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A large body of academic research documents harmful media coverage of indigenous populations across the globe. New Zealand is no exception. Aotearoa's indigenous people, Māori, share similar damaging experiences, leading one major NZ media company to publish an apology for their historically poor depiction of tangata whenua. This paper adds to that wealth of evidence using the automated methods of machine learning to examine coverage of Māori in NZ print media. Across roughly 800,000 sentences – spanning over two decades of coverage – this research investigates print media discourses involving Māori at a mass scale while demonstrating the applicability of such tools for further research. The results replicate a collection of existing findings at large-N scale, further documenting problematic discussions of violence, political representation, and culture, among several other concerns. The novel approach also hints at complex, obscure relationships embedded within problematic language in Aotearoa's print media, identifying notions of division - both implied and otherwise - along with notable instances of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of Indian media. Utilizing the Propaganda Model formulated by Herman and Chomsky in the book Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of Mass Media (1988), the paper aims to critically assess the news patterns and media performance of the mainstream Indian media. The contribution of the paper will be the application of the propaganda model in the context of Indian media. For this study, we have analyzed the media coverage of two events – India's ban on Chinese apps and the Pulwama attack. We focus on how Indian Media has helped the Government to establish the propaganda of nationalism during both events, which is explained by Herman and Chomsky in the five filters of news production. We investigate how the anti-China sentiment and the Pulwama attack have been used by the Government to divert attention from their failure of governance, and mismanagement of the COVID-19 pandemic. The corporate media is playing its part in the machinations of the ruling BJP party. We conclude that the plurality of voices amongst journalists is in decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reprint of the article "The Fourth Estate in the Third World," by Joanmarie Kalter, which appeared in the journal "Quill." The article focuses on the perception of Westerners regarding the conditions of media in third world countries. The press is devoid of its independence because the government has repressed it. Government has the power to confiscate, ban or suspend any newspaper.

The differences between services and goods are generally well understood. These differences, however, suggest that advertising strategies for goods cannot be automatically applied to services. Yet services are the fastest-growing segment of the expanding global market, and to compete effectively across cultural boundaries, these businesses need to understand appropriate marketing and advertising strategies designed especially for services. This paper evaluates the existing literature on international services advertising (ISA) to provide an assessment of the current state of the research on the topic, with a goal of determining specific areas of research inquiry. A comprehensive review of the international services advertising literature from 1970 to 2002 is provided, and directions for future research are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to determine the role of the Catholic Church hierarchy in the 2015 presidential election in Poland. The author will analyse the content of the most important institutional messages of the Polish Episcopal Conference in which bishops express their opinions on presidential election and particular candidates. Thiscase studyalso includes the analysis of the content of the most important Polish Catholic weekly magazines (Gość Niedzielny,Niedziela) and the analysis of the method of presenting the role of the Catholic Church as a potential political player in the most important all-Poland daily papers (Gazeta Wyborcza,Rzeczpospolita) and opinion weekly magazines (Newsweek Polska,Polityka). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The last decade has witnessed profound changes in advertising and the profession that supports it. These changes have important implications for research on advertising. This paper discusses the changes in advertising and the implications of these changes for research on advertising. It suggests that future research in advertising must address the following questions: 1) does advertising work, and, if so, when and why; 2) should advertising effects be determined with absolute or relative measures?; 3) how are the media related to advertising response?; 4) how is advertising related to the larger marketing mix of which it is a part?; and 5) how can research support advertising's inherent creative function? While these questions have been the focus of much of the advertising research to date, the paper concludes that the type of research that can answer these questions in the future may be quite different from research in the past in that it will need to focus more on advertising within context than on advertising in isolation from the larger environment of which it is a part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nationally syndicated product-media data services are very useful for analyzing the nature of target markets. They are not, however, generally considered useful for estimating television reach and frequency. This paper explains how selectivity indices derived from national product-media data can be combined with data from more specialized television-usage data services to yield an estimate of target market ratings. The paper describes a pilot study designed to test the plausibility of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the influence of magazine and television show choice patterns on the overall use of these media by U.S. men and women. Over 50% of magazine readership can be explained by these patterns, differentiating heavy and light users of the medium based on the "heaviness of readership" of these different editorial and program selections. Forty-one percent of womens' television viewing behavior was explained, but only 19% of the mens'. The paper reviews the results in light of inter-media similarities, in choice patterns, as well as interpreting the significant effects of choice patterns within each medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers some of the theological, legal, canonical and communication issues involved in the relationship between the civil law in Australia and Catholic Church law and practice regarding the seal of the confessional. It does so by comparing two different real life cases and their different outcomes. The different responses to the two scenarios, both politically and in the mass media, were influenced by certain preconceptions, stereotypes and misrepresentations of the Catholic Church's teaching and practice. The Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse raised the question of what precisely is covered by the seal of confession. It recommended the Australian Catholic Bishops Conference to approach the Holy See for clarification. The Royal Commission recommended that the Australian States change the law to remove the seal of confession as an exception to mandatory reporting of child sexual abuse. The Holy See response did not accept that proposition. The study concludes with a brief discussion of how the conflict of duty between the demands of the secular civil law on the one hand, and preserving the seal of confession on the other, might be resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the academic finance literature has been devoted to theoretical principles concerning portfolio design, the efficient market and strategic asset allocation. Similarly, industry organization studies have been concerned with the fundamentals of firm structure, entry and exit from the industry, and spatial and industrial concentration. But finance is also a never-ending series of daily stories, issuing from the pink pages of respectable broadsheet newspapers and other print media and increasingly dominated by the cacophony of voices, images and events broadcast by television and on-line real-time data services. Finance has become a media event, with its breathless reporters and star anchorpersons more often approximating Entertainment Tonight or even (at the limit) MTV. This fact of financial life could be treated as ephemeral and of minor significance (compared to the 'real' facts of economic principles). But financial institutions take it very seriously indeed. How and why this is the case are the topics of this paper. Drawing upon recent studies of the industry and media, as well as our own studies of the industry and its decision-making protocols, we sketch the elements of finance as entertainment. We emphasize the format and content of morning shows such as those broadcast on CNBC as well as the implications of programmes like these for the trading strategies of major financial conglomerates. The paper closes with comments on the implied research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role played by the public sphere in demanding the transformation of the police in line with the nascent democratic principles in Mozambican society. It examines the state-centric promotion of good governance through enhancing the technical quality of decision-making in the police and focuses in particular on the role of the public sphere and popular culture in transforming the institution of the police. The paper examines newspaper stories about the police and shows how these are interpretative cultural forms that are widely disseminated as part of dynamic social intercourse. Thus the primary data for this study are the created and expressive materials about the police that the new media in Mozambique disseminates in its fight against anti-democratic practices in the police. Stories written about the police, being genuinely popular and socially and aesthetically significant, may be understood as part of the domain of popular culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. and Australian media vehicles are not required to publish or broadcast every commercial advertising message submitted. To the contrary, owners and managers ate free to designate anyone's message as unacceptable, and, in fact, they do so, for many reasons. Building on the research literature on U.S. business practices, this paper reports results of depth interviews with Australian media managers on their approaches to deciding what advertising materials to accept or reject. The U.S.-based literature provides the basis for a model that illustrates the influences on media vehicles' decisions, and Australian managers' responses indicate that it readily applies in their country as well. Overall, similar to U.S. practices, the single most important reason for rejection of advertisements in Australia is a breach of taste, although Australian vehicle managers more readily and visibly assert deference to the judgment of their more numerous and active trade associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious matters are much more present in standard media coverage than many people think. This paper discusses eight of the most relevant issues and events about the Catholic Church that made news headlines in 2018. The highlights, listed in chronological order, are: Pope Francis' January trip to Chile and Peru; the fifth anniversary in March of the election of Jorge Mario Bergoglio as pope; the release of Wim Wenders' documentary film Pope Francis - A Man of His Word; Pope Francis' August trip to the World Meeting of Families in Dublin, Ireland; the global clergy sexual abuse crisis and the Viganò affair; the agreement between the Holy See and China on appointment of bishops in September; the canonization of Archbishop Romero and Pope Paul VI in Rome in October; and the Synod of Bishops on Young People, the Faith and Vocational Discernment also in October. The selection is inevitably subjective, but the author has chosen these topics mainly because they received substantial coverage from international mainstream media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many ad agency executives have proclaimed the era of the global advertising agency. They observe that corporations are moving towards placement of their worldwide advertising through a single agency, and they predict that a few large "mega. agencies" will take over a majority of international advertising accounts. Yet, no published studies have examined how many brands are actually handled by the same ad agency worldwide. This paper presents the results of a survey examining the extent to which U.S. companies use the same agency to advertise abroad and in the home market. The study found that of the brands sold abroad, only about one-third are handled by the same agency both at home and abroad. This proportion does not vary significantly with advertising budgets, by product class, or between standardized and non-standardized brands. In addition, no single-agency group or "mega-agency" handles more than eight percent of the sample brands, and no agency handles a majority of its U.S. brands abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singh and Cole (12) recently reviewed attempts by advertising researchers to develop an accurate measure of correct recognition for use in examining an ad's likely effectiveness, and they provided an alternative measure that entails an adjustment for likely guessing. In this paper, several additional recognition formulations are discussed, and empirical and qualitative comparisons of available measures are provided. Results of the empirical comparisons revealed reasonable convergence among the alternative recognition formulations. Conclusions and recommendations for research application are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertising and market researchers continue to look to the behavioral sciences for techniques and procedures in the hope of explaining, accounting for, describing and classifying consumers and their buying behavior. The use of projective techniques and their fallacies are discussed in this paper. A survey of the literature as well as experience in applying such techniques to consumers reveals their total incapacity and inapplicability to consumers. It is concluded that advertising and marketing would be better advised to expend time and effort on analyzing buying and use behavior rather than "personality", "trait", "attitudinal", "psychographic" or consumer life styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a letter from the editor of the "Journal of Advertising" concerning the March 2007 issue. Throughout the journal's thirty-six years of publication it has become the premier journal devoted to the development of advertising theory and its relationship to practice. The author discusses her experiences as a new editor of the journal, and states that changes under her tenure will involve both the submission process, which will become entirely electronic, and a focus special topics for issues.

The unmet need for contraception is documented as a significant determinant of unintended pregnancies and high number of induced abortions. The period immediately after an abortion is recognised as a unique opportunity to offer contraceptive services. This paper explores the association between place of abortion and women's post-abortion contraceptive behaviour. The reproductive calendar data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) (2015–16) was used for this study. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to understand factors associated with post-abortion method choices. Single decrement life-tables were built to examine rates of contraceptive discontinuation and proportional hazard models were employed to examine probability and correlates of method discontinuation. About 20% of women who underwent an abortion adopted a contraceptive method by the end of one month following an abortion. The decision to choose methods like sterilisation or intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) was associated with the place of abortion, past contraceptive behaviour, number and sex of surviving children at the time of abortion, mass media exposure, and time of the abortion. Compared to women who underwent an abortion at private health facilities, women who sought abortion at public health facilities were more likely to choose permanent methods or IUCDs. Furthermore, women who opted for an IUCD were less likely to discontinue the method compared to those using short-acting modern methods. The lack of post-abortion contraceptive choices for women is evident in the low uptake of post-abortion contraceptives in private facilities and the predominant promotion of permanent methods and IUCDs in public health facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current discourse on globalization has many far-reaching implications not only for African economics and politics, but also for the vital question of how we communicate in a 'global village'. African governments and their development partners often tend to extrapolate communication models from the developed world and apply them wholesale in local environments in Africa that are quite unique. This paper argues that such communication strategies often do not impact on the rural masses for which they are meant because they are not 'contextualized' to the local settings, cultural dialectics and worldview of the people. The bulk of the rural people are non-literate, poor and have little or no access to modern mass media such as television, radio, film, newspapers, the internet and email. The roll-out of modern media should continue to occupy centre stage in planning by African governments, development agencies and nongovernmental organizations, and these modern media should continue to be used to disseminate various campaign messages (HIV/AIDS awareness, immunization of children, maternal health care, poverty eradication, etc.) to the communities. But given the dearth of these media in many poor countries, the limitation of their coverage to the urban centres, and the costly equipment involved, a strategy that relies solely on them has its drawbacks. Communication planners should not overlook the significant role indigenous forms such as popular theatre, drumming, village criers, storytellers, orators, etc., have played - and continue to play - in communication among rural, poor communities. The paper illustrates the ways in which these media continue to be utilized in development communication in Uganda, for instance, because of the way they are embedded in the cultural ideology of the rural people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequently, dynamic analyses of public opinion cannot be performed because of incomplete polling. This problem is clearly evident for Acquired immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Thus to Overcome this limitation, the present paper demonstrates the usefulness of a new methodology whereby opinion (e.g., the spread of AIDS) can be estimated using the mathematical model of ideodynamics. As input, the model uses information in the mass media scored by computer, using the technique of successive filtrations. Such opinion computations can be made over any period of time, however long or short, so long as the mass media provide the major information about the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite our deepening knowledge of non-perennial streams, they are still poorly recognized, and people still perceive them as less valuable and less worthy of conservation than perennial streams. Due to its power to shape attitudes and opinions, mass media plays a critical role, which can also contribute to improving perceptions regarding non-perennial streams. Here, we aim to analyse how non-perennial streams are depicted by mass media in the Balearic Islands and how a catastrophic flood influenced mass media communication about these ecosystems. We analysed all news reports related to streams, published in the most read online newspaper of the Balearic Islands, for 25 months (12 months before and after the catastrophic flood). A total of 407 news reports were analyzed to identify the topics covered (e.g. floods, ecology, stream uses, water quality). News reports related to non-perennial streams focused on past floods and their consequences; our analyses showed how the catastrophic flood event affected the news temporal agenda, as well as the territorial inequalities in media coverage. News reports rarely covered ecological aspects of non-perennial streams or their relevance for freshwater resources. We concluded that news reports contribute to generating a collective memory around flood events but also contribute to social misconception about non-perennial streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how Foucault's [(1979). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Vintage Books] concept of the panopticon coexists in a dyadic relationship of social control with the system of the contemporary mass media - the "synopticon" [Mathiesen, T. (1997). The viewer society: Michel Foucault's "panopticon" revisited. Theoretical Criminology, 1(2), 215-234], and the relevance and significance of this dyad of social control to public health. We consider its application in the examination of several public health issues, including motherhood and gambling, and we extend Mathiesen's work to include consideration of newer interactive forms of mass media and social media and demonstrate how these contribute to this social control, again examining this in the context of public health issues and campaigns, such as alcohol and smoking, as well as noting that newer media formats may present opportunities for resistance. We explain how this theoretical concept might be used more generally in consideration of public health research and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the relationship between the 2008 Beijing Olympic Torch Relay mega-event and contemporary imaginings of China's geopolitical position and the Chinese national geo-body. The performance of China's territorial presence at the international and domestic scales drew both support and resistance. Chinese media coverage of the spectacle reiterated tropes of geopolitical struggle and national unity. While these tropes resonated with some Chinese audiences who have been primed to recognize the Chinese geo-body through banal nationalism, Chinese citizens' satirical online comments reveal that some rejected the stilted ideological representations of the relay. Further, protesting groups' high-profile disruptions of the relay mega-event outside of the national territory of the host country worked to undermine the relay's international reception. Drawing from analyses of Chinese and international media sources and Chinese Internet satire, this article suggests that the scripted nature and geographical extent of mega-events compromises the geopolitical and nation-building aspects of such events in both neoliberal and postsocialist contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the article 'The Media: Playing the Government's Game,' by William A. Dorman,' published in the August 1985 issue of the periodical 'Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.'

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This article offers an account of being a Soviet journalist before and during glasnost. Soviet reporters' weapons are still the pen and the notebook--the cost of a personal computer is about the same as a reporter's lifetime salary. It was not a big deal to me when Mikhail Gorbachev, the godfather of glasnost, recently asked the Congress of People's Deputies for a moratorium on the new press law which the same Congress had accepted only half a year ago. If you read ten different newspapers of the Brezhnev era, you would have found no difference: they all had the same mother. Pravda sometimes publishes articles that absolutely contradict Gorbachev's speeches, although Gorbachev is still the general secretary of the party that he has almost dismantled. Three years ago the same Ogonyok, with Vitali Korotich as the editor, published the truth about Adilov--that he took bribes and shared money with the first party secretary of Uzbekistan, that he had personally killed more than ten people (it is not possible to know the exact number--too much time has passed).

Little empirical research is available on the effects on retail sales of the use of color in newspaper advertising. This study analyzes the results of two experiments conducted by the Long Beach Independent Press-Telegram, and concludes that median sales volume gains of approximately 41% may be realized by using one-color, single-exposure newspaper ads, instead of otherwise identical black-and-white ads, for price-reduced items. This conclusion is supported by statistical analysis of empirical data on actual sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from a random sample of 185 young adults selected from a major midwestern metropolitan area offers strong evidence to indicate that these individuals (19-34 years of age) have very specific usage and preference patterns when they turn to the daily newspaper. High on their priority list of desired newspaper content are (1) Consumer information (how to shop for the best buys, etc.), (2) How-to-do-it articles, (3) Entertainment advertising, (4) Clothing advertising, (5) Restaurant guides, and (6) grocery advertising; in other words information which they can use in decision making. While the young adults indicate that they look for information such as this in their daily newspaper, and would like to see more such information included, they have some very specific complaints about the newspaper as a source of such information. They, for example, feel that the newspaper is not providing enough information of relevance to their needs, they also feel that it is biased and apt to "cover up" stories which they feel should be reported, and that the people who run the newspaper are not paying enough attention to divergent life styles. For this, and other reasons, this age group indicates a decreasing interest in the newspaper due, perhaps in part, to a growing disappointment and apathy toward the perceived unwillingness of the newspaper to attempt to do a better job of providing the type of information they feel is essential to their specific needs. Based on the findings of this study it is recommended that the advertiser and the media manager take another look at the newspaper product and reassess it in light of its attractiveness to this market segment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radio can help to stimulate better governance. However, state-run broadcasting organisations in the South are usually ill-prepared for their public-service role in new democracies. They are often poorly funded compared to their new, commercial rivals and often still bound by the same 'rules of the game' that governed them prior to the democratic era. Broadcasters typically remain accountable to government and not to their listeners, and promote the interests and agendas of the political elite. This paper focuses on the experiences of DFID support to a radio programme in northern Nigeria that sought to improve communication and debate between the government and the electorate. It argues that there are legitimate circumstances for development partners to engage with state-controlled media outlets, not least in rural areas where commercial broadcasters lack the financial incentive to establish stations and provide programming that has relevance to the poor. The authors critically examine the lessons learned from DFID's support and identify measures that could assist similar initiatives in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses why labor media democracy is rarely talked over within the union movement. It states that one can understand why labor media democracy is seldom discussed within the union movement. It discusses that for one thing, union leaders do not seem to want a strong, independent press that asks uncomfortable questions, writes stories on controversial issues, critiques itself and fosters open discussion with the membership in the form of opinion columns and letters to the editor. It mentions that keeping controversial subjects and information that depicts an ugly picture of unions out of the labor media and away from the membership is the rule rather than exception. Also, it weakens the credibility of labor journalists, the labor media and unions.

This paper comprises an attempt at a theory of audience reception as concerns the need to understand recent videotaped stagings of terrorism. An analysis of this latest paradigm of political theatre—which presents villainous monologues that performatively blur the boundaries between media, culture, and politics—requires a focus on the spectator, who functions simultaneously, and self-consciously, as observer and performer. I will examine rhetorical and visual features of one particular staging and suggest the applicability of critical theory to this phenomenon. As the fracturing of certainty undermines the spectator's sense of truth and reality, the sense of subjectivity and responsibility is reconfigured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers whether elements of popular culture can he seen as subversive in the contemporary Romanian context and, with this in mind, aims to initiate a debate and perhaps generate future ethnographic research into this particular field of enquiry. In this vein, this paper perhaps poses more questions rather than offering definitive answers on whether we can indeed view popular culture in subversive terms. The main points under consideration concern whether the forms of female representation which have emerged since the 1989 revolution are currently producing new forms of subjective cultural identity and new definitions of femininity. The paper thus addresses the production of new female audiences who have developed new tastes and lifestyles, and asks whether we can begin to perceive female subjective cultural development as a disruptive force to pre-existing traditional norms and values that have dominated the Romanian cultural landscape and whether new levels of social consciousness and female identity are currently transforming or reinventing society through cultural production. To foreground the debate, the article begins with a brief analysis of popular culture, then discusses representation and outlines some of the content in magazines. In the final part of the article, I discuss whether we can view the freedom to reflexively interpret both text and image as a revolutionary and subversive moment in Romanian history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discusses the views on "The future of Advertising" and current working definition of advertising by the Journal of Advertising. Topics discussed includes advertising discipline in industrial management, marketing communications in advertising and relationship between marketing and advertising.

We suggest that thematic ad–medium congruency versus incongruency evokes distinct effects on consumer evaluations through different underlying mechanisms. Specifically, we propose congruency largely has positive effects on consumer evaluations due to a relatively automatic fluency process, whereas incongruency evokes a more conscious and negative persuasion knowledge (PK) process that leads to negative evaluations. Study 1 showed that consumers were more attentive to incongruence than congruence, particularly when the ad–medium combination was presented with other ads or materials. Studies 2A and 2B confirmed that congruency led to positive evaluations through perceived fluency, whereas incongruency led to negative-PK thoughts involving manipulative intent and more negative evaluations. Studies 3A and 3B provided causal evidence for the role of PK by showing that positive PK attenuated the negative effects the incongruency tactic had otherwise. Overall, these findings suggest the common practice of directly comparing congruent and incongruent media tactics confounds two very different processes. Managerial implications for advertising and media marketing are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of advertising in newspapers in London, England between 1650 and 1750. It may be approached from at least three directions. First, there is the history of advertising per se; in this respect subsequent general histories have made little advance on Henry Sampson's pioneering work published almost a century ago. Blanche B. Elliott in A History of English Advertising has covered fresh ground in her examination of the advertisement sheets in the late seventeenth century, but has barely touched upon the much larger subject of advertising in newspapers proper during the period under review. The historians have concentrated somewhat superficially on the evident humor, quaintness, and evocativeness of many of the advertisements and have almost entirely neglected any quantitative analysis. Secondly, advertising may be considered as part of the history of journalism, a legitimate approach when one appreciates that by 1750, 75% of space in some dailies was being devoted to advertisements. Thirdly, the advertisements may be studied as a source for literary, economic, and social history.

Not many have realized the close relationship between rumor, looting, and suicide and disaster management, although some researchers have discussed each issue separately. The purpose of this paper is to understand better the nature of these three issues by mainly analyzing them in the context of distinguished models, ‘breaking news’ and the community’s culture when it comes to disaster management. As the key finding, the field of disaster management must not manage rumor, looting, and suicide only as breaking news. Instead, these three issues should be managed under the community’s disaster culture to dispel rumors and provide facts through the mass media and public information officers, penalize cases of looting coupled with education, and support and intervene in cases of suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The children's magazine Jack and Jill is commonly perceived to have been "adless" from its first issue in 1938 until 1963. Through historical analysis, this research examines the editorial and publication forces that guided Jack and Jill's approach amid other contemporaneous children's magazines that did contain advertising. While the findings recognize that the magazine's editors actively protected readers from commercial pressure, an examination of early issues of Jack and Jill identify that the magazine included previously unacknowledged adlike content throughout World War II that may have influenced young readers. The content, part of the U.S. Treasury's War Bonds and Stamps Drive, an agency-avowed advertising initiative, began with Jack and Jill's involvement in the magazine industry's "United We Stand" campaign in July 1942 and was inserted intermittently through March 1945. The findings of this study demonstrate the value of historical research in understanding commercial influences on children and identify how definitions of advertising have evolved to accommodate nontraditional practices as media has advanced. This research also suggests that such nontraditional practices have existed and effectively engaged child audiences for more than half a century, despite not being formally recognized as advertising by the broader media and the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lead smelter/refinery workers in the US have had significant exposure to lead and are an important occupational group to study to understand the health effects of chronic lead exposure in adults. Recent research found evidence that studies of lead smelter/refinery workers have been conducted but not published. This paper presents further evidence for this contention.Objectives: To present further evidence of industry conducted, unpublished epidemiologic studies of lead smelter/refinery workers and health outcomes.Methods: Historical research relying on primary sources such as internal industry documents and published studies.Results: ASARCO smelter/refinery workers were studied in the early 1980s and found to have increased risk of lung cancer and stroke in one study, but not in another.Conclusions: Because occupational lead exposure is an on-going concern for US and overseas workers, all epidemiologic studies should be made available to evaluate and update occupational health and safety standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertisers are continuously searching for new ways to persuade children; current methods include fully integrating commercial content into media content, actively engaging children with the commercial content, and increasing the number of commercial messages children are confronted with at one moment in time. This poses a challenge for how children cope with embedded advertising. This conceptual article aims to develop a theoretically grounded framework for investigating how children process embedded advertising. More precisely, it sheds light on previous research and conceptualizations of advertising literacy and provides suggestions for future research. The article examines conceptual and methodological issues and discusses the need for research on how to improve children's coping with embedded advertising by emphasizing the value of persuasive intent priming and implementation intentions. To conclude, future research directions are discussed regarding strategies to strengthen children's coping skills and their dispositional (i.e., associative network consisting of cognitive, moral, and affective beliefs related to advertising) and situational (i.e., actual recognition of and critical reflection on advertising) advertising literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the successful fight against the provision in Section 377 of the Penal Code of India that criminalised private consensual sex between adults of the same sex. This law had led to serious discrimination against people engaging in homosexual acts, who were subjected to frequent beatings and blackmail attempts by police, who used the threat of prosecution against them. NGOs working with sexual minorities have also been harassed and sometimes charged under Section 377. By stigmatising homosexuality and threatening gay men with prison, the law is also likely to have impeded the battle against HIV. The provision was read down in July 2009 after an innovative, sustained, mass media campaign by activists. The Voices Against 377 coalition brought together sexuality and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) organisations, who were previously marginalised, with groups working in areas such as children's rights and feminist groups, showing that support for non-discrimination towards sexual minorities was broad-based. Further legal and social changes are needed for LGBT individuals to gain full acceptance and equality within Indian society. However, the judgement transcended the LGBT issue with the implication of protection for all minorities and introduced for the first time in South Asia the idea of sexual citizenship. Cet article examine la lutte réussie contre la disposition de la section 377 du Code pénal indien qui criminalisait les rapports sexuels consensuels privés entre adultes du même sexe. Cette loi avait abouti à une grave discrimination à l'encontre des individus pratiquant des actes homosexuels, qui étaient fréquemment battus. Ils faisaient aussi l'objet de tentatives de chantage de la part de policiers qui les menaçaient de poursuites. Les ONG travaillant avec les minorités sexuelles étaient aussi harcelées et parfois attaquées en justice en vertu de la section 377. En stigmatisant l'homosexualité et en menaçant les homosexuels de prison, la loi a aussi probablement entravé la lutte contre le VIH. La disposition a été atténuée en juillet 2009 après une campagne médiatique novatrice menée avec persévérance par des militants. La coalition des voix contre la section 377 a associé des organisations de lesbiennes, gays, bisexuels et transsexuels (LGBT), qui étaient auparavant marginalisées, à des groupes travaillant dans des domaines comme les droits de l'enfant et les groupes féministes. Elle a ainsi montré que l'appui à la non-discrimination des minorités sexuelles reposait sur une large assise. De nouveaux changements juridiques et sociaux sont nécessaires pour que les individus LGBT soient pleinement acceptés dans la société indienne. Néanmoins, le jugement a transcendé la question des LGBT pour toucher la protection de toutes les minorités et a introduit pour la première fois en Asie du Sud l'idée de citoyenneté sexuelle. En este artículo se examina la lucha exitosa contra la disposición en la Sección 377 del Código Penal de la India, que penaliza las relaciones sexuales consensuales entre adultos del mismo sexo. Esta ley provocó grave discriminación contra las personas que participan en actos homosexuales, quienes fueron sometidas a golpizas frecuentes y atentados de chantaje por parte de la policía, que las amenazaba con enjuiciarlas. Las ONG que trabajan con minorías sexuales también han sido víctimas de acoso y a veces son acusadas a raíz de la Sección 377. Al estigmatizar la homosexualidad y amenazar a los hombres homosexuales con condena de prisión, también es probable que la ley haya impedido la lucha contra el VIH. La disposición fue rechazada en julio de 2009, tras una innovadora y larga campaña de activistas por los medios de comunicación masiva. La coalición de Voces contra la Ley 377 reunió a organizaciones de sexualidad y de lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y transgéneros (LGBT), que antes eran marginadas, con grupos que trabajan en áreas como los derechos de los niños y grupos feministas, mostrando una amplia base a favor de la no discriminación hacia las minorías sexuales. Aún se necesitan más cambios jurídicos y sociales para que las personas LGBT adquieran aceptación total e igualdad en la sociedad india. Sin embargo, el fallo trascendió el asunto de LGBT con la implicación de protección para todas las minorías y planteó por primera vez en Asia Meridional la idea de ciudadanía sexual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the main trends in the Russian business press in comparison with international practices. Such trends include commercialisation, differentiation of products and professionalisation. To achieve a coherent view, the market is viewed from a structural perspective and from the perspective of acting business journalists. This article demonstrates that certain trends in the Russian business press make it resemble other media systems in market economies despite the presence of significant differences. The analysis consists of a study of the business media market structures and interpretations of local and international practices as described by business journalists in Kommersant and Vedomosti newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newspapers in Kenya are written for men, and about the affairs of men, whereas women remain invisible in relation to the serious issues of the day. But there have been efforts to cover women's issues, and to sell newspapers to Kenyan women. These have taken the form of having separate and detached 'women's pages' slotted into the main newspapers. The supplements are filled with stereotyped roles of domesticity, beauty, and fantasy, thus denying women's productive role in society. This article analyses the negative and stereotyped portrayal of women in the Kenyan print media, and considers what implications this has for the country's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looks at political corruption's depth of penetration in the U.S. presidential elections of 2000 and 2004. Forms of political and ethical corruption during the two elections; Criticism on the corruption displayed by the Left and progressive movements during the 2004 elections; Characteristics of corruption by the corporate media.

The international press paid particular attention to Benedict XVI's notes of 10 April 2019, on sexual abuse perpetrated by Catholic clergy. These notes are the personal thinking of the former Pope on the causes of the crisis and are entitled, 'The Church and the scandal of sexual abuse'; their publication got the cover pages of the international press all over the world and drove criticism against the Pope Emeritus. Three news agencies, AFP, AP and Reuters, built up the narrative of the issue that was then reported by the international press, both secular and Catholic, which mostly uncritically assumed the biased reading of the issue presented. This research examines the media coverage of the issue in international English and French newspapers through a representative sample of 330 news items. The analysis focuses on the common places (topoi) and frames in the headlines/first paragraphs of news and editorial articles. Two hundred and thirty-eight of these news items (72% of those selected) did not even offer the link to the original notes. The case poses a question about the prejudices still hanging on in the mainstream newspapers about the figure of Ratzinger/Benedict XVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future of advertising and marketing communications will be marked by an increasingly diverse collection of new digital options added to the traditional media and communication options already available to marketers. By taking advantage of the unique strengths of different communication options, and combining them and sequencing them strategically, marketers have the opportunity to drive sales and build brands in ways never before possible. Doing so, however, will require new concepts, new tools, and new thinking. Toward that goal, this article describes seven integrated marketing communications (IMC) choice criteria that marketers can use to judge how effectively and efficiently they have assembled their IMC programs. The article also outlines five priority areas for future research to help further guide the successful design and implementation of IMC programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the role of fit between campaign ads in generating cross-media effects. Using an ecologically valid design, this article enhances our understanding of cross-media effects in real life. By combining a content analysis of Dutch cross-media campaigns with a secondary data analysis of tracking studies on the same campaigns (n = 900), this research revealed that fit contributed positively to campaign evaluations yet contributed negatively to brand and campaign memory. In conclusion, this research shows that fit is an important factor in understanding cross-media synergy but might have both positive and negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 1978 the publication of the periodical "Sociological Quarterly" suffered production delays. The volume 20, number one issue reestablishes the journal on its staged publication schedule. The editors are thabnking subscribvers who have tolerated this inconvenience, most of whom said nothing and the others raising only a mild question about delivery dates.

Investigates the impact of community leadership and the mass media on protest associated with court-ordered school desegregation in schools in the United States. Intervening variables that influence the relationship between public attitudes and behavior towards school desegregation; Factors that cause the departure of Caucasian students from schools.

The article presents information on a paper delivered at the 1990 Modern Language Association annual meeting. It focuses on various critical assumptions found in literacy and communication studies as well as discussion of rhetoric and the media. The author suggests that rhetorical turn in literary studies seems healthy.

Mass public shootings have generated significant levels of fear in the recent years, with many observers criticizing the media for fostering a moral panic, if not an actual rise in the frequency of such attacks. Scholarly research suggests that the media can potentially impact the prevalence of mass shootings in two respects: (i) some individuals may be inspired to mimic the actions of highly publicized offenders; and (ii) a more general contagion process may manifest as a temporary increase in the likelihood of shootings associated with a triggering event. In this study of mass shootings since 2000, we focus on short-term contagion, rather than imitation that can traverse years. Specifically, after highlighting the sequencing of news coverage prior and subsequent to mass shootings, we apply multivariate point process models to disentangle the correlated incidence of mass public shootings and news coverage of such events. The findings suggest that mass public shootings have a strong effect on the level of news reporting, but that news reporting on the topic has little impact, at least in the relative short-term, on the subsequent prevalence of mass shootings. Finally, the results appear to rule out the presence of strong self-excitation of mass shootings, placing clear limits on generalized short-term contagion effects. Supplementary files for this article are available online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]