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Cap-and-trade systems, or emission trading systems (ETS), are increasingly adopted by countries and regions to provide economic incentives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The majority of existing ETS are early-stage systems implemented in and after 2013. These early-stage ETS are typically characterised by a focus on few industry sectors, and the employment of free emission allocation schemes including grandfathering and benchmarking. In this paper, we investigate the impact of emission allocation schemes in an early-stage cap-and-trade system in a duopoly market. We show that benchmarking scheme may lead the energy-efficient firm to reserve part of its emission permits, while firms always use up their after-trading permits under grandfathering. We also find that a more stringent emission cap may increase firms' profits rather than decreasing them under both allocation schemes, suggesting a possible cause for windfall profits observed in early-stage ETS. Benchmarking is found to lead to lower emissions compared to those under grandfathering, while it may result in higher or lower firm profits, consumer surplus, and the overall social welfare. Furthermore, under either allocation scheme, allowing emission trading does not affect the total emissions, while it can increase firm profits and consumer surplus and therefore the overall social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK is one of many high-income countries to experience a decline in driving license acquisition among young adults in the 2000s. This paper draws on newly available nationally representative microdata that captures the progress of individual drivers through the UK driving license acquisition process, to establish socio-demographic correlates. Using the 2016 and 2017 editions of England's National Travel Survey data, a series of binary logit models were employed to identify factors associated with progression through the various phases of the UK's driving license acquisition process. Factors that are associated with (1) the frequency of taking the driving license tests, (2) the number of times having failed the theory and driving tests are then identified. The socio-demographic explanators considered were each found to be associated with driving license holding in intuitive ways that are consistent with prior literature. However, relatively few factors are significantly associated with progress through the steps of the license acquisition process, and the goodness-of-fit for progress through these intermediate phases are generally lower (indicating that other unobservable idiosyncratic personal or contextual characteristics are dominant in these processes). A consistent theme is the strong relationship with labor market participation. Links between income and the intermediate phases, however, were generally weaker. Age is negatively associated with progress through the early phases when respondents are applying for provisional license and taking theory test, but this relationship turns positive in later stages of the acquisition process. To the authors' knowledge, this study is the first opportunity to evaluate this novel data resource covering the UK's driving license acquisition process. This is an important research direction to help policymakers understand young adults' delay in acquiring licenses, particularly the extent to which there may be structural inequalities. The main finding is that socio-demographic factors appear to be relatively poor predictors, with employment status the strongest single correlate of the variables that were tested. This paper is concluded with suggestions for designers of household travel surveys in regions where youth license-acquisition is of increasing focus, as well as a brief discussion of future research needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of licensing for the electronic resources that are utilized by academic libraries, though short, has been extremely complex. This history has moved from the humble beginnings of simple single-user or single-workstation CD-ROM licenses to the complicated consortial licenses of today that cover hundreds of journals, potentially for several campuses. This paper examines how licenses moved away from the early days and reviews how the mechanics of, and expectations for, these licenses have evolved over time, both from the perspective of libraries and of vendors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the links between the ways in which auditors are licensed in eleven EU countries and the cultures of those countries using the model developed by Gray (1988). The paper shows that there are significant differences in the ways that auditor licensing is carried out and that culture could be associated with the different approaches. The paper also discusses the methodology employed and makes suggestions for future research directions for both auditor licensing and culture-based comparative work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software piracy has been known as unauthorised reconstruction or illegal redistribution of a licenced software. Detecting pirated from base software is a major concern since pirated software can lead to significant financial losses as well as serious security vulnerabilities. To detect software piracy, we have recently proposed Metamorphic Analysis for Automatic Software Piracy Detection (MetaSPD) with a proof-of-concept evaluation. The core idea of MetaSPD was inspired from metamorphic malware detection due to its similarity of software piracy detection. MetaSPD works primarily based on mining the opcode graph of the base software to extract micro-signatures. Then, it leverages a classifier model to decide whether a given suspicious file is a pirated version of the base software. This paper extends our prior work in several respects. First, we present a retrospective appraisal of the main literature aiming at laying bare the status quo of software piracy detection and arguments on the current problems of the field to motivate our work. We then elaborate on MetaSPD itself and the constituent components. We provide two extensive experiments to evident the effectiveness of MetaSPD. The experiments have been carried out on two different datasets. Each dataset comprises 1300 morphed variants of the respective base software that act as pirated versions of that software. We conducted our experiments using three different classifiers. The paper is also enriched with a detailed discussion of the different properties and concerns of MetaSPD. The results corroborate that an attacker, who is using a pirated version of the given software, can hardly hide illegal usage of the software even by applying superabundant obfuscations to the code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the third in a series of papers regarding the redefinition of residential treatment being disseminated by The American Association of Children's Residential Centers (AACRC). The AACRC is the longest standing national association focused specifically on program and policy issues pertaining to the treatment of children and youth in 24-hour out-of-home group settings. For the past few years, AACRC, through its conferences and committee work, has been advancing ideas and showcasing research and innovative programs that highlight the critical role residential treatment can play in community systems of care and the importance of re-engineering and transforming traditional practice models to achieve greater quality, efficacy, efficiency, and effectiveness. This paper will discuss the value of transformation from both the national and organizational perspectives and identify the key foundational structures, already in place in most organizations, which are preconditions for a successful implementation of a transformation agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one by Christine Muller and Michael Kohlhase on mathematical knowledge, one by Dimitrios A. Georgakellos and Aristomenis M. Macris on business projects, and one by Roberto Garcia and Tomas Pariente on license checking.

Particulate matter (PM) pollution is associated with adverse effects on human health and the environment. There is no designated PM2.5 emission factor for horizontal grain conveyors. Instead, in Washington state, the air permitting agency uses an emission factor for headhouse and grain handling operations to issue permits. There is concern that this factor does not accurately represent the conveyor operations and limits the size and operation of wheat pile facilities. The primary goal of this work was to estimate the PM2.5 emission rate (which can further be converted to an emission factor) from wheat conveying operations at a large wheat pile storage facility in eastern Washington using an atmospheric tracer ratio method, with CO2 gas as the tracer. The field study results yield an emission rate of 5.2 ± 1.7 grams of PM2.5 per hour and these emissions are due to the transfer point from an upper belt to a lower belt. This rate is approximately 320 times lower than the emission rate for headhouse operations which has been used previously to represent conveyor operations. The emission rate was in relatively good agreement with results of an inverse Gaussian plume model calculation of emissions using measured ambient PM2.5 levels at a very short distance downwind of the transfer point. A consistent PM2.5 to tracer gas ratio over the tests showed that PM2.5 and CO2 disperse in a similar manner and confirmed that the CO2 tracer release was a reliable simulation of the PM2.5 pollutant source over distances involved in the study (less than 10 meters). The results also indicate a need for the Environmental Protection Agency to develop a designated PM2.5 emission factor for wheat conveyance. There are presently no emission factors available for large wheat pile storage facilities where wheat is transferred via long horizontal conveyor belts. As a result, local and state permitting agencies use emission factors for other types of grain handling systems. In this paper, we report the first measurements of PM2.5 emission rates (that can further be converted to emission factors using a known grain rate on the conveyor) for horizontal grain conveyors used at wheat pile storage facilities. The measured emission rate is much less than the emission rate derived from the surrogate emission factor currently used for permit purposes. This has implications for the size and operation of wheat pile storage facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine moral judgments about different entities including individuals, corporations, nonprofits, and governments following a transgression. Although there is some research examining inferences about groups, there is little work addressing attributions about institutional entities such as governments. Across six studies we found that moral character judgments are greater for governmental entities compared to other entities. This effect was driven by moral licensing and the values one shares with the government. The finding was not caused by intuitions about paternalism, the relative age of governments compared to other entities, and was also not explained by nationalism or system justification. Discussion centers on implications of the data for moral licensing theory and moral attribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The years following the end of World War II saw a rapid increase in the rate of the introduction of new products by the pharmaceutical industry in Europe and North America. Patenting played an increasingly significant role in the industry and the companies, which were investing heavily in research, needed to develop strategies of appropriation to ensure that they recouped the rewards of innovation. This paper explores the use of patents by UK companies during the therapeutic revolution and beyond. It suggests that within a framework of competition, the use of patents and the practice of licensing, combined with the growing complexity of products led to the creation of networks of cross-licensing, often linked to a variety of collaborative arrangements. In this process, the companies created corporate capabilities which contributed to their growth and international development within the period covered by the paper. By the 1960s, however, the nature of licensing had changed but some collaborative arrangements and the capabilities they created continued to play a significant role in the further international development of the industry. From the late 1970s, as new drugs became more elusive and expensive, as well taking much longer to get into the market, patents for the much sought after 'blockbuster' drugs were eagerly pursued. Patents, licensing and various forms of collaboration assumed a new significance in the approaches made by the pharmaceutical corporations to the innovative discoveries of the biotechnology industry in the last two decades of the century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permits are a critical tool for ensuring that infrastructure projects provide the benefits they promise without harming nearby people or the environment. However, the environmental permitting process is complex, often resulting in long review times and increased administrative costs. Identifying ways to hasten permitting processes without compromising environmental rigor is important for enabling efficient and effective infrastructure regulation. This paper evaluates the relationship between permitting duration and characteristics of the projects, applicant organizations, and regulatory regime, using a novel dataset of US Clean Water Act permits. Longer review time was associated with projects proposed by a business (rather than state or federal agencies); using an engineering consultant; requiring some combination of environmental impact analysis, historic preservation, and/or endangered species review; and located in Arizona. Project type, agency workload, and socioeconomic characteristics did not correlate with review time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital dissemination of public-domain works of historic, literary, and artistic value increases the intellectual value of those materials; repositories that license digitization rights to commercial agencies should seek the greatest possible availability for these works on the open Internet. As with copyright law, a balance must be struck between society's legitimate interest in maximizing access to and use of the work and society's equally legitimate interest in encouraging capital investment in digitization, dissemination, and long-term sustainability. This paper proposes that the open-access movement and efforts to "reclaim the public domain" provide a theoretical framework for evaluating prospective partnerships between non-profit repositories and commercial digital publishers, and recommends practical guidelines for developing digitization contracts that both uphold the value of the public domain and meet the needs of the marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic resources are more prolific than ever. As an increasing number of publishers move to electronic format, the number of licenses grows proportionately. In universities, these licenses may be negotiated by someone with little or no library experience, or by someone who may focus on other aspects of the licenses. This paper promotes and heightens the negotiator' s awareness of interlibrary loan (ILL) considerations, and advocates direct intervention by ILL staff in the licensing process. Northern Arizona University Library's experience and negotiation methods with respect to interlibrary loan language and procedures are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 4 November 2011, the trademark ‘smarter cities’ was officially registered as belonging to IBM. This was an important milestone in a struggle between IT companies over visibility and legitimacy in the smart city market. Drawing on actor-network theory and critical planning theory, the paper analyzes IBM's smarter city campaign and finds it to be storytelling, aimed at making the company an ‘obligatory passage point’ in the implementation of urban technologies. Our argument unfolds in three parts. We first trace the emergence of the term ‘smart city’ in the public sphere. Secondly, we show that IBM's influential story about smart cities is far from novel but rather mobilizes and revisits two long-standing tropes: systems thinking and utopianism. Finally, we conclude, first by addressing two critical questions raised by this discourse: technocratic reductionism and the introduction of new moral imperatives in urban management; and second, by calling for the crafting of alternative smart city stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary licensing of foreign counsel is not necessarily limited to small jurisdictions, but it is an important, and contested, part of the legal landscape in many small jurisdictions. Small jurisdictions, with small national Bars, face particular problems concerning capacity to practise national law. As this paper shows, small national Bars may simply be running at capacity, or beyond, when a case comes along, the small size meaning a relatively small spike of demand can exhaust spare capacity. Alternatively, perhaps particularly if the national legal profession is a unified one, individual legal practitioners may experience a similar problem of capacity, with none prepared to take on a case which will dominate their working life to the detriment of other cases and other clients. On a different point, dealing with conflicts of interest within a small professional community is an ongoing problem for small jurisdictions. Finally, a small Bar may be too small to support specialist counsel with particular expertise in a particular field of national law. This article explores the issue of temporary counsel in small jurisdictions through an in-depth case study of licensing in one small jurisdiction, that of the Isle of Man. The topic is approached through a range of methods. Doctrinal legal analysis, drawing particularly on relevant Manx statute, regulation and case-law, is supplemented by historical archival analysis; a detailed analysis of the 468 licences granted in the Isle of Man; and qualitative interviews with a selection of key actors. This study shows a pattern of acclimatisation to the licensing of foreign counsel in the Isle of Man since 1969, the juridification of the process of licensing since 1995, the development of an offshore Manx Bar, and the challenges the licensing system poses to the Manxness of Manx legal proceedings. Moving beyond the Isle of Man, the paper argues that the national Bar of a small jurisdiction has constitutional significance, and that the impact of a substantially employed licensing scheme can be important in determining the shape of this national Bar. It concludes with a call for a comparative study of temporary counsel in small jurisdictions, taking into account the transnational legal context; and for a fuller consideration of a possible offshore offshore Bar as contributing to a continued relationship between common law jurisdictions in a post-colonial context. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Space faring nations are actively engaged in planning and execution of missions aimed at exploring and using space. Some of these efforts include expanding the human presence beyond Earth. Future exploration programs will seek answers to questions concerning the origin of the universe and life within it. The launching of hardware and humans, in addition to mission execution in space environment, is only possible with technologies that enable such endeavors. Thus, nations involved in space enterprise are pursuing the development of breakthrough technologies on numerous aspects of robotic and human missions. The use of planetary resources and reuse of resources taken from Earth are deemed essential for safety and cost effectiveness of future exploration missions. Consequently, new/advanced/game-changing technologies and methodologies will enable sustainable and affordable space exploration. This paper presents aspects of transferring these technologies/methodologies for application to space missions and commercial markets to economically benefit society. These technologies are aimed at enabling space missions as well as providing new and improved products, manufacturing processes, and services in the commercial sector. A discussion of the potential risks and problems in technology transfer is presented for both commercial and space sectors. Also identified are sources of concerns and possible solutions to effectively commercializing technologies developed for space applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obeng-Odoom F. Real estate agents in Ghana: a suitable case for regulation?, Regional Studies. This paper uses a qualitative approach to examine whether regulation would improve the effectiveness of the Ghanaian estate agency market. Interviews with landlords, estate agents, clients, and officials of the Rent Control Department suggest that (1) most so-called 'problems with unlicensed agents' are actually landlord-related problems; (2) there is a camaraderie relationship between unlicensed agents and their clients which effectively provides a licence against fraud; and (3) regulation would exacerbate unemployment and increase agency fees. For these reasons, regulation in general may not be in the public interest. Alternative ways of improving effectiveness in the Ghanaian estate agency market are recommended. [image omitted] Obeng-Odoom F. Les agents immobiliers au Ghana: est ce qu'il y a de bonnes raisons pour les reguler?, Regional Studies. Cet article emploie une facon qualitative afin d'examiner si, oui ou non, la regulation ameliorerait l'efficacite du marche immobilier au Ghana. Des interviews menes aupres des proprietaires, des agents immobiliers, des clients et des employes du Rent Control Department (des controleurs de loyer) laissent supposer que, primo, la plupart des dits 'problemes avec des agents non-agrees' sont en fait des problemes qui se rapportent aux proprietaires; secundo, il existe une camaraderie entre les agents non-agrees et leurs clients, ce qui fournit en effet une licence contre la fraude; et tertio, la regulation aggraverait le chomage et augmenterait les honoraires des agents. Pour ces raisons-la, il se peut que la regulation generalisee ne soit pas dans l'interet du grand public. On propose d'autres moyens d'ameliorer l'efficacite du marche immobilier au Ghana. Licence Locataires Proprietaires Agents immobiliers Ghana Obeng-Odoom F. Immobilienmakler in Ghana: ausreichende Argumente fur eine Regulierung?, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir mit Hilfe eines qualitativen Ansatzes, ob sich die Leistungsfahigkeit des Immobilienmarktes von Ghana durch eine Regulierung verbessern wurde. Aus Interviews mit Hausbesitzern, Immobilienmaklern, Kunden und Beamten der Mietkontrollbehorde geht Folgendes hervor: (1) die meisten sogenannten 'Probleme mit nicht lizenzierten Maklern' sind in Wahrheit Probleme mit Vermietern; (2) zwischen nicht lizenzierten Maklern und ihren Kunden besteht ein kameradschaftliches Verhaltnis, das gewissermassen einen Schutz vor Betrug bietet; (3) durch eine Regulierung wurden die Arbeitslosigkeit und Maklergebuhren steigen. Aus diesen Grunden liegt eine generelle Regulierung eventuell nicht im Interesse der Offentlichkeit. Es werden alternative Methoden zur Verbesserung der Leistungsfahigkeit des Immobilienmarktes von Ghana empfohlen. Lizenz Mieter Vermieter Immobilienmakler Ghana Obeng-Odoom F. Agentes inmobiliarios en Ghana: ¿hay suficientes argumentos para regularlo?, Regional Studies. En este articulo se utiliza un enfoque cualitativo para examinar si la regulacion mejoraria la eficacia del mercado de las agencias inmobiliarias en Ghana. Las entrevistas realizadas a propietarios, agentes inmobiliarios, clientes y funcionarios del Departamento de Control de Alquileres indican que (1) la mayoria de los denominados problemas con agentes no autorizados se deben en realidad a problemas que tienen que ver directamente con los propietarios; (2) existe una relacion de camaraderia entre los agentes no autorizados y sus clientes que ofrece una licencia eficaz contra el fraude; y (3) la regulacion agravaria el desempleo y haria aumentar las tasas de las inmobiliarias. Por estos motivos, la regulacion en general podria no ser de interes publico. Se recomiendan otros metodos para mejorar la eficacia del mercado de las agencias inmobiliarias en Ghana. Autorizacion Inquilinos Propietarios Agentes inmobiliarios Ghana [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The initiation of teen driving, which occurs between ages 15 and 17, has generally been studied primarily in relation to crash injury reduction. However, it may be the most important period influencing development between puberty and emerging adulthood because, once the teens are driving on their own or riding with other teens, parental control over social behavior is greatly reduced and opportunities for risk-taking are substantially increased. The noncrash risks and benefits of licensing during this critical transition period are the subject of this paper. Methods. We identify "transition teens" as a subgroup of all 15-to 17-year-olds who reside in middle-class suburban and rural areas where families can afford a car and where a vehicle is needed for reasonable mobility. In this paper, we review recent studies on the effect of driving on non-traffic-related behaviors of teen drivers. Our analysis suggests that there are two environments that affect behavior and development: the home environment and the extended environment. Before driving age, the home environment influences are omnipresent in the life of the developing child. However, once teens can move more readily within the community and travel outside the home environment on their own or with a peer, they have access to locations where many or all the local controls on risky behavior may be absent. Results and Conclusions. This article introduces the concept of "transitional teens" and provides a rough model that explains the possible risks encountered by this group when they begin to drive a vehicle or to ride with a peer. We offer this model to the research community with a challenge to hypothesize, test, and explore this proposed transitional period so that we can better understand and mitigate its associated risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* Thanks to the helpful staff at the el rito ranger district, particularly diana trujillo and amy veirs. i wish, also, to thank tad mutersbaugh and john hintz for helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. the map (Figure 1) is John's accomplishment; any errors in the paper are my own. And to all the land grant heirs in northern New Mexico, particularly Ike DeVargas, Moises Gonzalez and Felipe Martinez who tirelessly work to regain what's rightfully theirs, the land-grant commons, I say: " Hasta la victoria, siempre! " [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most academic health sciences libraries have developed impressive digital collections of journals and books over the past few years. These resources constitute a strong core collection of library resources, easily accessible to campus users anytime, day or night. Remote access proxy servers and other remote access technologies allow affiliated students, staff, and faculty to use these resources from the home, office, or remote clinical locations, virtually anywhere there is access to the Internet. This paper provides an overview of issues related to implementing, promoting, and supporting remote access via a proxy server and selected issues relating to licensing and managing electronic resources. The particular experiences of the Yale University's Cushing/Whitney Medical Library are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mainstream legal scholarship and political theory as well as in some governmentality studies, police is presented as an eighteenth-century form of power/knowledge with close links to the administrative sciences developed in absolutist states. Commentators often state that police regulation has not disappeared but has been largely replaced by liberal governance. This article argues that police powers and knowledges are not, as is generally thought, in a zero-sum, mutually exclusive relationship with liberal governance. The problem space of 'police' is that formed by the desire to prevent urban disorder and incivility. Because it is a field of governance, not a theory or a mentality, police projects can use both liberal and illiberal mechanisms. The legal technology of licensing, a very widely used but under-studied legal tool, allows an old police objective - the promotion of urban order and 'civility' through measures targeting spaces and activities - to be effected by turning the work of managing risks over to the private sector, hence avoiding direct state interference with citizens' liberties. Licensing governs the field of police with a liberal tool. This argument is empirically grounded in a sketch of the history of the rationalities used to justify and evaluate pub licensing in the UK, a history whose ending is taken to be New Labour's 2000 White Paper on liquor licensing and urban disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the subject of content and access agreements with a detailed analysis of the legal issues that arise from linking and framing. The law is examined from a UK perspective with a detailed study of significant developments in the USA. The main focus of the discussion is on copyright and contract, but the subject of trespass is also considered to cover those situations where contract and copyright remedies may not be available. The copyright analysis reveals uncertainty in the extent of the protection offered and this has had the effect of encouraging the use of contractual licences. Detailed consideration is given to the use and enforceability of such contractual licences and to the actual and potential problems of their increasing use. The paper shows that there are advantages and disadvantages associated with both copyright and contract and certain conceptual difficulties in the use of trespass are discussed. Nevertheless the factors identified and the expected continuation of existing trends show that the use of licences and formal agreements relating to linking and access will increase, especially where commercial actors have perceived strong interests to protect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of big data is misleading twice over. Firstly, it suggests that big data are a homogeneous resource whose features are given and whose applications are known in advance, when they are nothing of the kind. Secondly, it draws attention towards a step of the data value chain, data collection, that is far less important than those of data processing and information production. The paper achieves the latter conclusion by showing that big data hardly meet the conditions of the European essential facility doctrine and do not lend themselves to be shared via viable compulsory licenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper identifies three tools that support the administrative instrument of a state-based curriculum commission: compartmentalization, licensing and segmentation. These tools channel the state’s curriculum-making towards forms of symbolic rather than regulatory action. The state curriculum becomes a framework for the ideological governance of schools and school systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the social licence to operate (SLO) of Western Australia's (WA's) mining industry in the context of the state's ‘developmentalist’ agenda. We draw on the findings of a multi-disciplinary body of new research on the risks and challenges posed byWA's mining industry for environmental, social and economic sustainability. We synthesise the findings of this work against the backdrop of the broader debates on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and resource governance. In light of the data presented, this paper takes issue with the mining sector's SLO and its assessment of social and environmental impacts in WA for three inter-related reasons. A state government ideologically wedded to resource-led growth is seen to offer the resource sector a political licence to operate and to give insufficient attention to its potential social and environmental impacts. As a result, the resource sector can adopt a self-serving CSR agenda built on a limited win–win logic and operate with a ‘quasi social licence’ that is restricted to mere economic legitimacy. Overall, this paper problematises the political-cum-commercial construction and neoliberalisation of the SLO and raises questions about the impact of mining in WA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a catalyst for endogenous technological change, inward technology licensing (ITL) can improve a firm’s innovation performance. This paper investigates the effect of learning by licensing and choice of licensed-in technologies on innovation performance. We extend the ITL strategy to the latecomer context, addressing two critical factors: (1) number of licenses and (2) age of licensed-in technology. We hypothesize about the relationship of the licensee’s innovation performance with the number of licenses and age of licensed-in technology, as well as the moderating effect of the licensee’s absorptive capacity. Based on a sample of 154 Chinese high-tech firms, empirical evidence is found in support of our arguments. This study is the first to consider the significance of the age of licensed-in technology to innovation performance and found that the number of licenses has a curvilinear (an inverted U) relationship with innovation performance. We also confirmed the significant moderating effect of absorptive capacity on the above two relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper asks fundamental questions about the legality of remote killings by drones outside combat zones. Despite the difficulty of obtaining accurate statistics from the Obama Administration, it argues that clear legal standards are being avoided and dangerous precedents are being established, including vaguely-defined licences to kill. It also criticises the US Administration's position justifying the use of such force, as identified by Harold Koh, the Legal Adviser to the State Department. The fundamental legal question of whether IHRL should apply is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adds to the literature on the government-corruption nexus by examining the effects of taxation and various business regulations on cross-country corruption. Regulations considered include the number of procedures and related costs for business startup, licensing and property registrations. Results show that regulation, not taxation, generally positively impacts corruption and the effects of non-monetary regulatory costs are more significant than monetary costs. Findings are generally robust to an alternate corruption measure and to simultaneity between corruption and regulation. Results for ‘standard’ determinants of corruption largely support the literature. Policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It can be a daunting task to keep track of everything related to the management of electronic resources, including vendor licenses. What terms does the university/State/Province require in a license agreement? What cannot be in the license agreement? Where exactly are you in that process? Is it under review? Sent for signature? With the university's legal office? Waiting on the vendor? Is it in the electronic resource management (ERM) system? Is it filed (either print or electronic or both)? Two librarians presented their use of open source tools for managing the licensing workflow. Alexis Linoski discussed how to use Trello to manage the license workflow at the Georgia Institute of Technology from receipt to entry in the ERM. Carolyn Carpan discussed how the Collection Strategies Unit at the University of Alberta Libraries is working on a project to display usage rights to users, using the Centralized Online Resources Acquisitions and Licensing module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws upon recent, detailed, research into the assessment practices of six seafarer labour supply countries in connection with the issue of licences. It outlines the different forms of assessment practiced and includes the relatively recent introduction of computer-based assessment in some states. In considering the validity and appropriateness of the assessment procedures, currently in use, the paper references, and presents, the views of a sample of employers who regularly recruit seafarers to work upon internationally trading deep-sea vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we focus on open-source software within the broader framework of the software industry. More specifically, we compare proprietary and open-source software (OSS) companies in terms of three criteria: (a) approaches to the production of software; (b) business models; and (c) strategic interactions. We postulate three convergence hypotheses. First, there is evidence of convergence in production approaches: leading OSS firms tend to rely on R&D and acquisitions as intensely as leading proprietary companies do. Second, there is evidence of convergence in business models: through dual-licensing models, top OSS firms derive substantial portions of their revenues from licenses, just as many proprietary companies do. Third, there is evidence of convergence in strategic interactions: the competitive strategies that a company follows do not really hinge on the 'proprietary versus open-source' dichotomy, but on whether a firm feels threatened in the software layer where its core assets are located. This evidence of convergence raises a number of interesting questions for economic theory and for the analysis of the industry's future evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the 2004 National Nursing Assistant Survey and other survey data to examine the characteristics and experiences of immigrant and non-immigrant certified nursing assistants (CNAs) in nursing facilities. Descriptive results focus on differences in personal characteristics, working conditions, extrinsic rewards, work experiences, job satisfaction, and workplace discrimination. The findings indicate that immigrant CNAs are older, better educated, and somewhat more highly paid than their non-immigrant counterparts but also experience substantial levels of discrimination and language-related communication barriers at work. The paper discusses major policy issues that arise from the increase in immigrant labor in long-term care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community media represent a crucial input in development processes, playing an important role in democratisation, social struggles, and awareness raising. But they often face difficulties on the financial and legal levels due to the constraints created by national media laws. This paper shows the link between community communication and human development. It provides suggestions for development advocates and communities regarding advocacy for a policy environment supportive of community media. It reflects on the licensing process and financial sustainability of the projects. In demonstrating how practically media policy can be reshaped to meet civil society needs, two case studies are considered: the UK, where the communication regulator has opened a process to license community radios; and Brazil, where thousands of 'illegal' community stations are facing repression, but where the regulator has inaugurated a consultation process with practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on Zeichner's levels of reflection (Liston and Zeichner 1996), this study uses a fine-grain analysis of portfolio entries to describe the reflective practice of a cohort of preservice secondary education teachers as they student teach, participate in a student teaching seminar, and prepare the Vermont Licensure Portfolio. The paper raises questions about the tension between satisfying state mandates while facilitating critical reflection among preservice teachers and recommends a broader curriculum for teacher education programs to further develop preservice teachers' critical reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between state murder rates and the liberalization of conditions under which a citizen can obtain a permit to carry a concealed weapon (shall-issue laws) is controversial and important for policy. Many analyses have been done during the last decade, but regression to the mean has been ignored with the exception of two papers which concluded that it did not matter. We consider state murder rates for 1976-2001 and compare relative murder rate slopes (relative to the U.S. murder rate) for the five years following state adoption of shall-issue laws to the five years preceding for the 25 states becoming shall-issue in 1981-1996. We find strong evidence for regression to the mean. Using both a random and a fixed effects model, we compare analyses ignoring the regression effect via a paired t-test to those controlling for it by conditioning on the pre shall-issue slopes. We find that controlling for regression to the mean changes the sign of the estimated intervention effect on murder rate slopes from negative to positive, has strong impact on statistical significance, and gives no support to the hypothesis that shall-issue laws have beneficial effects in reducing murder rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Head injuries are the most common cause of fatality in vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions. To reduce the incidence and severity of such injuries, subsystem tests are used in which headform impactors are impacted upon the vehicle hood. The development and validation of an adult headform impactor finite element (FE) model are presented in the study. The geometry was obtained from a drawing of a physical headform while the skin material model was modeled as viscoelastic material with parameters identified by FE optimization to match quasi-static and dynamic test data reported in literature. Overall, it was shown that the geometrical and inertial characteristics of the headform FE model developed in this study satisfy compliance and certification regulations. Then, the results from a hood design optimization using simulations of a headform-to-hood impact test are presented. The baseline design was a generic hood design consisting of two plates connected by buckling structures. Minimization of the underhood clearance space subjected to the admissible limit of head injury risk under impact as constraint was included in an optimization problem. The automated design process, which considered the geometry of connecting spools and the panel thicknesses as design variables converged to an optimum design after several iterations. The methodology and recommendations presented in this paper may assist in the hood design of new vehicle models to reduce pedestrian head injuries and meet new safety requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the current taxi licensing system in Hong Kong, holders of taxi licenses are given perpetual operating right in the taxi business. Since 1995, the government has not issued any new taxi licenses. Against this background, the freely traded taxi licenses are often held as an investment asset. When there are active speculative activities, the taxi license premium may be affected more by the general economic conditions than the demand for taxi services and/or changes in the levels of taxi services. In this paper, we use the backward and forward multiple regression methods to develop the level-of-taxi-services (LOTS) and economy-wide (EW) models for understanding fluctuations in the premiums of urban and New Territories (NT) taxis from 1986 to 2002. The results suggest that variations of both urban and NT taxi license premiums can be better accounted for by factors of the EW than the LOTS models. When the policymakers review policy with regard to the taxi license, it is important for them to take a closer look not only at taxi-related factors but also at the economy-wide factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the excess demand for branch licences and the Chinese government's policy to effectively ration banking licences, this paper suggests explaining the allocation of branch licences by the objectives of the Chinese government rather than by the objectives of foreign banks. Consequently, it examines what factors determined the supply of branch licences to foreign banks in China at a micro level. This is in contrast with the existing literature that focuses almost exclusively on the demand for branch licences by foreign banks. To consider the supply of branch licences, we construct detailed data about each foreign bank's organisations in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In opposition to the claims of many cinema scholars and critics, this paper argues that the classical narrative remains largely intact in contemporary Hollywood filmmaking, if in a somewhat different form. A close analysis of the narrative of Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002) demonstrates how closely that film, an exemplar of 'post-classical Hollywood', fits the precepts of the unified, classical text. However, the film was much more popular with fan audiences than with the mass public. These opposed responses call attention to the film's status as a failed 'franchise blockbuster' - a big-budget genre epic that is constructed to appeal to both popular and fan audiences. One of the most important recent narrative developments in Hollywood, the franchise blockbuster, works within a network of transmedia texts, but should also stand alone as an autonomous narrative. While many critics are prevented by the perceived larger cultural significance of the franchise blockbuster from attempting a serious aesthetic analysis, it is incumbent upon students of contemporary Hollywood to analyze the unique ways these films address and generate different meanings for both general and specialized audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new license plate information retrieval system is designed and developed. The system has two main modules: segmentation and recognition. In segmentation, interested information on the image is extracted through the processes of Kaiser resizing, morphological filtering, artificial shifting and bi-directional vertical thresholding. In recognition module, a novel approach for principal component analysis (PCA) and fast backpropagation neural net composition is used as a recognizer. The novel approach is about the construction of Eigen space through the PCA that is used for feature extraction. Our approach is more tolerable to the problems of classical application PCA such as rotation, scaling and character width dependence. The outputs of the new feature extractor used as inputs to the fastbackpropagation neural net recognizer module. This neural network trained with scaled conjugate gradient function. For each module, alternative available methods are mentioned and proper sequence of operations is developed. Finally, overall performance of the system is exported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, governments have viewed enforcement of intellectual property rights as a purely domestic matter. With the rise of transnational corporations and the "globalization" of the economy, protection of intellectual property rights ("IPRs") are becoming ever increasing and complex. This is especially true in the medical and pharmaceutical industry, where IPRs are often viewed secondary to public health interests. While protection of a population at the expense of inventors sometimes seems compelling, all too often these arguments are manipulated to the detriment of the inventor and ultimately, the public. This paper explores the problems, current state of affairs, and solutions regarding technology transfer of the medical and pharmaceutical industry in an international context. Particular emphasis is placed on the problems of parallel or "gray market" importing, enforcement of rights among different jurisdictions, and public health-based compulsory licensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies licensing policies for the owner of a new product and addresses their welfare impact in the assessment of market failures. We show that the best licensing policy for the patent holder is fixed fee licensing with an exclusive territory clause. Consumers are also better off with fixed fees but do not prefer the exclusive territory clause. Social welfare is higher under exclusive territories when fixed costs are not too large. As for efficiency, the number of licences in the private market equilibrium falls short of the socially optimal solution. Our analysis discloses that (i) any policy measures aimed at enhancing the diffusion of technology, in terms of the number of licences, would be welcomed and, (ii) the permissive treatment received by licensing agreements with exclusive territories is justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A few weeks before the Licensing Act finally lapsed in May 1695, the Court of Chivalry heard three cases relating to the publication of ‘unauthorised’ prints of the ‘funeral pomp’ of Mary II. In one of these, a leading London publisher of prints, John Overton, was ordered to deliver up the plates from which his print of the queen's lying in state had been made, along with all copies of the print, despite the fact that the Licensing Act did not apply to prints sold separately and the Court of Chivalry had in any case no jurisdiction to enforce press control. Brief records of the cases survive in the College of Arms. This paper sets out to explain and interpret these fragments against the background of the last days of pre-publication censorship in England. Press licensing is first examined with reference to the press coverage following the death of the queen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional licensure benefits producers by creating entry barriers into the profession, but consumers might also gain if licensure induces producers to supply high levels of quality. Whether consumers or producers gain most from licensure can be determined by examining the effect of licensure requirements on aggregate consumption. This paper uses a cross-sectional model to estimate the relationship between variations in state licensure rules and consumption of child care services. The results suggest that professional interests, and not those of consumers, are dominant in the setting of regulatory standards for the US child care industry. In this paper, we turn to an alternative industry, child care, in order to test whether licensure benefits producers or consumers of child care services. Our purpose in examining the child care market is twofold: first, evidence from a different industry will provide greater power and generality to the findings of studies on medical licensure. Second, the child care market, while sufficiently similar in some respects to allow for comparison with physician services, also has certain unique quality attributes. Consumers benefit from professional licensure to the extent that licensure induces quality. This might occur if the licensing rules require the licensee to make a non-salvageable investment, such as a career-specific education, which then generates a premium stream for the licensee. It follows that, if licensure benefits consumers more than producers, then stricter licensure requirements should be accompanied by a higher level of equilibrium consumption. However, if the licensure raises rates of return for producers by more than it enhances the welfare of consumers, then the imposition of more rigorous licensure rules will reduce equilibrium consumption. In the latter case, we can conclude that producer interests have more influence than consumer interests in the setting of licensure requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparison of the results of surveys of Australian, US and UK technology transactions confirms earlier work on the limited role of patents and the wide range of transactions encompassed in technology purchase and sale. However, there is considerable variation between countries and between buyers and sellers of technology, concerning the nature of technology transactions and the perceived importance of proprietary knowledge. Joint venture activity also occurs across a wide spectrum of firms and is usually aimed at product development rather than fundamental research or process/manufacturing innovation. Most firms have problems with technology agreements and the complexity of negotiations is a key issue, although experience and learning over a range of transactions tends to reduce their importance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Discusses the significance of the British Home Office's publication of the white paper "Time for Reform: Proposals for the Modernization of Our Licensing Laws." Impact of the legislation on the opening of licensed premises; Concern on the favoring of the license trade and entertainment establishments at the expense of local residents and businesses; Implications of extended/non-typical opening hours of licensed premises.

The term ‘social licence to operate’ (SLO) is relatively new to public discourse in Aotearoa New Zealand. It is increasingly being used in the aquaculture, dairy and mining industries due to their rapid intensification and consequent impact on natural resources. For Indigenous New Zealanders, Māori, there has been contestation about land and water usage since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Māori have struggled to have their voices recognised. However, since 1975, the country has been developing a process that recognises Māori rights. For Māori, the Treaty of Waitangi is the prime ‘social licence’. In this paper, we contextualise the notion of SLO in light of the Treaty of Waitangi, specifically in the case of mineral extraction. We examine the extent to which Māori values, as expressed through Māori resource management plans, cultural impact assessments and submissions on legislation, articulate the Māori SLO and what, in turn, this offers the wider field of impact assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact assessment and social licence both derive from the discourse of business and society, following related concepts such as corporate social responsibility. However, they have different emphases, implying an organisational focus on impacts and relationships respectively. Using a case study of a large coal-seam gas project in Australia, this paper considers prospects for better integration of these concepts in practice. We interviewed 37 stakeholders – affected landholders plus representatives of government, councils, business and community-based organisations – to ascertain perceptions of impacts and relationships. Participants' perceptions are described in terms of ‘impact narratives’ and ‘relationship narratives’. Impact narratives concern long-term security of artesian water and complex trade-offs between economic and social/environmental domains. All participants perceive both positive and negative impacts; many had difficulty deciding whether to support or oppose the project as a whole. Relationship narratives concern trust in local company staff and capacity to influence company decisions. Perceptions of both impacts and relationships appear to shape the level of social licence. In turn, impact assessment may best reflect stakeholder concerns when it explicitly incorporates relational constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the concept of social licence to operate from a gender perspective. We examine the challenges associated with obtaining a gender-aware social licence for development assistance organizations working in conservative, traditional rural societies. We argue that during project activities, a development cooperation organization should take into account the contextual situation, especially in conservative societies, to ensure that women also benefit from their activities. Focusing on CARE International's JOIN project in Georgia, we identify six challenges that aid agencies face: cultural protocols and gender roles reinforce and exacerbate women's traditional disadvantage; the existing relationships between women and local authorities limits their opportunities; the limited mobility of women creates additional barriers; there is a gender disparity in access to information and resources; women are exploited as a means to access financial resources; and the out-migration of men means that many women are at risk of increasing vulnerability and may not benefit from development assistance projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harm with inappropriate and irrational use of medications is a global challenge. The need for and patient access to medicines optimisation services is apparent globally and amplified in India due to multiple reasons. Clinical pharmacists are ideally placed to promote patient safety with medicines use optimisation and other pharmaceutical care services through appropriate legislative, policy, and compensation mechanisms to achieve optimal patient outcomes. The need is for a move at a global level, an enabling organisational structure at Pharmacy Councils and in practice regulations, particularly in countries where clinical roles are still in infancy. This narrative describes the current status and future needs for development of medicines optimisation services across sectors through regulatory and organisational reforms at the Pharmacy Council of India with additional registration, continuing professional development, renewal and licensing requirements for clinical pharmacists to respond to patient and societal needs in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]