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This study examines the influence of human activities and climate variability on 86 dams and hydropower across Iran. The term 'mirage water' is introduced to estimate the impact of these factors on inflow. Data analysis shows that out of 1729 m3s−1 of mirage water, 705 m3s−1 are contributed by anthropogenic activities and 1024 m3s−1 by precipitation deficits. This indicates that some parts of Iran's strategic investments in water resources management over the past 60 years have failed. The study underscores the necessity for enhanced management practices and infrastructure investments to ensure sustainable water resources in arid and semi-arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various ancient Iranian technologies for water harvesting and use remain relevant today for coexisting with the desert, while guaranteeing sustainable long-term development. This paper discusses innovations by traditional communities in ancient Siraf for efficient management and use of its limited water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The qanat is one of the traditional water supply systems in semi-arid zones. Today, this sustainable system is under threat from various modern phenomena. Urban sprawl is the most salient factor, which poses a major threat to these water systems (qanats). This study endeavors to explore the effect of urban expansion on the qanat fields as well as the difficulties encountered at city construction and water system junctions in the northeastern city of Mashhad, in Iran. Data analysis reveals that rapid urbanization as well as uncontrolled urban expansion has led to the intersection of city construction and qanats; especially during the last few decades. This phenomenon has resulted in the destruction of 88 qanat fields, water shortage in the city of Mashhad, and the substitution of this sustainable and environment-friendly system with alternative unsustainable water systems such as dams and wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]