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Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) has a strongly negative impact on long-term renal allograft survival. Currently, no recognized effective treatments are available, especially for chronic antibody-mediated rejection (CAMR). Donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) secreted by long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells are acknowledged as biomarkers of AMR. Nevertheless, it may be too late for the DSA routine examination production since DSAs may have binded to graft vascular endothelial cells through complement-dependent or complement-independent pathways. Therefore, methods to effectively monitor memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells and subsequently prevent DSA production are key to reducing the adverse effects of AMR. Therefore, this review mainly summarizes the production pathways of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells and provides suggestions for the prevention of AMR after transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the potential of non-ionic surfactants as novel intranasal absorption enhancers. Methods: Taking sumatriptan succinate (SMS) as a model drug, influence of different non-ionic surfactants, including laurate sucrose ester (SE), cremophor EL and poloxamer 188, on the intranasal absorption of SMS was investigated using anin situnasal perfusion technique in rats. Ciliotoxicity of the non-ionic surfactants was evaluated using anin situtoad palate model.In vivobehavior of the selected formulations was studied in rats. Results: All the non-ionic surfactants investigated increased the intranasal absorption of SMS remarkably but with varied extent and trend. Moreover, it was revealed that at the same concentration, laurate SE had better permeation-enhancing effect than that of cremophor EL and poloxamer 188. The ciliotoxicity results showed that all the non-ionic surfactants were regarded as safe at selected concentrations. Based on thein situabsorption data and ciliotoxicity results, the following three samples, 0.5% laurate SE, 0.1% cremophor EL and 0.5% poloxamer 188 were selected forin vivoabsorption studies in rats. Among them, 0.5% laurate SE group presented the highest enhancing effect, followed by 0.1% cremophor EL and 0.5% poloxamer 188 group, with absolute bioavailability 29.99%, 22.64% and 20.90%, respectively. Conclusions: Laurate SE is a promising intranasal absorption enhancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context:High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a highly abundant protein that can promote the pathogenesis of inflammatory. Some experiments have demonstrated a vital role for HMGB1 to modulate the immune function of regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Astragaloside IV (AST IV), an extract fromAstragalus membranaceusMoench (Leguminosae), has been shown to exert potent cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. It is still unclear whether AST IV has a latent effect on the proinflammatory ability of HMGB1 with subsequent activation of Tregsin vivo. Objective:This research explores the antagonism of different doses of AST IV on the immunologic function of Tregs mediated by HMGB1. Materials and methods:Mouse models (BALB/c) were constructed by which normal saline or AST IV was administered i.p. at 2, 4 and 6 days after the administration i.p. of 20 μg recombinate HMGB1. Spleen was used to procure Treg and CD4 + CD25−T-cells which were co-cultured with Treg. Cell phenotypes of Tregs(Foxp3) were examined, and the cytokine levels in supernatants and the proliferation of T-cells were assayed. Gene expression was measured by RT-PCR. Results:(1) The expression levels of Foxp3 in Treg on post-stimulus days (PSD) 1–7 were significantly decreased in the HMGB1 group in comparison to those in the control group mice (p < 0.01). The Foxp3 expression was markedly increased in a dose-dependent manner in the AST group as compared with those in the HMGB1 group (p < 0.0 1–0.05). The same results were found in the contents of cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) released into supernatants by Treg. (2) When CD4 + CD25−T-cells were co-cultured with Treg stimulated by HMGB1, the cell proliferation and the levels of cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-γ) in supernatant were markedly increased as compared with those in the HMGB1 group. The level of IL-4 was markedly decreased as compared with that in the HMGB1 group. The same results were found when CD4 + CD25−T-cells were co-cultured with Treg in the NS group. Compared with those in the NS group, the contrary results were shown in a dose-dependent manner in the AST group. Discussion and conclusion:These results showed that AST IV has a therapeutic effect on inflammation promoted by HMGB1, and it should be studied as a new drug for the treatment of sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To introduce D022 superlattice (noted as γ" phase) precipitation strengthening in additive manufacturing, a design strategy of combining the overall valence electron concentration with the calculation of phase diagrams is proposed, and Ni2.1CoCrFe0.5Nb0.2 HEA is designed. The wall-shaped samples were prepared by AM, and after solution at 1100 °C for 2 h and aging at 650 °C for 120 h, the γ" phase with volume of 14% causes yield strength increase by 727 MPa, the yield strength increased dramatically to ~1005 MPa, the ultimate strength increased dramatically to ~1240 MPa, the tensile elongation maintained at ~20%. The high strength results from the precipitation strengthening of the γ" phase, and the large ductility are primarily attributed to an evolution of multiple stacking fault structures. The present study will not only promote the development of high-performance HEAs by AM but also provides a pathway for achievement of AM technology industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution and dynamic changes of regional or national population data with long time series are very important for regional planning, resource allocation, government decision-making, disaster assessment, ecological protection, and other sustainability research. However, the existing population datasets such as LandScan and WorldPop all provide data from 2000 with limited time series, while GHS-POP only utilizes land use data with limited accuracy. In view of the limited remote sensing images of long time series, it is necessary to combine existing multi-source remote sensing data for population spatialization research. In this research, we developed a nighttime light desaturation index (NTLDI). Through the cross-sensor calibration model based on an autoencoder convolutional neural network, the NTLDI was calibrated with the same period Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Day/Night Band (VIIRS-DNB) data. Then, the geographically weighted regression method is used to determine the population density of China from 1990 to 2020 based on the long time series NTL. Furthermore, the change characteristics and the driving factors of China's population spatial distribution are analyzed. The large-scale, long-term population spatialization results obtained in this study are of great significance in government planning and decision-making, disaster assessment, resource allocation, and other aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hsa_circ_0001756 was reported to be upregulated in serum samples of ovarian cancer (OC) patients and may serve as a potential OC biomarker. This study aimed to investigate the role and molecular mechanisms of hsa_circ_0001756 in OC procession. Herein, we detected the expression of hsa_circ_0001756 in OC tissues and cell lines with RT-qPCR assay, which showed that hsa_circ_0001756 was upregulated in OC tissues and cell lines. Then small interfering RNA targeting hsa_circ_0001756 (si-hsa_circ_0001756) was transfected into SKOV3 and A2780 cells, and the proliferation, invasion, and expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker proteins were determined with CCK-8, Transwell and Western blotting assays, respectively. We found that hsa_circ_0001756 knockdown inhibited OC cell proliferation, invasion and EMT. Moreover, RNA pull-down assay verified the binding between hsa_circ_0001756 and IGF2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2), and rescue experiments indicated that IGF2BP2 overexpression reversed the effects of has_circ_0001756 knockdown on OC cell functions. Co-IP assay verified IGF2BP2 could interact with RAB GTPase 5A (RAB5A) protein. Then SKOV3 cells were transfected with si-IGF2BP2 alone or together with pcDNA-RAB5A, followed by the detection of SKOV3 cell functions. We found that IGF2BP2 knockdown inhibited OC cell proliferation, invasion, and EMT, while RAB5A overexpression reversed these effects. Finally, SKOV3 cells transfected with si-hsa_circ_0001756 were injected into nude mice through tail vein. Hsa_circ_0001756 knockdown significantly inhibited the xenograft tumor growth of OC in vivo. In conclusion, hsa_circ_0001756 knockdown inhibits OC cell proliferation, invasion, and EMT, and reduces xenograft tumor growth by suppressing IGF2BP2-mediated RAB5A expression and blocking the EGFR/MAPK signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first complete chloroplast genome (cpDNA) sequence of Xylia xylocarpa was determined from Illumina HiSeq pair-end sequencing data in this study. The cpDNA is 161,288 bp in length, contains a large single copy region (LSC) of 89,186 bp and a small single copy region (SSC) of 19,354 bp, which were separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IR) regions of 26,370 bp. The genome contains 131 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, eight ribosomal RNA genes, and 37 transfer RNA genes. The overall GC content of the whole genome is 36.6%, and the corresponding values of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 34.1%, 30.8%, and 42.8%, respectively. Further phylogenomic analysis showed that X. xylocarpa clustered in a unique clade in Caesalpinioideae subfamily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]