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Introduction: Assessment of symptoms and rescue medication use are well-established endpoints for clinical trials evaluating asthma treatment. Objective: To evaluate the measurement properties of an asthma symptom and rescue medication use (ASRMU) diary for clinical trials involving asthma patients aged ≥12 years. Methods: Interviews with 35 patients were conducted to confirm the importance of key concepts in the ASRMU diary. Scores of symptom and rescue medication use were converted to symptom-free days (SFD) and rescue-free days (RFD). Test-retest reliability and equivalence (based on intra-class correlation coefficients [ICCs]) between paper-and-pencil and electronic (eDiary) versions were evaluated in a prospective study in 47 patients. Responsiveness of the ASRMU diary was evaluated through differences in percentage of SFD and of RFD by treatment group in eight asthma clinical trials that assessed inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting β2-agonists (LABA), alone or in combination. A ninth placebo-controlled study calculated effect sizes. Minimal important differences (MID) were determined using anchor-based methods from two trials and by interviewing 11 patients. Results: Patient interviews supported content validity for the ASRMU diary. Test-retest reliability was acceptable for SFD (ICC:0.70-0.75), but varied for RFD (ICC:0.58-0.78). Paper-and-pencil and eDiary modes of administration were equivalent (SFD, ICC = 0.84; RFD, ICC = 0.70). ICS/LABA had the largest percentage of SFD and RFD, followed by monotherapy and then placebo. MIDs were 7.7-14.7% for SFD and 8.4-15.6% for RFD. Conclusions: The ASRMU diary captures the disease-specific concepts of greatest importance to asthma patients and provides important information for asthma diagnosis and treatment evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the developed world, the historic process of fertility decline was interrupted by an unexpected period of increasing fertility called the baby boom. Recent studies suggest that a similar trend change in fertility may have occurred in many less developed nations at approximately the same time. Using cohort fertility data for 26 less developed countries from around the world taken from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, International (IPUMS-I), this paper aims to ascertain the extent to which these trend changes occurred in a large sample of countries around the world. It offers convincing proof of the existence of an upward shift in fertility among cohorts born during the 1930s, which was common to many countries in the less developed world. Despite many similarities with the baby boom, there are also differences stemming, mostly, from its timing with respect to the demographic transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do transnational integration regimes (TIRs) shape domestic developmental capacities to benefit from trade integration? Some scholars acknowledge the passive influence TIRs can have on domestic capacities to spur development. Others conceive of TIRs as active agents of change but disagree as to whether their effects are positive or negative. This paper takes issue with some of these approaches and reveals important caveats of others by investigating how the shallow mode of transnational market integration shapes domestic developmental capacities. The paper uses the developmental pathway of Ukraine's automotive industry as a case study. Strikingly, the sector maintained its peripheral position despite initial developmental features that made it as good an investment destination for multinationals as automotive sectors in other peripheral economies that eventually became more integrated in transnational value chains. I argue that it needs strong states being able to use the opportunities offered by the shallow mode of integration for development. By contrast, weak states can hardly shield themselves against capture by rent-seeking networks, since TIRs only provide limited assistance for building developmental capacities in the context of shallow integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges approaches that expect unavoidable decline in developmental state capacities as a result of European market integration. Using Romania's automotive industry as its case study, the paper shows that deep integration with the EU forecloses protectionist strategies and builds state capacities for FDI-based development instead. While Romania was initially a weak state, deep integration with the EU helped develop its core state institutions and sectoral developmental state capacities. The EU strengthened state autonomy vis-à-vis domestic actors and increased its ability to broker win-win deals among these actors and multinational corporations. It also helped create elementary state institutions that could foster industrial upgrading. The Romanian state used these capacities to enable the initial investment of multinational corporations and to incentivize them to engage in further expansion and upgrading, rather than merely to use Romania as an assembly platform. However, the state has, to date, made little effort and little use of the EU funds to broaden the scope of the beneficiaries from market integration, thereby contributing to an MNC-led exclusionary developmental pathway. While weak states might not fully use the opportunities offered by deep integration with the EU, this integration still provides more opportunities than threats for their developmental agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following is a cultural anatomy of the city of Galway in the west of Ireland. The paper traces the evolution of the cultural profile of the city over the past four decades. It places the city's recent success regarding international accolades in the context of the creative city script. This work sets out to explore how the city, once famed for its cultural producers, has evolved into a site for cultural consumption; an evolution of a city of culture making to culture taking. Reference is also made to how local government has branded the city as a creative one by targeting cultural designations (such as UNESCO Creative City; European Capital of Culture). The purpose of the paper is to situate Galway's cultural anatomy in the broader context of neoliberal urbanism, one that takes culture as ancillary amenity to attract tourists and investors. The paper finishes by positing a future path for a sustainable development for the creative/cultural sector and the city more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the contradictions that exist between economic development and gender equity in India. It deploys concepts of cultural violence and symbolic hegemony to understand how gender and caste-based violence is normalized and institutionalized over time through cultural norms. It also uses an intersectional lens to examine the layers of marginalization and oppression. Based on field studies in rural Bihar, it shows that despite development gains, old forms of gender-based discrimination and violence such as son-preference, dowry, witch-hunting, and discriminatory practices associated with menstruation persist. It notes that there are new forms of violence used by the upper caste groups against the lower ones when the latter resist and refuse to continue performing traditional caste-based tasks. We argue that this refusal by lower caste women can be seen as symbolic resistance against historically defined norms of caste. The emerging patterns of violence discussed in the paper need a more concerted and nuanced exploration of reconfigurations of relations within and between caste groups, as well as the cultural and social contexts in which changes are taking place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a newly compiled set of Chinese data, this paper puts established assumptions on the role of technological variety in perspective. It does so from two main angles. First, by documenting whether, in China, the technological variety has played a similar role for regional development as in Western economies. Second, by exploring how, more recently, this may change as China transitions towards an innovation-driven economy. In summary, its findings suggest that, while technological variety has indeed so far mattered differently for China's regional development, more recently, first traces of systemic change can be identified in both evolution of related variety and its emerging impact on aspects of regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the role of intangibles in global value chains (GVCs). We find that the intensification of the use of intangible assets within these chains has created new sources of market power. The analysis builds the notion of Intellectual Monopoly Capitalism, where government protections of intellectual property have the effect of locking in the monopoly power from intangible asset creation. We extend it to 'information rents' arising from the presence of scale economies and network externalities associated with the production of intangible assets. GVC integration requires a dense circulation of information flows to communicate specifications, standards, technical know-how in addition to costs and other operational details. The expansion of GVC trade is thus linked to a rising mobilization and circulation of intangibles and the monopoly dynamics arising from intangibles need to be assessed in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological heritage has significant impacts on development in the Global South. Projects have informed environmental policies or improved local communities' prospects in managing their heritage resources, and sites promote local economic development through tourism. However, many of these development impacts are short-lived or disappointing due to a lack of critical awareness and tracing of how the project fits with local objectives and its consequences over time. This is related to inadequate or insufficient evaluation. This paper argues that the heritage sector has much to gain from considering evaluation problems through a development lens. It reviews how archaeology contributes to development, the successes and shortcomings of past efforts, and how evaluation can help. The paper then discusses public archaeology as a natural theoretical and methodological bridge between archaeology and international development, and examines the limits of current evaluation methods, which are not systematic or focus on a limited number of impacts. Looking ahead, the review recommends testing development evaluation methods in the context of archaeological projects to develop the toolbox of evaluation methods available in the heritage sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a symposium of three ethnographic papers on the relational work of policy implementation in the context of international development. Relational work is usually unrecognized in the policy process, creating misunderstandings and barriers as well as promoting improvisation and innovation. Implementers in the cases presented – democracy promotion in Angola, rural livelihoods in India, and birth registration in Tanzania – use interpretive labor and sometimes deceit in order to carry out the creative and interpersonal work of development. Implementers often further local development goals, but ignore and subvert the disciplinary aims of development governance that seek to remake their economic, political, and social habits. These articles identify that it is the social work of forging and managing interpersonal relationships that allows development workers and intended beneficiaries to make policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spurred on by the 'reproducibility crisis', social scientists are starting to adopt research transparency practices. Research funders are largely unaware that replication work could strengthen the reliability, rigour, and relevance of their investments. The Gates Foundation commissioned the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) to award and quality assure the strongest financial services for the poor evidence. By working with the Gates Foundation to identify the studies, screen the applicants, and quality assure the seven replication research, 3ie ensured policy relevant papers. By publishing this special issue, 3ie is ensuring that the replication research is appreciated by the development community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1964 UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is often presented as a pivotal moment in the post-Second World War relations between the Global North and Global South. At this conference, Australian policymakers devised a Middle Zone policy that sought to present Australia as neither 'developed' nor 'developing'. This had significant consequences for the colonial administration of Papua New Guinea (PNG), which Australia administered as a UN Trust Territory. In the two decades following the Second World War, Australia had administered PNG in a way that promoted gradual development, arguing that the road to independence would be a slow one. By 1964, however, international pressure (exemplified by the call for UNCTAD) had made this policy less viable. This article examines the impact of UNCTAD on the decolonisation of PNG, as it sparked an acceleration of calls for PNG independence in the second half of the 1960s. The Conference also prompted indigenous leaders within PNG to engage with the increasingly diverse field of development in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Local leaders, such as Michael Somare, became increasingly prominent as decolonisation loomed large. Their developmental approaches, informed by other movements within the Global South, steadily became a part of the plan for an independent PNG. UNCTAD can be seen as a starting point for this process. By examining the connections between the 1964 UNCTAD and the decolonisation of PNG, this paper adds a new dimension to the scholarship of the Conference as well as the process of decolonisation in the Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper presents a case study on adopting a custom design system (DS) in a research and development project, where resistance from the development team was encountered. To address this challenge, a user-centric approach was taken, treating the development team as the primary users of the design system. Through interviews with developers, their pain points were identified and addressed, resulting in a refined development process and successful design system implementation. This approach enhanced collaboration between the UX and development teams, fostering a sense of ownership among developers. The case study highlights the importance of understanding and empathizing with the development team’s needs when introducing a design system. It emphasizes the value of user research within the development team and the iterative refinement of the system based on user feedback. The insights from this experience provide valuable lessons for organizations aiming to bridge the gap between UX and development, promoting the adoption and utilization of design systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development discourses have been widely criticized for creating hierarchical dichotomies, such as "developed" (the global North) and "developing" (the global majority), with the former being the ideal standard to which the rest must catch up. The development paradigm has infiltrated academic spaces globally, including international research collaborations, creating various categories such as (non)scientific (local) expertise. We see such hierarchies as mechanisms of legitimation to maintain the ongoing subjugation of African scholars based on the historical and contemporary asymmetries in global knowledge production. Informed by the experiences of five female African doctoral researchers in the Netherlands, this paper problematizes and disrupts the concepts of "Expert" and "local expert". We question the relevance of these concepts in a context where global knowledge production continues to feed from coloniality and also question the old power relations that continue to enable knowledge inequalities between the global North and global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the growing emphasis on mobilizing private finance for development. Previous critiques have rightly highlighted the dangers of this turn, which empowers the extractive operations of financial capital at the expense of states and populations in the global south. This article calls for a more careful examination of what is driving this trend. Many previous analyses treat the turn to private finance as reflective of the interests of finance capital. The article highlights two empirical challenges for this reading: there is demonstrably little actual interest on the part of finance in engaging with development projects, and formal development interventions have sought to mobilize private capital using broadly similar tools since at least the 1960s. I argue in the final part of this paper that we should view the private turn as the latest of many failure-prone efforts to grapple with intensifying social and ecological contradictions amid overaccumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear Dynamic Systems Theory has been used by researchers in development for over 25 years. This paper demonstrates how this theory applies to psychodynamic development throughout the life cycle and illustrates how it can be used to explain change in psychoanalytic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislature–executive impasse is one of the challenges Nigeria's democracy has been facing since its transition back to civil rule on May 29, 1999. The polity has been witnessing conflicts between the legislature and the executive over budget matters. Despite certain provisions of the 1999 constitution aimed at rectifying some of the problems identified with legislature–executive relations in the previous Republics, the Fourth Republic also followed the confrontational and conflictual power relations between the executive and the legislature. This study seeks to look beyond a constitutional solution to manage the intermittent imbroglio between the legislature and the executive with a view to fostering good governance and development. The study relies on secondary data. The paper investigates the factors responsible for legislature–executive conflictual relations; and the effects of this impasse on budget, governance and development. It also examines the mechanisms for legislature–executive collaborative relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a paradox of social capital in Central Asia. Despite the efforts of the international community to promote civil society in the region, Central Asia has one of the most restrictive environments for associational life. Accordingly, the main goal of this paper is to change discourses about civil society in Central Asia and call for more research on the impact of social capital on development outcomes. Development efforts should recognize that besides non-governmental organisations, other networks and associated norms of reciprocity can foster positive social capital for the transformation of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The copepod genus Oithona is among the most abundant mesozooplankton in both eutrophic and oligotrophic waters. This paper reports the individual and combined effect of temperature and pH on the development, reproduction success, and feeding preference of the tropical species Oithona rigida. Experiments were conducted at different temperature (28, 30, 31, and 32°C) and pH (7.7, 7.9, and 8.1) conditions. Effects on vital rates were observed for different developmental stages and adult males. Sex ratio varied from near 1:1 at 28°C to almost entirely female at 32°C. Egg production and hatching success were maximum at 30°C and pH at 7.9. O. rigida preferred the motile green alga Dunaliella salina in terms of ingestion rate, feed selectivity, and egg production across all the temperature and pH conditions. Long-term studies are needed to validate the adaptability of this species to a variety of climate impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foundational to Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) was the influence of Marx's theory of historical materialism. Vygotsky's work radically rejected the traditional approaches of developmental psychology. The ZPD centralized the importance of potential development not only by measuring or testing what a child could perform, but a tool to observe developmental change as a dialectical product of society and material life. In other words, social structures and the dynamic material world play a significant role in shaping the child's development. It follows then that contemporary uptakes of Vygotsky's ZPD likewise would be remiss to neglect the importance of historical materialism and take account of the dynamism of modern capital. This paper offers for further engagement the Zone of Proximal Privilege—a contemporary uptake of Vygotsky's work that explores the ways that the excesses of capital have created vast educational privileges for some while constricting access and development for many others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between governance and economic development. Specifically, it empirically investigates what "good enough" governance means in post-Soviet Eurasia with an emphasis on Central Asia. The subject is crucial for international donors in terms of optimizing interventions to effect change. The findings shed some light not only on which governance dimensions are critical to secure economic growth but also on how much good governance is needed to yield developmental dividends. In this respect, the analyses confirm Grindle's hypothesis that not all governance dimensions affect economic performance. The evidence supports a more radical version of Grindle's argument, namely that political stability is the most crucial component in Central Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orijit Sen's graphic narrative The River of Stories is a critique of the exclusionary and discriminatory ideals of traditional humanism, the developmental models based on such ideals, and explores sustainable alternatives and posthumanist perspectives. This article attempts to demonstrate how the narrative visibilizes the otherwise imperceptible violence, both human and ecological, of modern developmental activities rooted in traditional humanism's anthropocentric stances and thereby presents an urgent call for embracing posthumanist perspectives and sustainable models of development. The article also discusses how the narrative exposes the injustices meted out to the others, categorised as the nonhumans and sensitises the readers to rethink the notions of human, nonhuman, ethics, justice and rights from a posthumanist perspective. Furthermore, the paper scrutinises how the narrative with its posthumanist traits and subject matters, juxtaposes multiple temporalities that enable it to capture the crises of the Anthropocene and illustrates the interconnectedness of all life forms, thereby engendering consciousness and posthumanist ways of looking in the readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study will discuss the impact pathways associated with a practice-led impact and engagement project based in the Pacific through the establishment of The Pacific Community Filmmaking Consortium. The project aims to support community-based and participatory media production as a creative and credible approach to influencing policy and communities in relation to gender inequality and gender-based violence in the region. The project commissioned and produced a slate of eight films, Film4Gender, by Pacific filmmakers on the theme of gender-based violence, gender inequality and Pacific responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. The project aims to give visibility to and build capacity amongst a network of Pacific community-based filmmakers and organisations whose work with communities addresses gender inequality in vernacular terms, with local participation and frames of reference. Supporting their work opens up alternative routes to understanding and influencing gender inequality in the Pacific. The Consortium's approach to practice aims to foreground the potential impact of processes of production and distribution of Pacific-made films on individuals, institutions and communities. Drawing on interviews with the filmmakers, this paper demonstrates how some of the project's first-year impact pathways reflect broader concerns of sustainability of practice and development in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how racial discrimination and agro-industrial development undermine the right to food of Indigenous communities in the West Papuan district of Merauke. Traditional forest foodways express the cultural and territorial identity of Marind and affirm their intimate and ancestral relations with each other and with the sentient forest ecology. Yet these foodways are routinely cast as culturally, evolutionarily, and nutritionally backward by State and corporate actors. Paternalistic development discourses, compounded with the rhetoric of national food security, have legitimated rampant deforestation and agribusiness expansion, with dire impacts on local food availability, access, and quality. Drawing from Chamorro scholar and activist Craig Santos Perez' concept of 'gastrocolonialism', I argue that the contemporary transformation of Marind's alimentary regimes is rooted in and perpetuates the historically entrenched, racialised violence of settler-colonialism and attendant human rights abuses in West Papua. Gastrocolonialism operates alongside other forms of structural and everyday discrimination enabled by the systemic violation of Indigenous communities' right to free, prior, and informed consent – from population dilution and settler favouritism, to land appropriation and Indigenous displacement. I conclude by assessing the potential of framing alimentary racism in West Papua through the lens of food as right, security, sovereignty, and justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Mapithel dam in Northeastern state of Manipur in India as a site of contestation between the state-led development agenda and the affected tribal people. Based on discursive field experiences, the paper reflects upon the competing values in relation to land use and ownership systems and raises a question – as to whether in the name of development, is the government eroding tribal people’s right over their land and resources? The Mapithel dam issue not only invites serious deliberations beyond dam construction and its social and ecological ramifications but also contemplates on the various dynamics in and through cultural identity, politics, and natural resources. The paper addresses some key aspects of the very political closure approach which emphasizes state’s hegemony through forceful intrusion into the life, livelihood, and ‘lebenswelt’ of tribal people and infringement of their traditional rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Psychoanalysis is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the role of community-based water resource management in community development in Cameroon. Natural resources across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been managed from centralized systems and this has resulted into massive marginalization and disenfranchisement of rural communities. However, there is now a shift in policy interventions towards adopting pro-community approaches in resource management. Although this paradigm is increasingly becoming common, key questions on how to propagate the participation of the most vulnerable members of a community and the impact on community development remain pertinent. Using both secondary and empirical data collected though tools inspired by the traditional of participatory research; it is argued in the paper that community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has the potential to imbue the full participation of local people in any development issues and changes rural societies and communities in sub-Saharan African countries. Rural Cameroon, like many other rural regions in sub-Saharan Africa faces a myriad of challenges, among which include water resource governance. This paper therefore, explores the role of CBNRM in sustainable management of potable water resources. This has been explored within contemporary theoretical and development debates on natural resource management in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper traces the development of capitalism in England, the Americas, and West Africa over a long time period, 1450–1900. The developments in these major regions of the Atlantic Basin during the period were strongly interconnected and ultimately gave rise to the nineteenth-century Atlantic economy which integrated the major economies of the Atlantic world. The development of capitalism in the three specified geographical areas is analyzed in the context of the interconnected developments. Central to the historical analysis is a discussion of the contending conceptions of capitalism as a socioeconomic system. The paper shows that the original conception by Karl Marx, which identified free wage earners separated from their means of production and entrepreneurs who own those means of production as the defining elements, was generally accepted by supporters and critics for several decades; attempts to redefine began in the 1960s. The paper contends that, unlike the original Marxian conception, the new conceptions fail to capture precisely and accurately the dynamic elements which distinguish capitalism unambiguously from other forms of socioeconomic organization and do not facilitate a sharply focused historical investigation of its development over time. The employment of enslaved Africans in large-scale commodity production in the Americas was critical to the development of capitalism in England and in the Americas, but the adverse effects on West Africa’s economies held back the development of markets and the market economy and, ultimately, the development of capitalism in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, I will interrogate the new ‘Sustainable Development Goals’ (SDGs), with a view to understanding the place of migration therein. This analysis is undertaken for the purpose of anticipating (or forecasting) the unintended consequences of the inclusion of migration within this new development agenda. The key argument advanced in this paper is that the SDGs represent a normative framing of migration that sustains a problematic understanding of migration, and reproduces a vision of development that has long been implicated in the production of unequal and deleterious migrant mobilities. I show that while the SDGs redress the previous silence on migration in the Millennium Development Goals, they continue to normalize a problematic understanding of the role of migration in the global organisation of development. This will, in all likelihood, do little to transform the structural and political impediments to sustainable and equitable migrations, and thus deny the promises of development to many people on the move. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In response to the provocation of this special issue, about the extent to which we might be ‘beyond recognition’ out of concern for its colonising tendencies, this paper enquires into norms of recognition in international development. The paper establishes development as a site in which governmentality operates (following Tania Murray Li), in which coloniality is at play, and which also forms a field of recognition. I provide an analysis of a land-based recognition claim by the minority ethnic Nubians in Kenya, and the non-recognition of this claim by the Kenya Slum Upgrading Project. The paper identifies three particular explanations for this non-recognition, all of which exhibit coloniality: the epistemic context, the programmatic nature of the development and hierarchies of personnel. Together, these phenomena precluded the project from engaging in the difficult but necessary discussion around the Nubians’ claim because it was too political. The paper concludes that though we have cause to be concerned about the effects of coloniality on recognition regimes partly constituted by international development, international development has its limits in the milieu in which it operates, and political subjects can and do turn away from it to engage other, albeit imbricated, fields of recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper discusses women's strategies during the economic reforms with a focus on housing policies. It uses the housing issue to address the importance of identifying impacts on both women as individuals and as family members when evaluating development programs. A case study of a family in Cairo illustrates the issues involved. The paper then considers modifications for impact assessment of programs so that the concept of end user is broadened to include the woman and the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we face different crises – democratic, social and environmental – there is a need to rethink the assumptions we have made about sustainable development. This paper aims to consider alternatives to development and their fundamental connections to economics. Because discourse is connected to practice, it is important to question definitions. By drawing on existing theories, discourses and practices, I present an economic perspective to accompany post-developmentalist theories and contribute to the collective thinking on alternatives to development. Using the framework of Polanyi, I show that the mainstream view of development, based on a formal definition of economics, has not only failed to address the needs of many but also built a strong imbalance between the Global North and the Global South. A substantive view could be the basis for an alternative to development, relying on the relationship between basic needs, nature and institutions. Profound transformations are needed to balance the economy, society and the environment. To achieve these transformations, alternatives to development must involve rethinking structures, re-embedding the economy and considering the power of collectives and the multiplicity of ideas across the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale/purpose: Variant organisations across Australia have implemented specific programs to increase the participation of people from CaLD backgrounds in sport and active recreation. Academic research that explores the process and outcomes of these programs, however, is quite limited. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses focus groups to draw on the local experiences of participants and service deliverers to explore the benefits for participants of specifically designed and delivered CaLD sport and active recreation programs. Findings: Emergent themes suggest these programs offered opportunities for individual empowerment as participants enhanced their psychological well-being, developed sport-related and other life skills, and strengthened social relationships. Practical implications: Programs that adopt a model of co-design and co-delivery, and offer value outside of the actual delivery component, which is most often the focus of service providers, may provide enhanced benefits for participants. Research contribution: This study focuses on local voices and their sport and active recreation experiences to consider how they can be better managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impacts of conflicts on universities and considers the corresponding implications for their ability to contribute to post-war recovery. Pushing against the methodological individualism associated with notions of human capital loss, I concentrate on the interaction between conflict and the social constitution of universities. I argue that the ways in which universities as social groups embody experiences of conflict can powerfully influence how they operate and how they interact with post-war peacebuilding and development. To operationalise the framing of universities as social groups, I introduce the concept of a university substrate as a means of thinking through the evolving constitution of universities. Drawing on 31 semi-structured interviews with university actors in Jaffna and elsewhere in Sri Lanka, I explore the case of the University of Jaffna and how it has been shaped by conflict. I outline the moulding of its social constitution by waves of departure during the conflict and by the environment created by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, the main non-state actor in the war. This case study illustrates how the substrate lens can capture dynamics that are missed by human capital approaches and can help better explain the legacies of conflict for universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revolves around women tourism entrepreneurs in the Pacific island nation of Samoa where an ancient way of living (fa'a Samoa) co-exists with colonial heritage and a growing tourism industry. By adopting a perspective sensitive to socio-cultural specificities, we examine the ways that the socio-cultural context both enables and impedes the empowerment of women managing tourism accommodations. In this venture, we draw on an ethnographic field study in the rural island of Savai'i, including semistructured interviews as well as informal conversations with locals, observations and the participation in everyday practices. We pinpoint and discuss the main sources of power and power-relations that women entrepreneurs need to command in order to run their businesses. Finally, we conclude that no (wo)man is an island, as we are all part of, and depend on, intrinsic social structures for our welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between female labour force participation (FLFP) and economic development is far more complex than it is often described in academic literature. Most studies have relied on income as the only proxy for development. In this paper, we re-examine this relationship from a multidimensional perspective. A principal component analysis method was used in order to cluster the information contained in multiple development indicators. The analysed data include the following dimensions: access to basic services, environment, inequality, poverty, education, economic structure, health, income and FLFP. The results provide evidence about the existence of a U-shaped relationship between development and FLFP. Least and most developed countries have the highest levels of FLFP and, conversely, countries with intermediate levels of development have the lowest. We observed that MENA and South Asian countries present a lower FLFP in relation to what is expected for their level of development. Our estimates suggest that FLFP is also affected by social, cultural and legal norms. Thus, greater freedom to travel or work as well as the existence of laws that criminalize workplace harassment promote FLFP. This suggests that differences in FLFP are explained by economics and non-economic factors and policy makers should explicitly consider this multidimensionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The threat posed by zoonotic diseases and other livestock pathogens has never been greater, and thus we must do all we can to learn from experience in order to tackle emerging disease threats. The process of developing a new veterinary vaccine involves the generation of a specific set of data in order to meet the strict product licencing requirements of regulatory approval bodies around the globe. As a result, it is important that those embarking on the development of a vaccine using either conventional or novel platform technologies understand these regulations. In addition, there are a number of specific requirements that one needs to take into consideration when developing a product specifically for the commercial poultry market. This paper briefly outlines the veterinary vaccine development process in general and then explores how this process can be accelerated. It also recognizes the "One Health" lessons that can be learnt from the recent rapid development of vaccines to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic and acknowledges the important measures that regulatory authorities have taken in the creation of an environment to facilitate the licencing of new vaccine platform technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Interactions is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper explores the migration–development nexus in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) from the perspective of the development policies vis-à-vis returnees and refugee migrants from 1995 onwards. In order to understand the link between the two, the paper elaborates on the Center for Local Development and Diaspora (CLDD) model established between the City of Stockholm and six municipalities in BiH. The key question is how ‘development’ can be understood under the complexities of the economic and social transformation processes in BiH. The empirical evidence – based on interviews with individuals conducted in BiH and Sweden in 2012 – suggests that the meaning and implications of ‘development’ recommended by the CLDD model differ from how returnees and refugee migrants perceive these. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Over the last 20 years, international development agencies like SNV Netherlands Development Organisation have hesitantly become involved in tourism. This paper explains the complex and rarely researched political and technical issues behind the working practices, drivers and beliefs of an aid agency seeking to alleviate poverty via tourism development. Based on insiders’ commentaries and documentary sources, it presents five phases of the conceptual and material ordering of tourism within SNV. The phases took SNV from opposition to tourism work, through Community-Based Tourism (CBT), expansion, links to Millennium Development Goals, working in partnership with the private sector and an overall increasing need to deliver defined short term results – to closure. It explains how and why tourism became an important part of development work and how changing policy discourses and practices of international and national organisations influence the way tourism is practised as part of development work. It shows that SNV itself stimulated strong international debates about tourism and development. It concludes that relations between tourism and development remain highly contested and require the continual production of “success”. SNV is now gradually closing its poverty reduction through tourism work. The paper reflects on lessons that might be learned from the SNV story. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper discusses and tests the importance of institutions, geography, and terms of trade in Latin America during the Washington Consensus (WC) reform years. The paper argues that the WC overlooked these three important factors of growth, known as the "deep determinants of growth." The paper discusses the history and failures of the WC and creates an empirical test to determine the importance of the omitted growth factors. The empirical section uses a large panel data set and employs the Hausman-Taylor (1981) estimator to account for time-variant and time-invariant variables. The data includes several measures of institutions, geography, and terms of trade to provide broad evidence. Our results are consistent with the previous literature, showing that institutions are important to growth. Once institutions are controlled for, measures of geography have statistically weak direct effects on income per capita. The paper shows that both openness to trade and an overvalued real exchange rate are detrimental to growth in Latin America. These results provide evidence that institutions and terms of trade are vitally important to Latin American growth, and should not have been ignored by WC policy advisers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contributing to the debates about how and why petroleum resource governance regimes develop and change, this paper explores how competing discourses from different scales influence policy formulation processes and foster change. Discourses frame the problems and dictate the spectre of possible solutions, thus having social consequences in 'the real world'. Exploring the example of the recent experiences of petroleum resource governance in Tanzania, the analysis shows how discourses of petroleum resource governance adjust in interaction with other aspects of the specific national context in which resource governance occurs. The requirements of good governance found in the literature and international policy initiatives are coupled with a call for industrialisation. The inheritance from Nyerere; the experiences with the mining sector; and a high degree of distrust for foreign companies take the petroleum resource governance in the direction of resource nationalism. Designing an alternative policy agenda, the Tanzanian government has found a room to manoeuvre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NGO sector has been widely criticised for their failure to demonstrate the ideals of partnership in practice, especially between INGOs and their local NGOs in developing countries. Previous literature asserts that conventional partnership often fails to demonstrate its ideals in practice because INGO donors wield enormous power and influence over their local NGO partners because of their control over funds. Using face-to-face interview, focus group discussion, participant observation and documents analysis, firstly, this paper investigates whether ActionAid Nigeria and its local NGO partners share a common understanding of the ideals of partnership? Secondly, it investigates whether these partnership ideals are actually demonstrated in practice. Empirical observations have shown that there is a common understanding of the key principles and values of partnership between the INGO donor and their local partners in Nigeria. In addition, the findings suggest ActionAid Nigeria and its local NGO partners are striving to demonstrate these ideals in practice. Also, the study suggests that the INGO donor and its local NGO partners are willing to promote mutual accountability in their partnership engagements to promote concrete changes in the lives of the beneficiaries of their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Critical African Studies is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay critically examines the discourse of participation in development finance directed at the poor in the Global South from national and international development agencies. This discourse, often termed financial inclusion, posits the ability of development actors to reach the poor involving them in important economic decisions affecting their lives, provides access to products that improve their material conditions, and ensures their credit worthiness through highly nuanced information technology and social media tools. The paper presents evidence from two ethnographically inspired studies undertaken by the author in India and Kenya to ascertain the ways in which the participatory discourse in finance is understood among societal participants themselves. The paper presents relevant epistemes for analyzing what 'grassroots' actors understand as their participation in development-oriented financial inclusion projects. The study forwards two major conclusions: (1) 'habits of authority' among various development actors thwart effective participation; (2) technology platforms that allow for successive innovations and interconnections from businesses and other organizations encourage financial inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an increasingly financialized real estate industry now becoming manifest on a global scale, there has also emerged an ever-increasing tendency for the circulation of images used in its promotion, including lifestyle magazines, on-line adverts and on-street hoardings. In drawing upon Dublin as a case study, and with a particular focus upon stylized hoardings surrounding new urban developments, this paper analyses the relationship between the production of urban space and image-making strategies. The paper emphasizes the relationship between the hoardings and associated promotional material and the distinctive spatial attributes in demarcating meanings. It is here argued that the hoardings represent a further internalization of entrepreneurial logics in reshaping urban space. This is illustrated through a number of identified trends that draw upon notions of the 'local' and 'global', while also projecting an imagined future and simultaneously celebrating the past of the city. Although always open to negotiation and disruption, ultimately, the effect of stylized hoardings in the production of urban space is to reinforce the dominance of the real estate industry in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a resurgence of interest in time-use research driven, inter alia, by the desire to understand if development interventions, especially when targeted to women, lead to time constraints by increasing work burdens. This has become a primary concern in agriculture-nutrition research. But are time-use data useful to explore agriculture-nutrition pathways? This study develops a conceptual framework of the micro-level linkages between agriculture, gendered time use, and nutrition and analyzes how time use has been conceptualized, operationalized, and interpreted in agriculture-nutrition literature on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The paper argues that better metrics, but also conceptualizations and analytics of time use, are needed to understand gendered trade-offs in agriculture-nutrition pathways. In particular, the potential unintended consequences can be grasped only if the analysis of time use shifts from being descriptive to a more theoretical and analytical understanding of time constraints, their trade-offs, and resulting changes in activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the long‐term ties between security, development, and fear in Guatemala. I argue that as the development apparatus in Guatemala has long been structured around violence and security concerns, development encounters in the contemporary era continue to be shaped by fear. The confluence of multiple mechanisms of fear, including the legacies of violence, surveillance, and coercion, structure development encounters in profound ways. Drawing on semistructured interviews with development practitioners, I examine their perceptions of fear's impact on development encounters at the local level to highlight the problematic culture of fear rhetoric, which serves to obscure practices through which lived experiences of fear are reproduced. Emphases on social cohesion, solidarity, and behaviors which "better contribute" to development work to mask the racialized elements of these discourses and ultimately serve to silence and delegitimize indigenous demands for structural change and justice in the country [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional understanding of geographical space as a given place is now insufficient. It should be analysed in a wider context of social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects as well as psychological and emotional factors. It signifies that also a tourist destination, which is of geographical character, should be studied as a set of similar factors. In this respect, a given destination is characterized by particular complexity and multi-dimensionality, which generate an ontological question concerning its nature. On the other hand, including the whole complexity of destinations, an epistemological issue concerning the possibility of their cognition remains open. Taking into account these considerations, a research problem related to the nature destinations as well as the possibility of their development has been formulated. The problem is followed by the hypothesis, which assumes that the measure of tourist development of destinations is the achievement of the state of tourist sustainability. Wherein the tourist sustainability is understood as an advantage of benefits gained from tourism over the costs of its development. In the empirical part of the paper, a method for assessment of development of destinations has been presented. This relies on social constructionist foundations and is related to the model of sustainable tourism whose assumptions have been applied as theoretical bases. The method itself was positively tested in an actual environment of five tourist towns and can be treated as a universal tool for measuring the state of tourist sustainability (unsustainability) of different destinations and in consequence, it can constitute a useful device for the management of tourist areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]