of modern language. Language then triggered the socioeconomic and cognitive changes we associate with behavioral modernity and Africans, armed with behavioral modernity, then spread out from that continent, out-competing, displacing, extirpating, outbreeding or, most generally, replacing the Neandertals and other archaic humans throughout the middle latitudes of the Old World. The Neandertals of Europe are the best-known, best-represented and longest studied test case for this theory. In this paper we present evidence from skeletal anatomy, mitochondrial DNA, morphology and genetics of speech and the archaeology of the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe that directly contradicts all of the elements in this replacement scenario. The processes leading to modernity involved the entire human species, and were based on the ethnogenic principle of communication and reticulation among populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Smith Report has generated central questions about the mathematics education of UK adolescents. This paper highlights the close match between the goals of school mathematics, adolescence and exploratory pedagogy. This is contrasted with the prescriptive nature of current regimes. In particular, without careful attention to pedagogy it is possible that the introduction of different pathways may lead to a failure to achieve the outcomes desired by employers and universities, and to inequity in provision for students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some proponents of Africanism argue that African traditional education and the principles of ubuntu should provide the framework for citizenship education. While conceding that understandable concerns lie behind defences of ubuntu as underpinning African democracy, we argue that the Africanist perspective faces various problems and makes substantial errors: political, moral, epistemic and educational. While democracy and democratic citizenship necessarily involve sensitivity to local context, their fundamental principles and tenets are universal. Failure to acknowledge this comes at a substantial price. Taking as its initial focus an analysis and critical evaluation of Malegapuru William Makgoba's critique of liberal democracy, the paper questions the purported uniqueness of ubuntu and its value and efficiency as a practical guide to action and policy, as well as its capacity to indicate how conflict between its associate principles and values might be resolved, insofar as these principles and values are indeed morally worthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karl Marx's sociology has been interpreted incorrectly as the consequence of the application of a "dialectical" method to social phenomenon. In this paper, I discuss his actual method of theory construction (a rather more complicated phenomenon than the simple reversal of the Hegelian dialectic), the Ricardian method of successive approximations. This method involves three steps or stages—observation, model formation, and model testing and revision. Marx's Capital is reviewed in the light of his use of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that an energy-consumption measure of industrial economy correlates moderately strongly with cross-national variation in the rate of father-to-son occupational mobility when the latter is measured as total or observed mobility but not when only the circulation component of status change is considered, in this paper we extend that line of research by examining the hypothesized relationships of six other measures or correlates/industrial development rind growth: population distribution of educational attainments, extent of mass communications, urbanization, rate of geographic mobility, current and capital investments in education, and ethnic-linguistic diversity of population. Results of the analysis reproduce the earlier conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These studies clearly suggest that religious attitudes and death attitudes are related to one another. It is the purpose of this paper to raise further questions about this relationship, questions having implications for several areas of sociology, especially for the sociology of knowledge. The sociology of knowledge is concerned with how one's social situation affects one's world view. Its basic assumption has been enunciated by Mannheim who approvingly quotes Marx' belief that "it is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but on the contrary their social existence which determines their consciousness" (1964: 125-126). If this assumption is correct then one would predict that the nature of the relationship between death attitudes and religious attitudes would vary depending on the social background of the subjects. This possibility, however, has not previously been explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights the annual Standing Conference on Studies in Education conference held at King's College in Strand, London, England on December 14, 1984. Programs, discussions and announcements; Attendees, members and participants; Topics of the discussions; Theme of the conference; Opening speaker.

The Thai-Lao of North East Thailand (Isan), the major ethnic group in a core area of the Red Shirt movement, have long expressed concern with the well-being of the muang -- now nation-state -- in which they reside. This paper explores the proposition that the moral foundations for continuing political engagement at the muang level are explicitly stated in the annual Theravada Buddhist festival, the Bun Phra Wet, celebrated in almost every Thai-Lao village. Moreover, these concerns also involve appropriate actions by the people to correct the systems in which they live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the fabrication techniques used by the Jamaican Taino to make shell artefacts. Artefacts from three specific Taino sites were chosen for this detailed discussion; Chancery Hall, Martello Tower, and Booby North Point, the latter a previously unknown site. Various tools were investigated with a description of their uses and the evidence of these uses as they related to those specific artefacts. A consideration of new tool types for the Taino is also introduced, for example, a dual-stick saw and a shell twine stripping tool. The study of these techniques created further speculation as to whether or not these artefacts could have been produced by a special guild of craftspeople in a workshop environment. This area of study lends itself to a multi-disciplinary approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on three fallacies of comparative methodology. Manipulation of data to serve the cause of a particular argument; Legitimizing device in education.

The article presents comments the author on the paper "Carl Sauer and Cultural Evolution," by Michael Solot. He stated that the continental tradition on which Sauer based his view of geography focused on the differentiation of areas according to their observed characteristics. His application of this idea to the cultural landscape required a concept of culture that was compatible with the object of areal differentiation. Scholar Martin Kenzer comments surely Solot realizes that the very term areal differentiation belongs to scholar R. Hartshorne, not to Sauer, it was Hartshorne's characterization of late nineteenth-century German geography and that the two men were at odds over this very issue from the mid 1920s onward.

The article examines the condition of the educational system in Canada. The changes in education are isolated and superficial. Complacency and concessions in change patterns are more prevalent. The autonomy is an obstacle to the educational progress of the country, already hampered by the continual movement of students across borders, in an increasingly mobile society. The confusion of identity and absence of institutional patterns is the result of cultural influences and immature social development.

The article informs that the theory of education is one of the most fought-over areas in all educational studies. This issue focuses on the contribution from authors from West Germany outlining the evolution of interpretations of the relationship between theories and practice. The article, with its references to sources in a number of countries, reveals not only the breadth of scholarship of the authors but also the fact that this problem is the subject of concern and discussion across cultures. The authors' original title used the term 'Instructional Science'. For some readers, this apparently led to expectations of comments on the teaching of science while for others it indicated a concentration on drill methods rather than more liberal methods of teaching. Others found the title perfectly acceptable, maintaining that 'instructional science' is a term current in present educational discussions and indeed is a journal title. A possibly new dimension of educational discussions is introduced by the article on Death Education.

The article cogitates on the impact of scientific and technological progress on human civilization. Science and technology started their triumphant advance early in the nineteenth century. It is hard to imagine at what breathtaking speed the capacity of men to master the forces of nature may advance in future. This article enumerates the various achievements of science and technology already made or which mankind can expect in the near future. According to philosophical scientists, the fate of man in the Atomic Age can be wonderful, if mankind can succeed in turning science and technology to the benefit of all men.

The article focuses on the author's views on how man has used knowledge devise instruments whereby the western civilization could be destroyed. The author believes that people must not delude themselves into thinking that, with knowledge, human beings will suddenly grow politically wiser and morally more responsible. On the other hand, he said that pledges made between governments on any subject concerned with ultimate power are valueless if they have no sanction. Thus, people should be thinking in terms of a common world interest, and taking a step forward on the long road which might ultimately bring the question of peace and war out of politics.

The article presents information on the publication of the quarterly issues of the "Journal of World History," which contains papers related to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization's project for a cultural history of mankind. The final work, together with criticisms of them by other experts, has turned to twelve, and the enterprise is developing with an ever-increasing weight of erudition and research. But the original target-date for publication will not be reached after all. It has been informed that the final manuscripts of the English and French texts of the six volumes will take time to get completed. The publication date is likely to be 1960, followed by the abridged school and popular editions.

The article discusses the relation of philosophy to the evolution of civilization in the U.S. It is difficult to imagine any philosopher in the atomic age being taken seriously enough to cause him to be silenced by the powers. There is no age can afford to do without wisdom, but there are peculiarities of different ages which may emphasize the need of wisdom. Man is endowed with rational, moral, and spiritual potentialities which were he will use and apply. It would be sufficient for him to make it possible to live and get along with his fellows.

I identify a discrepancy between Kenneth Boulding's wide-ranging contributions to evolutionary economics and his professed ecological approach to it. I argue that Boulding has undersold his true contributions to evolutionary economics by trying to embed them into the ecological approach. I endeavor to overcome this discrepancy by differentiating between two types of evolutionary change analyzed in Boulding's writings: ecological change and civilizational change. In contrast to ecological change, civilizational change entails the possibility for the evolving system to overstrain the carrying capacity of the environment, thus suggesting the precarious relationship between civilizational complexity and sustainability. This argument sheds new light on Boulding's theory of “social organizers,” such as exchange, threat, and the integrative system. Boulding's understanding of civilizational change envisages the key role of threat and exchange in enabling civilizational complexity, while the integrative system is called upon to make this complexity sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Civilisation's quality of living and vitality of their economy are inextricably linked to healthy ecosystems. Engineers harvest the earth's biophysical resources and generate ensuing wastes, so are critical players for ensuring that ecosystems can support current and future sustainable civilisations. Educating future generations charged with mitigating environmental degradation through resource conservation is essential for sustainability to eventuate. This can be fostered through teaching "Eco-Logical" Engineering. Natural Resources Engineering students at the University of Canterbury engaged in prescribed desktop research to recognise capital in waste streams. Projects adopted decentralised engineering solutions in partnership with local ecosystems to ensure survival of the interdependent biotic and fiscal economies. All projects aligned with the core principles of ecological engineering with a particular focus on mass conservation and were contextual, real-world national problems. Students identified that sustainable engineering solutions in New Zealand require integrated technical robustness, promising cost-benefit returns and ecological connectivity. Pedagogical outcomes include helping equip students with the knowledge, technical insight, creativity and context required for challenging and complex problem-solving in the engineering profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the process of change which is taking place in the kibbutz movement of Israel, and the structural and organizational changes in most kibbutzim from the model of a cooperative kibbutz to that of a renewed kibbutz. The article deals with the causes of the crisis and the principles of change, the essence of which is the implementation of the idea of economic rationalism. This change is not total nor is it accompanied by a denial of the fundamental values of kibbutz but it has many forms and takes place at different rates in accordance with the characteristics of each economic unit and each community. The research focuses on Kibbutz 'Galil' as a test case of a kibbutz which has undergone drastic change against the backdrop of a serious economic crisis and thus it represents an extreme example of a kibbutz which has moved completely to the model of a renewed kibbutz, constituting a signpost for other kibbutzim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent scholarship has claimed that the history of Roman Britain has been discussed in terms of 'Romanization' since the beginning of the seventeenth century. In fact, it is wrong to think that there is a single tradition in the understanding of Roman Britain. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Camden and his followers were primarily interested in the bringing of 'civility' to England, with only a minimal consciousness of material culture (coins, inscriptions and sites). Discussion of Roman Britain was already overshadowed by an emphasis on military identity, viewing Roman soldiers and civilian subjects as essentially separate, the latter little influenced by the former. Only in the later nineteenth century, and particularly in the work of Francis Haverfield, did an idea of cultural 'Romanization' find its way to the centre of scholarly discussions. Far from there being a single scholarly understanding of the history of Roman Britain, accounts have been continually rewritten to reflect the nature of the relationship between the English and their empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the Hungarian ethnic minority in Transylvania, this article examines the effect of economic, social, and cultural capital on individuals' social position since 1989. Historically, ethnicity has played a selective role in the attainment of social position in this region. Contrary to the main research expectation, the results of structural equation modeling and cluster analysis indicate that following the systemic change the factor of ethnicity is of much less significance in Transylvanian society. Nonetheless, detailed analysis of the stratification of Hungarians from Transylvania shows that the three groups constituting the middle class, that is, intellectuals, craftsmen, and nonmanual workers, represent approximately 45–50 percent, which is below the level characteristic of developed capitalist countries, where the middle class makes up over 60 percent of the society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article consists of a reading of global financial magazines and tourist literature in the context of Mauritius' more recent self-promotion as an economic ‘Asian tiger’ miracle. This new representation signals a burgeoning hybrid postcolonial Mauritian identity that re-inscribes Asian diasporic history. Such a re-alignment decenters colonial Europe and regionalises Mauritius as part of Asia. Mauritian modernity is engendered by neo-Orientalist narratives inspired by a resurgence of colonial constructions of Mauritius as an erotic paradise, and a recycling of Asian tiger ethos. Collapsing Mauritius into the tiger cultural geography is particularly problematic for a multicultural nation since this emergent self-representation denies the contribution of people of non-Asian heritage. Inspiring itself from Asian ‘alter/native’ modernity, Mauritian global modernity also derives from a male-oriented capitalist paradigm and a subscription to discriminatory macho Asian tiger ideologies. It is the jingle ‘Tiger in paradise’ (Financial Times , 27 September 1994) which, I will conclude, most clearly interweaves the ambivalent colonial and diasporic constituents of postcolonial Mauritius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Travel accounts of the Reconstruction U.S. South (1865–1880) played a formative role in the process of determining where the region fit within the nation-state after the Civil War. Postbellum travel narratives by northern men and women, in particular, dealt with the South's contradictory placement as both an occupied territory of the North/nation and part of the national body itself through a discourse of imperialism that translated a North-South regional binary into a colonizer-colonized distinction and framed the South as an imperial holding of the U.S. This article uses postcolonial studies and postcolonial geographies of North America to examine three textual themes that sustained this imperial framing of the South within northern travel narratives: discourses of civilization, descriptions of nature, and discussions of whiteness. The first two themes bolstered northern travelers' positioning of the South as an imperial holding, although gender contoured how northern travelers participated in a civilizing mission directed toward newly emancipated African Americans and how easily these travelers assumed the role of imperial explorer in rural and marginal southern sites. By contrast, white rural poverty in the postbellum South, through its simultaneous racial similarity to and class difference from white northern travelers, problematized a clean separation of North from South and highlighted the imperfections and contradictions of the postbellum South as an imperial holding of the North/nation. This article argues for more critical attention to the production of southern difference in the mid-nineteenth century and the postbellum South's place in relation to future American imperial projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective - To study general practitioners' (GPs') inclination to be the advocate of their patients or representatives of the society. The GPs' opinions were compared with those of psychiatrists. Design - A postal questionnaire with two case histories. Loyalty towards the social insurance or towards a patient in distress, and loyalty towards a patient seeking asylum or towards society were posited. The degree of distress and urgency of the patients' situation varied. Subjects and setting - A random sample of Swedish GPs (n=167) and psychiatrists (n=112). Results - All doctors significantly changed their minds when asked to fake a psychiatric diagnosis compared with a somatic diagnosis. Compared with psychiatrists, general practitioners tend to be more pragmatic (p=0.016) and in addition female doctors in some cases in both groups seem to be more pragmatic (p=0.023). Good clinical practice seems to be of importance in both groups. If the patient's life is threatened doctors are, however, prepared to overrule their own professional interests. The interests of society seem not to have any strong support in either of the two groups or the two cases. Conclusions - GPs as well as psychiatrists find it less improper to fake a psychiatric diagnosis than to fake a somatic. GP tends to be more pragmatic than psychiatrists and female doctors tend to be more pragmatic than male in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the impact of parents and teachers on children's education. Contribution of parents and teachers to the likelihood that children will lead a flourishing life; Conception of flourishing and conditions required to come to lead a flourishing life; Educational implication of the concept.

Discusses the essay of Clarence J. Munford about race and civilization. Illumination on issues about white supremacy, capitalism and African American liberation; Aim to lay foundations for ideological struggle against white supremacy and imperialism; Philosophical outlook of the Munford on civilizational historicism.

Presents a description of various civilizations and races of countries around the Pacific Ocean and the difference in physical attributes of people living in them as of December 27, 1831. Countries that have made major progresses towards civilization; Description of inhabitants of Malaysia; Life style of people of Australia.

The conjunctive use of paleoecological and archaeological data to document past human-environment relationships has become a theoretical imperative in the study of ancient cultures. Geographers are playing leading roles in this scholarly effort. Synthesizing both types of data, we argue that large karst depressions known as bajos in the Maya Lowlands region were anthropogenically transformed from perennial wetlands and shallow lakes to seasonal swamps between 400 BC and AD 250. This environmental transformation helps answer several questions that have long puzzled scholars of Maya civilization: (1) why many of the earliest Maya cities were built on the margins of bajos, (2) why some of these early centers were abandoned between 100 BC and AD 250, and (3) why other centers constructed elaborate water storage systems and survived into the Classic period (AD 250-900). The transformation of the bajos represents one of the most significant and long-lasting anthropogenic environmental changes documented in the pre-Columbian New World. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A team of historians, teacher educators,and classroom teachers created interdisciplinary units, lesson plans, teaching activities, and class projects on the Great Irish Famine for grades 4 through 12. The material is part of the New York State Human Rights Curriculum and was designed to model standards-driven, document-based instruction and assessment as well as lessons that promote student literacy This study examines efforts to ground the Great Irish Famine curriculum in educational theory and research on literacy and social studies education and concludes with a comparative report on the field-testing of lessons in inner-city and suburban middle school social studies classrooms. Its primary conclusions are that students from diverse backgrounds with a range of social studies interest and prior school achievement are capable of developing complex conceptual understandings when social studies educators create literacy and learning contexts and present content information using differentiated texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyses the activities of American Protestant missionaries in the Monastir of Balkan. Activities during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries; Role in the Balkan nationalism building; Accounts on the Balkan wars.

The article explains the responsibility of the Council on Social Work Education to serve as honest brokers of knowledge via their publication, the "Social Work Education (SWE) journal. A key purpose of the Journal is to provide material to social work educators that improves the quality of professional education for students and, in turn, the quality of services provided to clients. People is assumed that the quality of education students receive influences the quality of services provided to clients. Being a helping profession highlights the educational goal of developing practitioners who provide helpful services to clients. The cascading influence of the quality of scholarship in the professions highlights the importance of candidness and critical appraisal. Professions benefit from inflated claims that are believed and acted on. Authors benefit by having their material published. Hiding limitations, use of methods that pretend to but cannot critically test questions addressed, inflated claims, and hiding controversies surrounding issues/concepts do not facilitate the growth of knowledge and honest brokering of knowledge. Indeed, these are classic propaganda strategies designed to encourage thought and action with little thought.

Discusses Orthodox Christianity's conception of a civilized society. Distinction between the L-stream and the M-stream traditions of understanding civil society in the West; Religious backgrounds of civil society conceptions; Differing opinions on the mission of the Church; Soviet collectives as Orthodox congregations.

This article examines false universalism and the geopolitics of exclusion, as illustrated in the discriminatory treatment of Islam and other non-Western civilizations with regards to participatory rights. The universalism is a mask worn to obscure Western civilizational hegemony. This mask has been worn so long that it is indistinguishable from the face itself for wearer and beholder alike. There is little doubt that there is a generalized Islamic sense of grievance that overrides the very deep intra-civilizational cleavages that exist in the Islamic world. Possibly less self-evident is an appreciation that this sense of grievance is coupled with an Islamic civilizational self-image. Moreover, there exists one important cost associated with the analysis of false universalism. It weakens democratic forces in existing Islamic states in their efforts to uphold a secular conception of relations between religion and the state, and to protect the freedoms and autonomy of individuals. In this regard, even if the human rights framework is vulnerable to the civilizational level of criticisms set forth, it is still valuable, even indispensable, in relation to struggles being enacted at the level of the sovereign state in such countries as Turkey and Egypt.

This article discusses some of the key points of the essay "The Clash of Civilizations?," by Samuel Huntington and some of the responses it has provoked. It uses this discussion as a vehicle to reflect on the role of civilizations in international relations. It suggests that civilizational identity is a powerful force in world politics. However, to view inter-civilizational relations as primarily relations of conflict, and to accept unquestioningly the rhetoric of inter-civilizational conflict can be misleading and unnecessarily narrows the understanding of the significance of inter-civilizational relations for international affairs. The adoption of a broader perspective in the study of inter-civilizational relations is surely called for. This would treat civilizations as complex, fluid and dynamic entities which evolve both in response to internal dynamics, and to interaction with other cultures.

The article discusses the antebellum history of the U.S. South. When General Andrew Jackson won over the British at the Battle of New Orleans it has secured his prior conquest of the southwestern Indians and opened the richest cotton country in the world to U.S. settlement. A unique and self-conscious civilization took shape throughout the South during the Jacksonian period. Voters and politicians dedicated themselves to preserve it against all threats from an increasingly hostile world. The political economy of the Yeoman community is also discussed.