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This paper uses a comparative ethnographic approach to explore the ways in which social media enables new economic strategies that capitalize on women's traditional forms of reliance within their local communities. We use ethnographic examples from northern Chile, southeast Italy, and south India to show how women are successful in establishing small but prestigious entrepreneurial activities by using social media to respond to local social and cultural needs. Women use social media to transform both conventional work practices and individuals' notions of work in ways that overcome important structural constraints they face in their respective communities. These findings contrast with optimistic analyses that suggest online platforms decrease global inequalities through bringing disadvantaged people into global economic flows. This article demonstrates the effective ways in which individuals use social media to gradually change local norms related to gender and work while making small but important gains towards economic stability. This process is related to important shifts in sociality that have resulted from social media use within local communities. By focusing on entrepreneurship and gendered aspects of online economic exchange, we develop an understanding of what happens when longstanding expectations for gendered work meet commerce made possible through new media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, victimological research has turned toward the study of victims' perceptions or meanings of justice, challenging the traditional and prevailing understanding of the retributivist approach; this shift in focus locates the present study. Its goal was to assess victims' justice interests and recognize its complexity by identifying victim and crime-related variables that could play a role in shaping those interests. For this propose, a quantitative approach was adopted and victims' justice interests were measured through a scale created for this research. Victim and crime characteristics, together with psychological constructs related to victims' recovery, were considered key variables. The study took place in Santiago of Chile and involved 133 direct and indirect victims of serious crimes - in all cases, criminal investigation processes were ongoing. Descriptive, comparative and correlational analyses were carried out. Once key variables were identified, predictive models for each justice interest were developed using multiple linear regression. Our results illustrated that type of crime, gender, prior victimization and recovery-related psychological variables played a role in shaping and predicting victims' justice interests. The paper concludes discussing the contribution of these findings to research and public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romance in modern societies is undergoing a two-fold process of transformation: on the one hand, traditional gender relationships are being revised and criticized; on the other, new digital communication technologies are making possible to initiate, sustain and end romantic relationships through a set of practices that mix physical co-presence and online interactions. Using a qualitative approach (N = 48), this paper explores how young people (ages 18–29) in Chile conceive of romantic relationships in this social and technological context. Our results show that romantic relationships are a significant terrain in which gender is negotiated through digitally mediated practices of courtship and maintenance of established romantic relationships. These mirror the power dynamics involved in the existing gendered normativity, but also provide some leeway to transform it, depending on the resources that individuals bring to the technological milieu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a corporate governance point of view, this paper addresses the question of how corporate ownership and board characteristics influence firm value for a sample of Ibero-American companies. Specifically, we analyse indexed non-financial companies from Chile and Spain for the period 2007 – 2016, using the GMM panel data technique. Our research is novel in considering a two-country approach, with one emerging and one developed country, and in analysing how corporate ownership and board characteristics, in addition to contextual variables, determine firm value. Our results assess the efficiency of corporate governance mechanisms. Although findings are intriguing regarding ownership concentration, they confirm the benefits of a good board of directors. This type of board is characterised by a large size, sufficiently independent directors, and a balance in terms of gender diversity. We provide several policy recommendations from our main findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I discuss how professional identities in early childhood education in Chile are performatively constituted within the interplay between a religious discourse of vocation and gender. 'Having the vocation' has become a regime of truth that regulates and governs educators' behaviours, motivations and relationships in their workplace. By deconstructing the concept of vocation through a poststructuralist and feminist theory, I show the arising tensions in this discourse, emphasising that it positions female early childhood educators as a subject of both exploitation and admiration. Vocation shapes early years practitioners not only as nurturing and caring, but deeply altruist, devoted and self-sacrificed women seeking (eternal) salvation. Exposing the contradictory nature of this discourse, the article highlights its tensions with the professionalization of the early years workforce. Whilst vocation situates practitioners as good educators and morally good women, it allows for workforce exploitation, trapping them in hazardous working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational leadership at early childhood education (ECE) has been extensively studied. However, evidence from Chile is still scarce. As with many parts of the world, the ECE workforce is very female-heavy and Chile is no exception to this. This situation presents an intriguing context for leadership studies as particularities of a gendered role for women as leaders in Chile has not been a matter of analysis. Leadership in ECE includes a sense of vocation or 'passion' for children's care, development, and learning, called caring leadership. This concept highlights an ethical component, interpersonal relations and a concern for the well-being. This article presents the findings of a three-year study involving 12 women leaders in ECE who established a Professional Learning Community. They were interviewed throughout the research. Findings reveal three tensions. Firstly, leadership is associated with a maternal role, perpetuating gender stereotypes. The second tension addresses the dynamics of personal connections within ECE teams in terms of asymmetry or horizontality. The third tension arises from the significance of caring as a crucial aspect of working in ECE education. These tensions underscore the need for a critical analysis of leadership in ECE, as gender considerations may overlook the complexity of the leaders' role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores perceptions regarding family and paid employment expressed by university students in Chile, based on the analysis of quantitative data from the Maule region (southern Chile). We argue that the increasing unpredictability of labor markets has eroded the role paid employment historically has had as the lynchpin of individual’s – particularly men’s – life project, altering the expectations about both work and family life. Likewise, changes in gender roles have shaped youngsters’ ideals about family life. This seems to be the case especially for women, who strongly affirm their economic independence and personal projects, departing from traditional family views. We conclude that young people are demanding a new balance between life (understood mainly as personal and family time) and work. There is also a strong affirmation of the individual project, including a demand for greater gender equality. Although still at the level of projected visions of the future, these findings signal changes in the way the relation work–family is traditionally organized, bringing new challenges for public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Social media offer new opportunities for women in politics, but also new ground for the expression of bias and stereotypes. Drawing upon literature about mediated representations of women in politics, gendered digital violence, and intersectionality, this study explores how Twitter users portray indigenous women leaders who were elected as representatives for Chile's Constitutional Convention. We use a mixed-methods approach based on a manual content analysis of tweets (N = 6,000), aimed at comparing the main attributes associated to indigenous and non-indigenous women Convention representatives in users' tweets, as well as the valence of these tweets and the engagement of Twitter users, in two time points – the inaugural and the closing days of the Convention. This is complemented with a qualitative thematic analysis focused on tweets directed toward Mapuche women (N = 3,352). Our findings show that indigenous and non-indigenous women's capacities were discussed by Twitter users, and although both groups experienced online hostility while serving for the Convention, indigenous leaders received negative messages notoriously based on their ethnic background: tweets were mostly positive at the beginning of the process, but became more negative by the end, suggesting a narrative arc that went from an ephemeral moment of symbolic reparation to the restoration of prejudices and stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes how through the innovative use of an Internet platform, Ese:o, a Chilean nongovernmental organization grounded on a critical and feminist perspective, contributed the communication strategies for the Sexualities Project. This 5-year academic collaboration involved more than 30 researchers in five countries and four continents. The results include transformation of Ese:o's research and writing methodologies into daily practices—occurring across borders and disciplines—capable of achieving two primary objectives: (1) generating a progressively self-run, self-sustaining online community, owner and producer of its own discourse; and (2) making work modes visible discursively and materially (through platforms, forums, and workbooks) focused on the objectives and products of the Sexualities Project (documents, reports, papers, books, conference, and meeting organization). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural competency is used to train health professionals on how social, political, and economic dynamics create conditions that negatively impact a population's health. In the Global South, this approach has historical roots in social movements, popular education, social medicine, and human rights. In 1982, during a time of extreme poverty, inequality, and violence under the Chilean military dictatorship, Educación Popular en Salud (EPES), developed a programme for training community health promoters to address common illnesses and analyse the underlying causes of poor health. In 2010, EPES began using the same model to train international and Chilean health professionals. The approach advanced four competencies. Evaluations show that training contributes to transforming health professionals' mindsets and leads them to question their practices. However, educating practitioners does not change the underlying structures that generate poor health. This article examines the intersection between EPES' competencies and the structural competency framework, highlighting two major contributions of EPES to structural competency: a methodology that narrows the gap between a theoretical analysis of social determinants of health and implementing action plans; and organic long-term links with social movements that strengthen collective action in poor neighbourhoods to advance social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile's unprecedented citizen mobilizations of 2019, and subsequent political developments, have revealed the social and institutional limits of Latin America's paradigmatic case of neo-developmentalism. They have raised critical questions about the nature, reach and effects, of a 30-year progressive program of 'growth with equity' resulting in profound inequalities and political disenchantment for the majority. The article argues for a gendered cultural political economy approach to understand the impact of neoliberalism, best conceived as a governing rationality, that is now facing a generalized crisis of legitimacy. It examines the role of the Constitution of 1980 in enshrining in law neoliberal structural reforms, and setting the political and institutional bases for subordinating the substance of society and individuals to the laws of the market. The article shows that this marketization has transformed fundamental taken-for-granted social relations of reproduction which make markets possible, with harsh effects for the majority of Chilean women.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the labor market dimension of a worldwide social concern: the growing level of obesity. Using detailed, individual information of Chilean workers, the study finds a strong evidence of a wage penalty for women as body size increases, whereas men seemingly enjoy a wage premium for being overweight. Several hypotheses are tested for explaining this finding and results suggest that the gender wage gap between obese and non-obese workers is not related to observed productivity differences, risk aversion, or health limitations. For women, the wage penalty is mostly explained by occupational crowding and the "beauty premium" in high-skilled occupations. Finally, this study outlines possible avenues that future research should address. HIGHLIGHTS Women are more likely to experience a weight penalty in labor markets than men. Heavier women earn less per hour than thinner coworkers in Chile. Overweight men experience a wage premium. Wage differences between obese and non-obese women cannot be explained by observable endowments. The wage penalty is larger in occupations requiring more social interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note analyzes the effect of a candidate gender quota in Open-List Proportional Systems and its interaction with electoral spending. Focusing on the Chilean parliamentary elections of 2017, our evidence shows, first, that the quota law was effective in promoting the representation of women, but, second, the differences in the electoral performance between men and women grew considerably nevertheless. We argue that this result was due mainly to gender inequality in access to resources to finance electoral campaigns. Third, we found that this inequality exists only for candidates who are challenging incumbents, but not for the incumbents themselves: incumbent women are as competitive as men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firm growth has been a focus of attention for a large number of studies. However, the influence of a firm's manager is still absent from many of these analyses. Departing from the data of the Longitudinal Survey of Businesses from Chile, the aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between innovation and firm growth depending on the sex of the leader between 2007 and 2015. Applying econometric models of quantiles with fixed effects, the results reveal that there is a positive relationship between innovation, firms led by women and sales growth. In particular, male managers exert a negative impact on the firm growth. This impact is particularly more important for non-innovative firms. Finally, the growth rate increases if a female manager replaces to a male manager. Conversely, the growth rate decreases if a male manager replaces a female manager. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article triangulates intergenerational (childhood, adulthood, and old age) visions on the social representation of childhood in rural areas of Chile. These visions were considered within the framework of identity constructs (perceptions, social behaviours, preferences, and ambitions) and were compared against emerging transformations in the spheres of family, and gender relations. A qualitative methodology was used to analyse 68 individual interviews (41 children; 21 women old age; and 6 adult women). It was concluded that, in a context of globalization, rural boys and girls use modern, urban symbols and conform to traditional gender stereotypes. In a familial environment, rural children have acquired discursive protagonism in alliance with older women, a reality that conflicts with the conservative vision of middle-aged adults who have poor awareness regarding the participation of children. Contrasting visions exist between adult women and seniors concerning the responsibilities assigned to children in general and, particularly, to girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation expands scholarship on beauty and cross-cultural communication through the unique perspective of outdoor advertising. With a content analysis method 1,700 portrayals of men and women in outdoor advertisements, from four different cultures, including Argentina, Chile, Hungary, and Romania, were examined through a framework of advertising and consumer culture, globalization, and theories of beauty. The findings reveal differences across cultures and that beauty ideals are culture specific. Implications are important for practitioners in marketing communications to better understand subtle cultural variations in order to develop effective promotional programs required in the globalized economy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores the complex, shifting intersections between gender, racial, and national identities in modern Chile. Focusing on the figure of the Araucanian warrior who famously defeated the Spanish conquistadors in the sixteenth century, it draws readers' attention to four transformative periods between the first declaration of Chilean independence and the bicentennial celebrations of that independence, and examines the contesting notions of masculinity that emerged in such contexts. Firstly, it analyses the late nineteenth-century liberal State's “civilising” discourse, which was imbued with imperial racist concepts of masculinity; secondly, a protestmestizomasculinity that emerged through the writings of Nicolás Palacios in the early twentieth century; thirdly, a revolutionary masculinity that was exalted by various actors during the Popular Unity government (1970–3); and finally, multicultural, neo-liberal configurations of masculinity in post-dictatorship Chile. It shows how the masculine ideals of physique (strength, impressive build, virility) and behaviour (independence, intelligence, bravery, spirit of adventure) projected onto the noble warrior of old have existed in tension with disparaging attitudes towards contemporary Mapuche demanding respect for their rights. It also underscores the multiple, creative ways in which Mapuche intellectuals and political leaders have engaged with dominant discourses of gender, race and nation in republican Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors aim to discuss the propensity or intention to create enterprise among university students in the region of Antofagasta, Chile, and to analyze the factors that influence the step from desire to intention. 681 students were surveyed. The data were analyzed by binary logistical regression. The results show that curriculum is among the variables that have a positive influence, while the desire for a high level of income and escaping unemployment has a negative influence on the intention. Also, being a woman has a negative influence on the intention to create enterprise. Some gender differences are discussed in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article analyzes the pension reform carried out by Chile's Bachelet administration in 2008. The goal of the reform was to expand the privatized pension system introduced by the Pinochet military government in 1980 by universalizing benefits, augmenting the value of pension, and reducing old-age poverty over time. The most important accomplishment of the reform legislation is to guarantee a Basic Solidarity Pension to all Chileans over 65 years old who have never contributed to or benefited from the privatized system. The article assesses the impact of the Bachelet reform, as well as its limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article looks at women's participation in formal political institutions in posttransition politics. Employing the case of post-dictatorship Chile, it outlines the barriers to women's participation in the formal political arena; discusses the various strategies that Chilean women are currently employing to overcome their exclusion; and finally, examines the challenges that political women confront in promoting 'women's interests' in political institutions. Throughout the article two main arguments are advanced. First, where women's movements do not demand institutional reforms during the transition period - a time when movements enjoy influence and parties are in flux - then the barriers to women in political institutions re-emerge. In Chile, the fact that women did not demand institutional reforms, such as quotas for women in decision-making positions, is linked tothe broader strategy of the movement tomake citizenship demands based on women's 'difference'. This strategy inhibited women from demanding power (i.e. access to institutions as individuals) because this conformed to a masculine-defined notion of politics inconsistent with women's 'different' style of practising politics. A second,related argument is that a strategy based on women's 'difference' hinders women in politics frompromoting feminist goals,especially in the climate ofsocial conservatism that characterizes post-transition Chilean politics. Despite these constraints and the many challenges Chilean women in politics confront, gains are being made, as women recognize the need for, and begin to demand, institutional reforms to expand their presence in formal politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]