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This paper presents qualitative field research conducted at a radiology department in the USA. It examines 'the radiologist at work' and analyses the intersubjective ground for her individual diagnostic intentions and personalized strategies for enacting diagnostically-relevant experiences via imaging technology. The paper incorporates the radiologists' use of 'enactive proofs'—observations and professional memories made explicit through their interaction with medical imaging technology and other practitioners in the field. The observations strongly support the development of enactive phenomenology and provide a critique of representationalism and of the primacy of inference in cognition. The results demonstrate the crucial role of shared intentions, providing insight into expert performance in the form of concrete dealings with imaging technology, habituality, the origin of mistakes, multilayered communication, and discovering new ways for improving professional praxis. The findings have much to offer to philosophy, anthropology and radiological practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from an ethnographic study with families who relocated from the United States to Mexico, I explore what I call parents' transborder pedagogies of the home, or the home-based educational practices that adults with experiences across transnational institutions draw upon to prepare their children for life and learning on both sides of the border. I argue it is important to understand parents of forced repatriation as transborder thinkers who draw upon a range of transnational knowledges that push against mononational expectations to educate their children and make challenging schooling decisions. Findings illustrate how caregivers and children may vary in their alignment regarding these decisions, especially when U.S.-born children's return to the United States for schooling would entail new arrangements of family separation due to the lack of authorised pathways for their parents' return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applied communication interventions call for detailed knowledge of the scene and the cultural assumptions that inform the communication taking place. This paper shows how Cultural Discourse Analysis (CuDA) was used to study the practice of 'conversation' in English language learners (ELLs) groups at a public library in the Western United States. The analysis demonstrated that 'conversation' is a culturally specific practice requiring elucidation. This led to the design of storytelling workshops that helped participants improve their language skills and cultural knowledge. Data were collected in a three-phase project: (1) a preliminary ethnography(2) a design phase to create a strategic plan for addressing concerns, and (3) an applied communication intervention consisting of storytelling workshops for ELLs. The paper provides a model for conducting applied communication research using an ethnographic, culture-centered approach, and demonstrates the value of storytelling as a practice for improving English language education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstracts of the Proffered Papers Meeting held at the Institute of Education, University of London, in London, England on September 20, 2002, on study of human biology. Historical population structure of Ocracoke Island, Outer Banks, North Carolina; Comparison of anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry estimates of body fat in African children; Growth of South African urban children during the 1990s.

Background: While research on trans People of Color's experiences has been increasing in recent years, this intersectional work has often not included a focus on the specificities of multiracial and multiethnic trans experiences. Aims: This study explores shifts in racial identity by multiracial/multiethnic trans people as they transition gender and the ways Whiteness and nationalist ideology shape their racialized gender experiences. Methods: This paper is based on six in-depth, semi-structured interviewswith self-identifiedmultiracial, multiethnic, andmulti-heritage trans people in the USA. Data collection centered participants' experiences of self-identification and interactionswith others (e.g., family, acquaintances, and strangers). Results: As participants transitioned gender and were acknowledged by others in their gender identity, shifts in their embodiment were used by others to ascribe a new racialized gender. This often resulted in participants reflecting on their sense of self and racialized gender identities in new ways. Discussion: Multiracial and multiethnic transgender people's experiences in transitioning race confirm the importance of intersectional analysis, reveal the intersectional fluidity of social categories, explicate how social understandings of one category (e.g., race) influence another category (e.g., gender), demonstrate that the meanings associated with racialized gender are based in relations of power, and show that, in transgender studies particularly, we must attend to the ways that the concept of transition implicates not only gender, but also other categories such as race and nationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper calls for a critical reframing of masculinity as an intersectional construct in the HIV epidemic and in public health. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of 56 Black men who have sex with men and women in the San Francisco Bay Area. Men described their sexual identities and practices via complex narratives of masculinity that drew on subordinated and resourceful adaptations to the structural effects of racism, economic marginalisation and homophobia. By focusing on men whose experience of masculinity operates outside fixed identity categories, the paper draws attention to the intersectionality that is, by necessity, constitutive of men's lived experiences. Findings suggest the value of an integrative framework for understanding Black masculinities as processes and practices simultaneously informed by structural inequalities (racism, economic marginalisation and/or homophobia, in particular) and cultural meanings of gender. By utilising an intersectional approach, public health and sociology can better understand the concurrent resilience and vulnerability of masculinities, while building an interdisciplinary understanding of the symbolic role of Black masculinities in the USA, as well as a means by which to promote health and well-being in and through these gendered contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance to simple narratives in education research comes from the stance that they render findings useless for the political work of understanding contexts of education as they exist today. This paper interrogates three stories of masking choices from a four year postcritical ethnographic study in the rural rustbelt Midwestern United States. These stories make visible how masking operates as both process and product within and part of white supremacist and colonizing systems. The author calls critical qualitative and postcritical researchers to interrogate the role of protection, answerability, and specificity in their work towards justice in terms of masking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the grid of sentiment that structures medical travel to India. In contrast to studies that render emotion as ancillary, the paper argues that affect is fundamental to medical travel's ability to ease the linked somatic, emotional, financial, and political injuries of being ill 'back home'. The ethnographic approach follows the scenes of medical travel within the Indian corporate hospital room, based on observations and interviews among foreign patients, caregivers, and hospital staff in Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, and Bangalore. Foreign patients conveyed diverse sentiments about their journey to India ranging from betrayal to gratitude, and their expressions of risk, healthcare costs, and cultural difference help sustain India's popularity as a medical travel destination. However, although the affective dimensions of medical travel promise a remedy for foreign patients, they also reveal the fault lines of market medicine in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the identity politics of the US Patriot Movement and how it addresses the anxieties its primary constituency—working-class whites—have with globalization. White workers find themselves straddling an identity fault under globalization. By virtue of their class, they suffer exploitation within a capitalist system. By virtue of their race, they find themselves the beneficiaries of racial privileges. To analyse how a patriot politic addresses this dual positionality, a poststructuralist identity theory is employed, focusing on a subset of this literature known as whiteness studies. It is argued that discourses of patriotism keep patriots from addressing the economic basis of many of their grievances while buttressing notions of cultural/racial superiority through 'safe' nationalistic coding. The Patriot Movement in Central Kentucky is examined as a case study—in particular,its deployment of a patriot politic around two issues: calls to legalize industrial hemp and efforts to stop the designation of a biosphere reserve in the state.This paper's conclusions are situated within a current debate in whiteness studies between those calling for the abolition of whiteness and those calling for its reconstruction. The paper contends that disidentification is not a viable option without alternative categories to replace it. The willingness of Kentucky patriots to galvanize around a patriot politics despite realizing goals through it indicates that working-class whites are anxious for political categories of action in the new global era. Given that working-class whites are mobilizing around categories that code their race-based anxieties, however, reconstruction paradigms must also consider the reconstruction of categories—such as 'patriot'—that currently work to divide workers along racial lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ceremonial use of psychoactive/hallucinogenic plant based drugs, such as ayahuasca, psilocybin and others, is a growing trend in the United States (US) and globally. To date, there has been little research documenting how many people are using psychoactive substances in this context, who the users are, what benefits/risks exist in the use of these drugs and the relationship between ceremonial drug use and recreational drug use. In this paper we describe a cohort of plant medicine facilitators in the US and explore how they differentiate plant medicine use from recreational drug use. Methods: Using modified ethnography, individual interviews were conducted in 2016 with 15 participants who are currently facilitating plant medicine ceremonies in the US. Descriptive content analysis was performed to discover themes and to inform a larger mixed-method study. Results: Ceremonial drug use was seen by participants as a natural healing and treatment modality used in the context of community and ritual. Three main themes were identified relating to participants' differentiation between ceremonial plant medicine use and recreational drug use: (1) participants see a clear delineation between plant medicine use and recreational drug use; (2) plant medicine is seen as a potential treatment for addiction, but concerns exist regarding potential interference with recovery; and (3) plant medicine use may influence recreational use. Conclusions: More research is needed on who is using plant medicine, motivators for use, perceived and real risks and benefits of plant medicine use and harm reduction techniques regarding safe ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the role that forms of documentation play in faculty members' experiences of tenure and promotion. Taking an institutional ethnography approach, it examines inconsistencies and ambiguities in documents and connects them to the experiences of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) faculty at one institution in the USA. The authors argue that the university documentation surrounding tenure and promotion does not capture the actual practices and experiences of faculty members as they prepare for their tenure or promotion and that the documentation creates a ‘flexibility bind’ of tenure and promotion. Faculty members' strategies for navigating this bind are also examined. The implications of these findings for diversity among STEM faculty are also explored. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The winter of 2010 through to the spring of 2011 saw a number of high profile, nationally and locally organised student protests and occupations of university campuses all around the UK. These were a direct response to the UK government policy to lift the cap on higher education (HE) tuition fees and the reduction in government funding for HE institutions in England. To explain this revolt, I draw on the work of Thompson [1971. The moral economy of the English crowd in the 18th century.Past & Present,50, 76–136; 1993.Customs in common: Studies in traditional popular culture. New York, NY: New Press] to argue that they were a ‘moral economy’ of protests. This paper draws on a two-and-a-half-year ethnographic study of the student political community. I argue that the student community have mobilised in defence of an embedded tradition – affordable HE – and that they are politically motivated by what they consider to be an entitlement violation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on my own experience as both a student and a teacher, this paper illuminates the “gap” between the systems of anthropology education in Japanese and American universities, and argues that the major “gap” between the Japanese and the American systems of anthropology education lies in the number of professional anthropologists in the unit of teaching and that small Japanese programs with just a handful of anthropologists can offer only general apprenticeship-type training while large American departments with at least fifteen or more anthropologists can provide a wide range of courses and advisory committees of specialists matching the areas of concentration chosen by graduate students. I conclude that this “gap” in the size and style of anthropology education explains why more “star” anthropologists are produced in America than in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the impact of discourses upon teachers who strive to be professionals amidst the US No Child Left Behind era. Using qualitative research methodology and ethnographic techniques, a case study was conducted within the context of a teacher learning community comprised of two female secondary teachers and the researcher. Data were collected via transcripts of the conversations, teacher interviews, written reflections and field notes. Discourse analysis was employed to unpack discourses operating within the context of the teacher learning community. The study illustrates the push-pull relationship between constraint and possibility for teacher professionals. The paper illuminates how a teacher learning community becomes a space for agency for the 'teacher as professional' and how teacher development can be sustained within a contemporary context of compliance and accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tells a story about miscegenation between US military personnel and Okinawan women from 1945-1952, which includes sexual violence, the establishment of 'entertainment districts,' and the emergence of international marriage. Whereas this history has been mobilized by leftists as a truth-weapon in the struggle for political sovereignty from the US military, this paper takes an explicitly genealogical approach. Drawing on Foucault's work on biopower, this paper shows how Okinawans were transformed into 'petitioning subject' - subjects that negotiated the sexual exploitation of their bodies in tandem with the radically changing relationship between their bodies and the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a number of compelling reasons for companies to look outside their own organizational and national boundaries for the skills and knowledge needed to compete in the global marketplace. Improving telecommunications infrastructures around the world and highly skilled talent pools in low cost nations are only a few of the drivers motivating companies to collaborate with partner firms located abroad. Such collaboration is, however, extremely difficult to control and coordinate. This paper examines a special case of global transorganizational insourcing in which two dispersed, semi-autonomous organizations within the same parent entity collaborate on a software development project. The project involves an American and Indian team working together to develop an enterprise-wide SAP application for Transangara Corporation, a large software publishing house headquartered in the United States. Using a transorganizational development (TOD) model, the study analyzes the reasons behind the failure of the collaborating teams to meet the scheduled release deadline for the project and presents the steps taken to address the challenges. The paper concludes with a set of lessons learned and best practices for companies dealing with similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first defines race and related dehumanizing experiences and then explores the history of the study of Blacks in ethnography and in psychoanalysis before addressing the primary focus: psychoanalytical ethnography. Psychoanalytical ethnography is valuable for transforming racially wounded communities into vibrant open communities through creating a safe place for community leaders and residents to ‘play’. In the process of their play, they gradually unravel the layers of race, which most fundamentally is emotionality, and begin to engage in tasks that work towards developing a more open, welcoming community. The paper draws on the work of neo‐Freudians such as Winnicott and Kohut to develop a safe space for the researcher and focus groups to create a process of play that unpeels layers or race as an emotional scar and to develop empowering ways to transform closed communities into open communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) was originally designed as an emergency initiative, operating with considerable funds, immediate roll-out, fast scale-up, and top-down technocratic administration. In a more recent iteration, PEPFAR shifted its focus from an emergency response to more closely account for healthcare sustainability. This transition came on the heels of the 2008 financial crisis, which threatened to stall the ‘marvellous momentum’ of the 2000's boom in donor aid for global health overall. Now many programmes are having to do more with less as funding flattens or decreases. This paper examines how this transition took shape in Tanzania in 2011–2012, and the successes and challenges associated with it, using participant observation and interview data from 20 months of fieldwork in rural and urban healthcare settings. In particular, I discuss (1) efforts to increase sustainability and country ownership of HIV programmes in Tanzania, focusing on the shift from PEPFAR-funded American non-governmental organisations to Tanzanian partner organisations; (2) principal challenges stakeholders encountered during the transition, including fragmented systems of healthcare delivery and a weakened healthcare workforce; and (3) strategies informants identified to better integrate services in order to build a stronger, more equitable, and sustainable health system in Tanzania. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The openness of the concept of gentrification—its practical flexibility as a sign—makes it useful, and thus prominent, in everyday conversations about the socio-spatial changes affecting Oakland, CA and other US cities. Within gentrification studies, however, this openness has often been seen as a conceptual problem to be corrected. In this paper, rather than refine a categoric definition of gentrification, we focus on the contingent ways that a range of political actors articulate relational identities and claims in struggles over public space. We observe that, as a situated and unstable constellation of meanings and resonances, the talk of gentrification is central to urban cultural politics in places like Oakland. We thus argue that the ‘chaotic’ use of the term is neither a conceptual problem nor a political failure. Instead, it is in itself a rich and meaningful subject of research on urban life, pointing to a multiplicity of sites in which new and consequential formations of inclusion and exclusion, belonging and disbelonging, are forged in practice. Using six months of ethnographic fieldwork, we detail the struggle over Oakland First Fridays, a downtown street festival. In particular, we show how a diverse group of organizers drew on ‘gentrification’ as agrid of meaningto configure and reconfigure the event’sdeserving publicin ways that rendered commercial vendors, young people of color and political protesters increasingly out of place. We thus argue that viewing ‘gentrification’ as a grid of meaning allows us to appreciate fluctuating formations of inclusion and exclusion—formations that a too-rigid focus on gentrification as a socio-spatial and political–economic process of urban change can either naturalize or obscure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

During the first decade of Israel's existence large waves of immigrants came from Europe and the Middle East. This paper introduces an empirical study which compares the occupational socioeconomic score differentials between ethnic groups within and outside the kibbutz. The three groups examined are from Asia and Africa, from Europe and America, and the native-born population. It is found that the occupational socioeconomic score differentials after migration are lower in the kibbutz than outside it and that socioeconomic gaps outside the kibbutz increase after migration. In this paper, a model is presented which explains the empirical results. It compares the effects of migration inside the kibbutz, organized as a labour-managed firm, with the effects of migration inside the city, assumed to be organized as a perfectly competitive firm. The model also develops a gap function that quantifies the socioeconomic gaps and uses iso-gap curves to compare the premigration and postmigration gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present findings from a study of pornographic bookstores and sex paraphernalia shops. Our focus was on the Salon and Tack Room, two work settings located in a major U.S. city and catering to the sexual interests of the gay community. The most important finding was that the settings manifested an expressive orientation to work with the convergence of work and individual identity clearly evident. This was not the case with the majority of other stores we examined. The paper includes transcription of rich and colorful interview material and a discussion of the implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on how television and National Broadcasting Company Inc. (NBC) dealt with the demands of the African American community. By studying the broadcast of the television program, The Nat King Cole Show on NBC, in 1950s, views surrounding the representation of African American community has been discussed. It states that television industry during that period faced the dilemma of to meet its promise of integrating African Americans and on the other hand produce programs that would attract the advertisers. The integration policy of NBC followed the commitment of providing equality and representation to the community. NBC also provided the advertisers a chance to reach to the African American consumer market.

This paper examines changes in American ethnic groups' sentiments toward various European, Asian, African, and American countries. While the bivariate results suggest high levels of agreement among Americans about which foreign nations they like and dislike, the multivariate results indicate little consensus among ethnic group concerning which alien nations are viewed favorably and unfavorably. American ethnic group hold varied opinions toward foreign countries depending on historical period and cultural similarities between the homelands of the group in question. Results are most consistent with a "group conflict" perspective, as there are also variations in affect and animus toward nations which occurs along racial lines, with non-European ancestry groups being more favorably disposed toward "non-Western" nations than are their European ancestry group counterparts. Finally, the data show that correlates of tolerance such as education, income, age, region, political ideology, gender urbanicity, and religion lead to favorable sentiments toward some countries while leading to negative sentiments toward others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on testimonials of migration journeys of indigenous Cañaris from southern highland Ecuador, this paper examines strategies of mobility and social networking employed by migrants and facilitators in the human smuggling market. Following a series of economic crises in the late 1990s, Ecuadorian transnational migration increased significantly, with a 55.5 percent increase to the United States between 2000 and 2008, and staggering 12,150 percent increase to Spain between 1998 and 2005. This article focuses on the growth of a regional migration industry in the southern highland region, and pays special attention to the roles of indigenous Cañari migrants and migration merchants. The guiding questions are: how does indigeneity figure in mobility strategies; in what ways is indigenous identity strategically employed in the migration journey; and how might indigenous migration merchants contribute to the expansion of migration? As migration routes become increasingly dangerous, migrants and human smuggling actors employ more innovative and riskier strategies. I contend that while indigenous identity may be used strategically and allow migrants to forge new transnational social networks, indigenous migrants struggle for legibility in the face of ethnic and linguistic discrimination, in communities of origin, along migratory routes, and in migration destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper responds to two common questions surrounding the controversy of the American prosperity gospel: what kind of work is the prosperity gospel and who does it benefit? I argue that the movement contains both heavily supernatural approaches and deeply pragmatic responses to the market. Further, its wealthy preachers are the most direct beneficiaries and the focus of the debate over the movement's claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maroon communities and slave revolutions in the Black Atlantic world are well known and well documented. Surinam, Jamaica, Cuba, Guyana, Venezuela, Columbia, Haiti, and Brazil had large numbers of enslaved fugitives who fled the plantations, armed themselves, and defended their human right to be free against national and local military forces. Much less is known about the maroon tradition in the United States where there has been a concerted effort to suppress information on slave revolts and maroon activity. The publicized rebellion of Nat Turner and the planned rebellions of Gabriel Prosser and Denmark Vesey that never got off the ground are highlighted, it seems, in order to obfuscate the more successful maroon activities. Tagged as the largest slave rebellion in the United States, the Nat Turner rebellion did not even come close to achieving what some of the revolts waged during the colonial period achieved. There were three epicenters of maroon communities in the United States: the Dismal Swamp of southern Virginia and northern North Carolina, southern Louisiana, and north-central Florida and the Everglades, home of the Seminoles. This paper will examine the Black Seminoles, fugitive slaves who formed a maroon community and became part of the Seminole Confederation that fought three wars against the United States. The Seminole maroons’ century-long defense of their freedom far excelled the courageous revolt of Nat Turner and was by far the largest and longest standing military defense against the United States waged by an African or Indian group. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper analyzes the expression of identities of first-generation (FG) immigrants from India in private and public spaces. Focusing on high-skill upwardly mobile professionals living in the Washington metropolitan area, the study found that despite “Indian” being a primary descriptor, these FG immigrants had developed hybrid identities that included Indian and American elements, considered themselves Westernized cosmopolitans prior to their arrival in the USA, and acculturated selectively in private and public spaces. Relatively privileged due to their socioeconomic class and anticipating little prejudice, these immigrants expected to navigate life in the receiving country with dexterity and ease by selectively expressing various aspects of their hybrid identities in different locales. Although not subjected to overt racism, they were surprised and distraught when confronted with slights that spoke of their separation from mainstream America in public and semi-public spaces, particularly when the marginalizing events occurred in spaces where they believed they belonged. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper commences with a brief outline of the history of the symbiotic relationship between popular music and Pentecostalism in the USA. While early rockers learned many of the techniques of ecstasy from Pentecostal worship, in recent times Pentecostal/charismatic songwriters and worship leaders have completed the circle, re-appropriating popular music forms for use in church. This is particularly the case in Australia, where Hillsong and Planetshakers have led the way in composing worship music using rock, pop and hip-hop forms. Drawing from ethnographic data from my own participant observation at an Australian Pentecostal church, I attempt to address the question ‘Can the ecstatic encounter with God which is central to Pentecostalism be accessed in other, “unbaptized” (i.e. non-Christian) musical contexts?’ The ambivalence of responses from the members of ‘Breakfree’ Christian church point to the fact that this is a political issue: at stake is the authority to determine which experiences are ‘Christian’, and which not. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Studying the racially and ethnically diverse Muslim minority population in any US city must take into account the racialized landscape prevailing in the city. Milwaukee is a highly racially segregated city, where residential patterns have been shaped by decades of immigration by various ethnic and racial groups, and by restrictions on residential housing, as well as industrialization, deindustrialization and suburbanization. This paper presents findings of an ethnographic research along with the results of a household survey of Muslims in Milwaukee in the context of Milwaukee's urban landscape. Muslims in Milwaukee are racially, ethnically and linguistically diverse. Their patterns of residence and of worship suggest the influence of not only segregation and the typical patterns of ethnic immigration but also clustering and dispersal. Patterns of residences also show the influence of not only Muslim leadership and organization but also of the racialized landscape of the city. Our survey provides a portrait of a community negotiating racial and ethnic differences and solidarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Student success" and the "user experience" are terms that have gained prominence in conversations around the ways in which academic libraries support and engage with their student populations. Ethnographic methods provide a unique opportunity to incorporate student voices into these conversations. This study reports on a longitudinal ethnographic study conducted at two academic libraries in the United States. Through a semi-structured participatory approach using whiteboards, the researchers garnered more than 2,000 responses. By coding that qualitative data, the researchers were able to examine student usage of library spaces, how students create informal learning communities within these spaces, and how students define success for themselves. The research specifically highlights the importance of using transitional spaces within libraries, highly visible communal spaces not specifically set aside for academic purposes to gather participatory data. This article shares key findings to inform both library practice and further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pashtun people that straddle Afghanistan and Pakistan are divided along family, clan and tribal lines, but constitute an ethnic-based nation in the classic sense of the term. Since the end of 2001, many of them find themselves subjected to intense efforts by the Afghan and Pakistani governments, backed by the US and many of its allies, to expunge the Pashtun-dominated radical Taliban Islamic movement from their midst. However, many Pashtuns now see themselves as squeezed in by adversarial forces, encroaching upon their religion, land, resources, honour, and cultural-social norms and values. In the absence of a return to peace and stability in their lives and locations, they are becoming increasingly prone to accommodating the Taliban not only as a religious, but also as a nationalist movement, and could eventually brush aside their historical divisions, and rally behind the Taliban leadership in pursuit of their historical goal of an independent “Pashtunistan”. This paper identifies several ways of acting to avert such a development—a consideration that seems to be missing in the strategic calculations of the Afghan and Pakistani governments, as well as their international backers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental knowledge and how it is acquired and deployed are important features of local environmental politics in the US. This paper is an ethnography of a community-based participatory re- search effort for environmental justice in Phoenix, Arizona. Residents, professional community activists, and university-based researchers worked together to conduct a health and environmental concerns survey and monitor air quality in a low-income Latino neighborhood. Analysis of this case explores how neighborhood struggles for environmental justice can result in socioenvironmental change through the activation of know- ledge in certain political-legal frames. The interpenetration of lay know- ledge and expert knowledge during community-based participatory re- search is theorized to spur environmental justice action when enabled by political-legal structures, and subvert the supposed binary between science and advocacy. The role of the university in community-based participatory research is also examined. Catalysis through involvement, more so than research results, emerges as an important role for the university in influencing environmental justice action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents part of an ethnographic study conducted in a small college town in the northern United States. Based on Fairclough's conceptualization of language as a site of social meaning construction and power struggle, I conduct critical discourse analyses on data collected at broad, mid, and micro level contexts. I demonstrate how contrasting meanings associated with bilingualism have ideological origins and reflect underlying power relations, which are evident in academic research, federal and state legislation and policy, local language programming, and classroom interaction. Revealing how unequal relations of power shape meaning through language creates a conscious awareness, which can lead to emancipation for disempowered populations and has significant implications for challenging discriminatory educational policies and practices and identifying the ways in which language proficiency positions students in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies relating to missionary activity in various parts of the globe have dealt with missions both as agents of penetration of the colonial powers and as conveyers of Christian concepts of cultural and religious supremacy expressed as 'redemption of the heathen world'. This paper argues that it is informative to emphasize a new dimension in the study of missions--that of the relationship between belief systems and place. It considers the modes of operation and the physical and ideological impact of British, American, German, Russian and French missionary societies on Palestine and its indigenous population (Muslim and Christian Arabs, and Jews) in the last century of Ottoman rule (1800-1918). The contribution of Western missionary activity to the colonized societies in which they operated has been depicted by recent revisionist historians to have been marginal and largely negative. However, studies of the missionary enterprise in recent years, including the work presented here, suggest that these presumptions are not well grounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of two Irish-American newspapers from 1846-1879, the years during and after the Great Irish Famine. When blight destroyed successive potato harvests in Ireland, one million people died of starvation or fever. Another one-and-a-half million fled to North America. The Boston Pilot and the New York Irish World defended the immigrant Irish against nativist attacks and offered competing strategies by which the Irish could win acceptance. The Pilot emphasized the Catholic dimension of Irish identity and promoted accommodation with the Anglo-Saxon majority. The Irish World advocated solidarity with other oppressed groups and urged resistance against Anglo-Saxon domination in both the new country and the old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the recent spate of financial crises in East Asia (1997-98), the IMF has established a core set of international standards to regulate market behaviour in the global South. These standards are embodied in 11 modules that comprise the IMF's Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSCs). Both content and form of the ROSCs warrant further consideration. That said, the main objective of this paper is to explain how and why one particular ROSC, namely corporate governance, has become standardised. And, more importantly, to address the question of whose interests are served. In doing so the essay suggests that, despite the claim that the international standard of corporate governance embodies 'universal principles', the definition advanced in the ROSes intentionally draws on the Anglo-American variant. This imposed standardisation of corporate governance serves two overlapping goals. First, it seeks to stabilise the international financial system by ensuring that emerging markets adhere to the principles of a neoliberal open market economy. Second, by placing a greater emphasis on 'shareholder value' than other types of corporate governance, it protects the interests of institutional investors based in market-centric systems such as that of the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates an American management training program within a Latin American context. The efficacy of using exported pre-packaged training materials within a different cultural realm is explored through the use of a management training case study from rural Nicaragua. The implications for international business consultants facilitating training sessions abroad are examined and the preliminary findings suggest that exported management training programs ought to be modified to the Latin American environment to be most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article examines the effects of race, class, and neighborhood on social isolation of the urban poor in the U.S. Members of the urban underclass are socially isolated in that they lack social ties to individuals who participate in mainstream society in the country. Assessing the social isolation thesis requires consideration of the existence of social ties and the social resources inherent in them. Using survey data from households in Atlanta, Georgia, the paper compares poor and non-poor African Americans to non-Hispanic whites on two key dimensions of social integration — the type of social relationship and extent of contact. In examining the type of social relationships, the paper looks for basic connections to other adults through shared housing and close connections to persons who are in the economic mainstream. For the latter group, the paper focuses on individuals outside the household with whom the respondent discusses important matters, so-called discussion partners. The paper measures extent of contact by the presence and number of discussion partners.

There has been considerable progress in reducing barriers to care for African and Hispanics Americans. Yet current research indicates that overall African and Hispanic Americans are disproportionately encountering barriers to care. Unfortunately very little is known regarding the status of African and Hispanic Americans with disabilities. The purpose of this paper is to assess by using data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES), the degree of disability for African, Hispanic and Native Americans and the extent to which it is correlated with the use of services. The findings report that as in the case of other African and Hispanic Americans, African and Hispanic Americans with disabilities dis-proportionately encounter barriers to care. They are more likely than whites to lack insurance, a regular provider and less likely to see a doctor during the year. The implications of these findings for the care of persons with disabilities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on research conducted in Great Britain and the U.S. on wide variations in school adaptation patterns and ethnicity of different minorities. The performance of some minorities surpasses national norms while some performances are not satisfactory. The paper focuses on one group of South Asians - the Punjabi Sikhs. Sikh youths raised there are more successful in schools than majority-group-age-mates. The gender difference in academic achievement and aspirations highlight the interaction between cultural and contextual variables. In California, 85 to 90% of all Punjabi students graduate from high school compare to 70 to 75% of all majority groups. The perspective of Punjabis living in the U.S. is that in spite of widespread prejudice and constant pressure to conform to the dominant culture they have the ability to maintain essential aspects of a Punjabi way of life. They pursue a strategy of accommodation and acculturation without assimilation. The Punjabis follow their Sikh ideology. This ideology inculcates willingness to work hard, take risk and sacrifice material comforts for the sake of future rewards. In Great Britain several young Sikhs including graduates are opening up small businesses, mostly retail outlets. The above research in the U.S. and Great Britain emphasizes that education strategies and school adaptation patterns of the student generation are directly and strongly influenced by cultural models of their family and ethnic community.

The course of ethnicity in advanced industrial societies continues to be debated without satisfactory resolution. Earlier social theorists, inspired by a vision of the erosion of traditional structures under the impact of a tide of modernization, tended to see ethnicity as receding. More recently, sociologists and others have proclaimed the resilience of ethnicity for some, this is because ethnicity is an affiliation apart, primordial and only superficially modified by currents of modernization, while for others, it is due to ethnicity's moorings in durable structures of inequality. Proponents of the view that ethnicity is resilient are the dominant voice in contemporary discussions, but their dominance is by no means assured, since the conceptual groundwork for interpreting ethnicity remains unsettled. This paper examines some of the interpretative difficulties surrounding ethnicity through the experiences of one group, Italian Americans. In particular, Italians are taken to constitute a strategic test case for some reigning assumptions in the study of ethnicity of European ancestry groups in the United States. Italian Americans are on the verge of the twilight of their ethnicity.

A dominant myth about the social and economic experiences of U.S. immigrants is that most groups confronted similar opportunity structures and reception factors in the host society. Without regard for differences in the historical context of the migration, reception factors in the new society or the migration process itself, ethnic groups are evaluated by how they fare in becoming American. One perspective of the persistence of racial and ethnic stratification maintains that ethnic bonds are promulgated as the natural extension of primordial ties. The complexities involved in interpreting ethnicity are aptly demonstrated by the case of the U.S. Hispanic population. In an attempt to clarify the meaning of Hispanicity in contemporary U.S. society, this paper explores the roots of Hispanic ethnicity as it has emerged and evolved with the entry and social integration of each of the three major Hispanic national origin groups. To guide interpretation of the historical circumstances that have shaped the integration of the Hispanic population into the U.S. society and economy, first set forth the theoretical framework which outlines the processes underlying the emergence, consolidation and reformulation of Hispanic ethnicity.

This paper examines the role of the historical sciences (natural history, ethnology, archaeology and geology) in late-nineteenth-century programmes of liberal government. Why over this period, did the historical sciences suggest themselves as useful for governing? Why were they accorded such importance within the civic and public education strategies of museums? Why and how did they come to eclipse the role that had earlier been accorded to art in these regards? It is argued that the answers to these questions consist in the intersection between three discursive events: first, the importance of Darwin's work in fashioning a version of nature that could be adapted to liberal programmes of social reform; second, the new disciplinary synthesis of geology, archaeology, natural history and ethnology which dominated the intellectual horizons of the late nineteenth century and which provided a new set of intersecting historical horizons within which to govern the conduct of individuals and populations; and third, the changing problematics of late-nineteenth-century liberalism. The argument is developed by reviewing the changing emphases and priorities of museum practices in Britain, Australia and the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This ethnography examines how teachers interpret and enact language-in-education policies in an adult ESL classroom in the United States, where students simultaneously received job training as Certified Nursing Assistants (CNAs). We draw on postmodern and interpretive lenses from the ethnography of communication, considering how workforce-oriented language policies impact teachers' agency during speech events when classroom participants discuss the meanings of unknown words. We assert that during talk about word meanings (semantics), models of social identity formed, sometimes in conflict with the sociocognitive complexities of second language acquisition. Findings indicate that the meanings of polysemous words were narrowed solely to the immediate healthcare context, and that instructional time often focused on teaching lexis common on multiple-choice tests, preparing students for their final CNA examination. Implications for teachers and policy makers are discussed, including the potentially equalizing applications of polysemic research within workforce language instructional models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the Swift Creek style tradition represents a shift from two or three simple carved paddle designs to many thousands of unique paddle designs by middle Swift Creek then back to merely a few in late and post Swift Creek times. This explosion in designs is a striking phenomenon, in need of consideration. Increased design diversity implicates a rise in creativity, verging on an imperative to be unique, where none previously existed in this medium. In this paper, we offer a revised model of Swift Creek social dynamics by reference to the new-found creativity of paddle makers situated within the context of ethnographic case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Keweenaw National Historical Park (hereafter KNHP) is one of a periodically growing list of partnership parks developed in response to changing ideals of what the National Park Service ought to preserve and interpret. Established in 1992, KNHP and some other newer parks are intended by Congress to be public–private partnerships. This paper illuminates how KNHP stakeholders used information vacuums to intensify competing narratives regarding landscapes in a partnership park. Ethnographic fieldwork illustrates that stakeholders’ competing narratives complicate KNHP's management. Furthermore, this case study highlights the need for historic preservation professionals to build trust and to communicate effectively with all stakeholders in communities with historic preservation programs. Within a social group, insiders’ knowledge construction guides ideas of landscape aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An introduction to the journal is presented in which discusses various reports published within the issue including one by Shi on international students in the U.S., one by Murata on Japanese and British students, and one by Anthony Spencer on interculturality in Costa Rica.

This paper addresses the material boat culture of Vietnam both in its current context and more specifically through an assessment of how the boats of Vietnam have been studied in the past. It presents a comprehensive summary of past publications describing the construction, use and variety of boats in the region, from the earliest volumes to modern research projects, including the work of the US military. It highlights the rich diversity of construction approaches and boat-types that are still built and used, and demonstrates the need for further field research to record the fast-disappearing traditional boats of Vietnam. © 2010 The Authors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As president of the American Association of Foreign Language Newspapers, Louis N. Hammerling accumulated substantial power over some 800 newspapers in 33 languages. As advertising, public relations and journalism emerged as professions in the 1900s, Hammerling functioned as a translator, advertising agent, public relations man and go-between for ethnic-language newspapers when they flourished. With his trade magazine, The American Leader, he extolled the virtues and hardships of immigrants, and offered editorial proposals for legislative changes. In response to his widespread influence, federal officials called him to testify in 1918 about his First World War-era propaganda for Germany, the USA and alcoholic beverages industries. This historical, biographical case study highlights the potential corruptibility of the boundaries of news, advertising and circulation sides of the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]