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This article engages with the scholarly debate on the supposed negative effect of immigration and diversity, and analyses its effect on two different forms of trust – community trust and generalized trust – in Spain. Our contribution is twofold. First, with census section level data of representative samples of all the Spanish municipalities, we test the propositions that relate greater ethnic diversity to social trust. Second, we address the limitations intrinsic to the crude measurement of diversity of the Herfindahl index with a systematic consideration of multiple alternative indicators of immigration-related diversity. We find evidence of a negative effect of diversity on community trust but none on generalized trust. Hence, our findings lend some support to the recent scholarship that questions that increasing diversity has a “hunkering down” effect. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article studies the determining factors of gender composition of the boards of large Spanish companies and presents a method to predict it. For this purpose, a multivariate analysis is run to identify the differences in the characteristics between firms without female directors and firms with two or more female directors or one female director if she is the chief executive officer (CEO) or chair. This research analyzes women's participation on Spanish boards in a period prior to the introduction of voluntary measures to boost female participation, so its results are not influenced by that development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores the photojournalistic practices of framing immigrants as 'others' in newspapers in Greece and Spain. Photographs are capable of transmitting ideologically charged messages in subtle ways and influencing the reception and interpretation of news, regardless of the accompanying text. Drawing on framing theory and using content analysis, this study focuses on images as text loaded with cultural meaning. Findings show that press photographs use certain techniques to frame immigrants as 'others', such as depiction in groups with limited social interaction with members of the local populations, spatial distance, lack of a symbolic communication with the viewer and depiction of expressionless faces. The practice of framing immigrants as 'others' not only reflects the dominant ideology towards them in the receiving societies, it further confirms, fixes and consequently eternalizes their perception as outsiders, as corpus alienum that cannot be incorporated in the receiving society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role of heroin in the "movida madrileña," or the urban culture of a Spain recently liberated from decades of dictatorship, in the 1980s through an analysis of the song "Princesa" by Spanish singer and poet Joaquín Sabina. It explains that the song, about a drug addict who robs a pharmacy in search of any substance that will alleviate her chronic heroin habit, shows that love is not enough to overcome drug addiction. The article notes that allusions to the libertine urban life of this period appear in other Spanish artistic genres as well, including the writings of Spanish author Luis Antonio de Villena and Spanish filmmaker Pedro Almodóvar.

Spain is one of the largest and most successful powers in international youth football, but this success has not extended to the national team. This lack of continued success seems to indicate a loss of potential. The relative age effect has been detected in football in many countries. Understanding the extent of this bias in the youth teams of Spanish elite clubs may help to improve selection processes and reduce the waste of potential. Comparisons between players from: the Spanish Professional Football League, all age categories of these clubs' youth teams, the Under-17 to Under-21 national teams, the national team, and the Spanish population, show a constant tendency to under-represent players from the later months of the selection year at all age groups of youth and Under-17 to Under-21 national teams. Professional and national team players show a similar but diminished behaviour that weakens with ageing, which suggests that talent identification and selection processes can be improved to help better identify potential talent early on and minimize wasted potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on the most important theoretical tools from the literatures on social movements and nationalism, we propose a model of the intensity of nationalist political behavior in which a community's means, motives, and opportunities assume the central roles in the initiation and escalation of nationalist contentious politics. We then test this model using multinomial logit on original data from the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain over a twenty-year period. The results demonstrate that the means, motives, and opportunities assume vital, yet nonlinear, roles in determining a community's level of electoral, violent, and nonviolent contentious activity. The findings also show that there are crucial differences in what accounts for the moves to electoral contention, to protest, and to rebellion. Several of these factors are uniformly escalatory on the intensity of contention - especially repression, social mobilization, and regime change - while others, most importantly democracy, have a moderating effect on the generation of conflict. The results further imply processes of a diffusion of rebellious activities and of an organizational-level substitution effect between violent and nonviolent forms of political behavior. At the aggregate community level, however, escalation in contention involves a "cumulative effect" rather than a classic "substitution effect." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The children of immigrants have lately become news in several European countries, where there is growing concern that their poor integration is caused by a lack of economic and social oportunities. Although Spain has only relatively recently become an immigration country, and thus the second generation is still rather small in number and only just now coming of age, there is a growing need to know what is happening to it. This article looks at the situation of the 1.5 and second generations of Moroccan, Dominican and Peruvian origin in Spain. It reports survey data collected in Madrid and Barcelona amongst 14-25-year-old young people from these three ethnic groups. The findings show that opportunities and achievements for the second generation in the spheres of education and labour are below those of their native peers; their situation only slightly improves compared to that of their parents. However, the survey data also show that there are considerable differences in educational and occupational outcomes between the three groups. The Peruvian performance is particularly poor. This is all the more surprising because their starting position and integration strategy appear to be more favourable than those of both Dominicans and Moroccans. Differences in family structure and ethnic group cohesion could well be at the root of the problem. Further study is needed to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the issue of gay marriage in Spain. Under the administration of President Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero, new legislation that would recognize and rule on the right to marriage for same-sex couples came into force. The law tries to develop the principles of equality and ideological freedom. If found opposition in some of the most conservative sectors of Spanish society. One of those, the Spanish Catholic Church, launched a campaign to defend the sanctity exclusive to heterosexual marriages.