334 results
Search Results
2. Science-Technology-Society or Technology-Society-Science? Insights from an Ancient Technology.
- Author
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Lee, Yeung Chung
- Subjects
SCIENCE education ,TECHNOLOGY education ,SCIENCE & society ,CASE studies ,PAPERMAKING ,CULTURE ,HISTORY - Abstract
Current approaches to science-technology-society (STS) education focus primarily on the controversial socio-scientific issues that arise from the application of science in modern technology. This paper argues for an interdisciplinary approach to STS education that embraces science, technology, history, and social and cultural studies. By employing a case study of traditional papermaking technology, it investigates how the interactions between technology and science can be explored in an authentic societal and cultural context across a historical time span. The term technology-society-science (TSS) is used to represent an alternative approach to linking technology, society, and science that aims to redress the imbalance between science and technology, and to resolve the tension between two diverging goals of STS education. The educational implications of this alternative approach to STS education are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Books Received.
- Subjects
HISTORY ,BOOKS - Abstract
Lists books related to history of Europe.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The changing face of community work: from radicalism to networking. A European perspective.
- Author
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Lienard, Laure H.
- Subjects
PROFESSIONAL practice ,PRACTICAL politics ,SOCIAL networks ,RESEARCH methodology ,GROUNDED theory ,PATIENT-centered care ,INTERVIEWING ,SELF-efficacy ,COMMUNITY-based social services ,GOVERNMENT policy ,STATISTICAL sampling ,SOCIAL work education ,SOCIAL services ,PUBLIC welfare ,SOCIAL case work ,HISTORY - Abstract
Applied theories in social work are social constructs that evolve according to cultural, political and social trends. The history of community work in Europe after the Second World War provides an example of a family of practices that is constantly evolving, in terms of its integration into social work, its methods, and the political project that underpins it. While the development of broad-based and conscientising approaches were challenged by neo-liberalism from the 1980s on, community work practice is currently undergoing a revival based on community building and person-centred methods, under the influence of the new public management. This paper is based on a doctoral research conducted in six European countries, examining the relationship between social work and community work, and the various forms of community work across Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Conference Reviews.
- Subjects
HISTORY conferences ,TEXTILES ,BEDDING ,HISTORY of clothing & dress ,EARLY modern history ,HISTORY - Abstract
Information regarding three 2012 conferences on topics related to the history of textiles is presented. Conferences discussed include "Innovation Before the Modern: Cloth and Clothing in the Early Modern World" held at the University of Uppsala; "Bedtime Stories: Beds and Bedding in Britain 1650-1850" held at the Leeds Museums and Galleries and University of Leeds; and "Fashioning the Early Modern: Innovation and Creativity in Europe, 1500-1800," held at the Victoria & Albert Museum in Collaboration with Queen Mary, University of London.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Subtle images of antigypsyism: An analysis of the visual perception of “Roma”.
- Author
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End, Markus
- Subjects
VISUAL perception ,RACISM ,ROMANIES ,PHOTOGRAPHY competitions ,SOCIAL conditions in Germany ,HISTORY ,SOCIAL history - Abstract
This paper analyses the powerful stereotypical media discourse that shapes and reproduces a certain racialised and prejudiced perception of people identified as “Roma” in Germany. Using a close analysis of a single picture – appearing as harmless at first glance – and through the reconstruction of its various interpretational contexts and semantics the paper identifies mechanisms used in stereotypical media coverage of “Roma”. This qualitative analysis draws on media analysis of antigypsyism as well as on research of photographic construction of the “gypsy” in order to analyse the contemporary visual regime of “Roma” in Germany. As it portrays “the Roma” as a fundamentally different and socially deviant group, this visual stereotyping is shown to be an integral element of the persistent antigypsyist ideology, deeply embedded in German society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Economic crisis and the petite bourgeoisie in Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
- Author
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Blackbourn, David
- Subjects
HISTORY ,RESEARCH teams ,HISTORIANS ,SCHOLARS ,FORUMS - Abstract
This article presents a report on the fourth round table discussion by the European Research Group on the problems of the Petite Bourgeoisie in the 19th- and 20th-century Europe. The round table discussion was held in Paris-Nanterre, France on May 4-5, 1984. The scholarly discussion started with a group of three papers on the impact of economic crisis in the late 1840s. The discussion centered essentially on two points. Several social historians and their works were mentioned by participants in the discussion.
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Appeals for European solidarity as calls for colonial violence: British and German public debates around 1900.
- Author
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Methfessel, Christian
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,VIOLENCE ,WORLD War I ,IMPERIALISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
While recent scholarship has emphasized the role of the colonial experience in the development of the idea of Europe and European integration, notions of European solidarity in the age of imperialism have largely been ignored. This paper investigates the specific context in which journalists and politicians voiced such pleas for solidarity, explores the motivations for them, and probes their limits in times of tension. A closer look at the actors involved illustrates the strictures placed on ideas of European solidarity and illuminates the limited potential of projects of integration prior to 1914. However, latter considerations notwithstanding, a discourse on European solidarity in a colonial context did emerge in the decades before the First World War, allowing early proponents of integration to view colonialism as a field for common European action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. ‘Stripped Down’ or Reconfigured Democracy.
- Author
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Farrell, David M.
- Subjects
DEMOCRACY ,REFORMS ,REPRESENTATIVE government ,PUBLIC institutions -- Social aspects ,CONSTITUTIONS ,POLITICAL participation ,HISTORY - Abstract
In his later writings Peter Mair expressed strong and ever more urgent concerns over the state of party politics and the future of representative politics itself. This paper uses Mair’s thesis to frame a discussion about the state of our representative system of democracy. It starts by setting out his arguments on party and democratic failure. It then considers the question of whether the evidence supports such a perspective, or whether in fact there are signs of adaptability and change. This in turn leads to a discussion about the reform agenda in established representative democracies, with particular attention to the potential of ‘mini-publics’ in enabling a role for ordinary citizens in debates over constitutional reform. The paper concludes by arguing that this reform agenda provides evidence of democracies being reconfigured rather than stripped down. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The first female lecturers at Spanish universities.
- Author
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Flecha-García, Consuelo
- Subjects
WOMEN college teachers ,WOMEN research personnel ,WOMEN'S history ,20TH century Spanish history ,HISTORY of universities & colleges ,SEX discrimination ,HIGHER education research ,HIGHER education ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article analyses the first women to hold teaching and research positions in Spanish universities during the first third of the twentieth century. It traces the paths of the pioneers who used their intellectual capacity to broaden the scope for their working lives. Legal changes introduced in 1910 made it possible for women with a university degree to work as professors in the university or in secondary schools, and in libraries, museums or archives. The writer Emilia Pardo Bazán, was the first woman to be appointed as a lecturer for her literary merits. She taught on a PhD course at the University of Madrid, and was followed by other female lecturers, at the Faculties of Philosophy and Letters, Science, Pharmacy and Law; in this order. The paper recalls these first female lecturers, the posts they occupied, the situations they encountered, and their overall trajectories. All began to work in the midst of a strong androcentric culture. Very few of those who started as lecturers before 1936 – the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War – continued later at university on a permanent basis. The majority chose other types of employment which offered greater stability in less time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. European capitalism and the effects of agricultural commercialization on slave labor in Tunisia, 1780s–1880s.
- Author
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Montana, Ismael M.
- Subjects
CAPITALISM ,SLAVE labor ,TUNISIAN history, 1516-1881 ,TUNISIAN history ,AGRICULTURAL industries ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
The paper argues that while the significance of Tunisian state economic and political reforms during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries has reflected the changing patterns of the caravan slave trade in previous research, much of this research has not considered the role of slaves in the emergent Tunisian economy. Nowhere is this negligence more apparent than in the agricultural sector, which was predominantly responsible for strengthening economic growth from the late eighteenth century until its weakening as a result of encroaching European capitalism by the mid-nineteenth century. Drawing on Tunisian state population data known as theMajbaCensus and the extant economic literature, the paper addresses this gap by exploring the implications of the Tunisian state economic reforms on enslaved labor in the agricultural sector. Exploring this research gap will enable us to ascertain the extent to which enslaved labor contributed to Tunisia’s burgeoning agricultural sector in a manner that has dodged academics’ attention. After providing a historical context of European capital penetration and its implications on political and economic reforms from the Ottoman conquest through the Husaynid periods, the paper looks at how European capital infusion after the first quarter of the nineteenth century transformed the agricultural sector and examines the role of slave labor prior to the European capital infusion and commercialization of the agricultural sector. Using theMajbaCensus records’ regional distribution of blacks in the Regency the paper sheds light on the implications of the precarious economy engendered by agricultural commercialization under the aegis of European capitalism on the structure of enslaved labor. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Relational identities on EU borderlands: the case of Poles in Belarus and Belarusians in Poland.
- Author
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Wallace, Claire and Patsiurko, Natalka
- Subjects
ETHNICITY ,MINORITIES ,BORDERLANDS ,POLISH people -- Foreign countries ,PSYCHOLOGY of Minorities ,BELARUSIANS ,EASTERN European history, 1989- ,HISTORY of the European Union ,HISTORY ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
The paper argues that the well-known triadic relationship between kin state, resident state and national minority needs to take into account a fourth dimension: that of European institutions. This is illustrated through a study of relational identities on the EU’s Eastern border where the reconfiguration of ethnic relations followed the end of the iron curtain and EU accession. It considers two neighbouring ethnic minorities. One minority is part of the EU – the Belarusians in Poland – and the other is not part of the EU – the Poles in Belarus. The paper argues that the intersection of these four relational dimensions result in contrasting kinds of ethnic identification for the two minority groups leading to either fluidification or solidification under different circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. ‘For her protection and benefit’: the regulation of marriage-related migration to the UK.
- Author
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Carver, Natasha
- Subjects
MARRIAGE policy ,MARRIAGE ,EUROPE-Great Britain relations ,ETHNICITY & society ,GENDER & society ,EUROPEAN Union country emigration & immigration ,IMMIGRATION status ,HISTORY ,EMIGRATION & immigration - Abstract
This paper argues that a two-tier system has evolved dividing intra-UK/EU marriages from extra-UK/EU marriages. For the former, marriage is a contract between two individuals overseen by a facilitating state. For the latter, marriage has become more of a legal status defined and controlled by an intrusive and obstructive state. I argue that this divergence in legislating regulation is steeped in an ethnicized imagining of ‘Britishness’ whereby the more noticeably ‘other’ migrants (by skin colour or religion) are perceived as a threat to the national character. The conceptualization of women as legally ‘disabled’ citizens (1870 Naturalisation Act) for whom a state must act as responsible patriarch, is a fundamental part of this imagining of the nation. The paper therefore examines the social (gendered and ethnicized) assumptions and political aims embedded within the legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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14. Differences between Czech and Slovak economic higher education from 1945 to 1953.
- Author
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Chalupecký, Petr and Johnson, Zdenka
- Subjects
ECONOMICS education in universities & colleges ,ECONOMICS education ,SLOVAKS ,CZECHS ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper discusses the development of economic higher education in Czechoslovakia from 1945 to 1953, ie before the emergence of new economic universities with the same name: University of Economics (Vysoká škola ekonomická) in Prague and Bratislava. Its aim is to determine possible similarities and differences in economic education between the Czech lands and Slovakia. Although the paper embraces the issue comprehensively, the main focus is on the comparison of two of the most important colleges, the Commercial College in Prague and Slovak College of Commerce in Bratislava. It concludes and claims that despite the Czechoslovak uniform policy in tertiary education, there were undoubtedly some national differences. Essentially, they stemmed from different networks and the number of economic schools in the Czech lands and Slovakia and from different prior traditions. Overall, Slovaks endeavoured to continue with the preceding development more than Czechs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. The sugar industry, political authorities, and scientific institutions in the regulation of saccharin: Valencia (1888-1939).
- Author
-
Guillem-Llobat, Ximo
- Subjects
SACCHARIN ,FOOD laws ,SUGAR industry ,LABORATORIES ,SCIENTISTS -- Political activity ,SPANISH law ,NONNUTRITIVE sweeteners ,GOVERNMENT policy ,HISTORY ,LAW - Abstract
In the late-nineteenth century food production and trade were greatly transformed. Changes in the food chain gave rise to new problems connected with food safety and food quality, which caused new controls to be introduced throughout Europe. In this paper I will contribute to ongoing debates by focusing on the regulation of saccharin in an agrarian city in the south of Europe, Valencia. The laboratory-made sweetener was introduced into the food market at the turn of the century, becoming highly controversial shortly afterwards. Several local groups of players got involved in this dispute. The sugar industry was not only an important stakeholder in the passing of some specific laws that were to constrain the use of saccharin, but also the main driver of regulation, primarily in periods when saccharin could become a serious competitor and reduce the sector’s profit. Furthermore, the combined work of the sugar industry and the municipal laboratories was essential for the implementation of regulations. It was in such municipal laboratories that scientists played a main role in regulation. My paper will address the commercial disputes linked to the use of saccharin and the limited role of science and scientists in its control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Is there a European social work identity?
- Author
-
Frost, Elizabeth
- Subjects
GROUP identity ,SOCIAL constructionism ,SOCIAL services ,MANNERS & customs ,CULTURE ,EUROPEANS ,HISTORY - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to examine whether at this point in time the notion of a 'European social work identity' can be sustained. The paper commences with some brief consideration of theories of identity, and particularly draws attention to social constructionist identity theory, highlighting its focus on identity as a process. Ideas about what constitutes 'collective identity' are then examined. From this, two particular models of collective identity are presented which are helpful for understanding cultural identities. These are the more 'traditional' notion of collective culture being evidenced by the presence of shared histories and traditions, and the more social constructionist view of collective processes and action to form identities - whether imposed by the state or generated by the people - as constitutive of identities in themselves. 'European identity', and then 'European social work identity', will then be examined using these models of collective identity. The paper concludes that using social constructionist versions of identity (identity as a process of collectivisation), European social work identity can certainly be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. The emergence of black British social conservatism.
- Author
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Warmington, Paul
- Subjects
BLACK conservatism ,CONSERVATISM ,INTELLECTUALS ,MULTICULTURALISM ,BRITISH education system ,BLACK students ,DISCOURSE ,VICTIM psychology ,BLACK British ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,HISTORY ,SOCIAL conditions of students ,HISTORY of education ,INTELLECTUAL life - Abstract
Historically, to be a black public intellectual in Britain has, almost by definition, meant being located on the liberal-left spectrum, in terms of analyses of race and class. However, in the past decade a number of high-profile black British thinkers have explicitly positioned themselves at odds with black liberal and radical traditions of thought. This has been particularly apparent in their critiques of multiculturalism, youth and education. This paper uses recent documentary sources to analyse the discursive features of this emergent black social conservatism, examining its claims to authenticity, its claims to offer rethinking of multiculturalism and identity, and its objects of racialization. Drawing upon critical discourse analysis and critical theories of race and black intellectual production, it identifies internal tensions in this emergent discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Mapping Energy: Cartographies of Energy Into The Twenty-First Century.
- Author
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Howell, Jordan P. and Baylis, David L.
- Subjects
HISTORY of cartography ,POWER resources ,GEOGRAPHY periodicals ,ENERGY consumption ,INTERACTIVE multimedia ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century ,CHARTS, diagrams, etc. ,MAPS - Abstract
'Energy' presents a number of complex and interrelated challenges regarding the environment, economy, and politics. In this paper, we argue that cartography should help clarify our understanding of energy issues, but ask whether this has in fact been the case. In a review of over 100 articles pulled from twenty-three peer-reviewed geography journals, we qualitatively assess energy maps published since the early 20
th century, examining trends in topic and cartographic technique. Energy maps in geography journals have focused on North America and Western Europe while relying on proportional symbols, grayscale production, and the analysis of energy phenomena at the national scale-tendencies that in many instances have limited our understanding of the ways in which energy is actually consumed. Simultaneously, cartographers are limited to the energy data available to them, frequently precluding small-scale consumption analysis or consideration of diurnal and seasonal trends. We argue that the future of energy cartography relies on access to consumption data coupled with greater user interactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Psychotraumatology in Europe: a personal history.
- Author
-
Turner, Stuart
- Subjects
EUROPEAN history ,DISASTERS - Abstract
This paper outlines a personal account of the growth of the field of traumatic stress in Europe, especially with the history of major disasters in the 1980s, the first European Conference in Lincoln in 1988, the formation of European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies and its subsequent development, for example, with a federal structure and its own journal, and most important of all the way that the field as a whole has matured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Issue Congruence across Legislative Terms: Examining the Democratic Party Mandate in the European Parliament.
- Author
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Arnold, Christine and Sapir, Eliyahu V.
- Subjects
PUBLIC opinion ,HUMAN behavior & society ,DEMOCRACY ,POLITICAL parties ,NATIONALISM ,LEGISLATORS ,HISTORY of the European Union ,TWENTY-first century ,HISTORY - Abstract
Much of the empowerment of the European Parliament over the years is due to its special role in providing a bridge connecting the public’s policy preferences on the one hand, and the legislative behaviour of elected officials on the other. As the only popularly elected EU institution, successive treaty reforms increased the EP’s political power. These reforms were accompanied by an explicit desire to see citizens’ involvement in EU politics increase and, in turn, provide support and legitimacy to the European integration project. This paper models MEPs’ track records on various political issues, and assesses the extent to which their output is in line with the positions their party campaigned on and the policy preferences expressed in public opinion. The findings suggest that there are discrete patterns of representation, where some parties are more inclined toward greater congruence with their selectorate and manifesto than others. Furthermore, the degree of congruence varies across policy issues and is shaped, to a large extent, by institutional arrangements and political context. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Wage inequality in a developing open economy: Portugal, 1944–1984.
- Author
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Lains, Pedro, da Silva, Ester Gomes, and Guilera, Jordi
- Subjects
WAGE differentials ,PORTUGUESE economy ,SKILLED labor ,PORTUGUESE politics & government ,INCOME inequality ,ECONOMIC development ,ECONOMIC change ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
This paper estimates and analyses wage inequality trends in Portugal, from 1944 to 1984, a period that comprises the Estado Novo dictatorship and the first decade after the transition to democracy. Wage inequality is measured by the gap between skilled and unskilled labour, and reveals a downward trend in most of the period in analysis. We provide an explanation for the observed trends by looking at the influence of domestic and international forces on changes in the relative supply and demand of skilled labour. According to our findings, the skill premium declined due to the combined influence of two major forces: an increase in the relative supply of skilled labour due to the mass emigration of unskilled labour, and the decrease in the relative demand for skills, related to trade-induced changes stemming from the country's increasing openness, which followed the country's unskilled labour comparative advantages. Our findings point to the conclusion that the impact of openness on wage inequality is related to the country's relative level of development among its major trading partners. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Love, labour, loss: women, refugees and the servant crisis in Britain, 1933–1939.
- Author
-
Holmes, Rose
- Subjects
JEWISH refugees ,WOMEN refugees ,HOUSEHOLD employees ,WORKING class women ,FASCISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY ,HISTORY of fascism - Abstract
Between 1933 and 1939, around 20,000 Jewish, ‘non-Aryan’ or politically active refugee women from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia entered Britain on domestic service permits. Their immigration, mostly organised by women in the British voluntary sector, served as a moral response to the humanitarian crisis caused by Fascism in Europe, and a practical response to the ‘servant crisis’ in Britain as working-class women increasingly rejected domestic labour. This paper considers the practical and emotional relationships around domestic service and argues that the acceptance of refugee women into the metropolitan British home was conditional on the tacit expectation they could fill the vacancy left by the working classes, becoming British through their labour. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. The teaching of modern languages in France and francophone Switzerland (1740–1940): a historiographical overview.
- Author
-
Extermann, Blaise
- Subjects
FOREIGN language education ,EDUCATION ,FRENCH-speaking people ,SOCIOLINGUISTICS ,HISTORIOGRAPHY - Abstract
This paper has two aims: firstly, it sketches the history of language teaching in France and francophone Switzerland over a period of 200 years, with a particular focus on the teaching of German. Secondly, it seeks to shed light on some of the francophone historiographical approaches which have influenced recent research in this area. Historical sociolinguistic studies have highlighted the multilingual nature of the Ancien Régime. Mainstream conclusions from the history of language teaching methodology have been complemented by contributions from sociolinguistics which shed light on the developing status of teachers, their working conditions, their role in educational institutions and their professionalisation during the nineteenth century. From the beginning of the twentieth century, despite the dominance of monolingual ideology, discussion of modern language teaching started to take place transnationally. Today, historians are also working across borders in order to get a more accurate picture of the development of language teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. The Antwerp (stair) case: how a modernist architect staged his educational and ideological programme.
- Author
-
Couchez, Elke
- Subjects
IDEOLOGY & society ,ARCHITECTURE ,PAINTING & society ,STAIR design ,HIGHER education ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY of socialism ,HISTORY of education ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper looks at the educational project of Belgium’s acclaimed socialist and modernist architect Renaat Braem (1910–2001). While Braem is foremost remembered as a militant opinion maker, his work as an educator and an artist has received little scrutiny. When Braem was appointed interim director at the Antwerp National Higher Institute for Architecture and Urban Planning (NHIBS) in 1962, his first action point was not to change the curriculum. He instead reconstructed the physical configuration of the school. With an eye-catching staircase painting, he accentuated an important passage in the school building: the one from the administrative offices and library to the architectural studios. Claiming a central position in the institute, the staircase functioned as a stage and an auditorium on which an ideological and educational programme was enacted in an implicit, yet very physical manner. This article not only looks atwhatthe painting represents, but also athowit represents by applying Randolph Starn’s three categories of seeing: the glance, the measured view, and the scan. This threefold reading of the painting enables us to unpack (a) Braem’s educational project based on a socialist ideology and (b) the institutional climate of the 1960s. In the institutional debates, hovering between tradition and the rationalisation of education, Braem’s staircase painting proposed a third way. It revised the existing doctrines by reconciling the rational approach with a stronger focus on the human in the built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. ACADEMIC FREEDOM IN EUROPE: REVIEWING UNESCO'S RECOMMENDATION.
- Author
-
Karran, Terence
- Subjects
ACADEMIC freedom ,COLLEGE teachers ,RESEARCH universities & colleges ,FREEDOM of teaching ,UNIVERSITIES & colleges ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper examines the compliance of universities in the European Union with the UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Status of Higher–Education Teaching Personnel, which deals primarily with protection for academic freedom. The paper briefly surveys the European genesis of the modern research university and academic freedom, before evaluating compliance with the UNESCO recommendation on institutional autonomy, academic freedom, university governance and tenure. Following from this, the paper examines the reasons for the generally low level of compliance with the UNESCO Recommendation within the EU states, and considers how such compliance could be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Punched cards for professional European offices: revisiting the dynamics of information technology diffusion from the United States to Europe, 1889-1918.
- Author
-
Heide, Lars
- Subjects
PUNCHED card systems ,INFORMATION technology ,BUREAUCRACY ,COMPUTER systems ,INFORMATION resources management ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper compares the immediate success of the diffusion of punched cards in the United States in 1890 with their hesitant reception in Europe until 1918. This difference has so far been understood as a reflection of European backwardness but, as this paper argues, is better understood as an indication of more efficient European bureaucracies, both public and private. Further, the spread of punched card equipment in Europe until the 1900s was impeded by the absence of agencies in Europe to handle sales and maintenance. The analysis also shows that, even after 1918, the spread of punched cards in Europe was not a simple infusion of US technology. European agencies contributed significantly to the shaping of the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Where is 'Community'?: Engineering education and sustainable community development.
- Author
-
Schneider, J., Leydens, J.A., and Lucena, J.
- Subjects
ENGINEERING education ,ACTIVITY programs in education ,ENGINEERING teachers ,SUSTAINABLE development ,ENGINEERING students ,PROFESSIONAL education ,ACADEMIC programs - Abstract
Sustainable development initiatives are proliferating in the US and Europe as engineering educators seek to provide students with knowledge and skills to design technologies that are environmentally sustainable. Many such initiatives involve students from the 'North,' or 'developed' world building projects for villages or communities in the 'South.' Sustainable development projects in engineering education are being lauded for meeting multiple educational outcomes and providing students with important international training. This paper argues that such programmes need to educate students to think critically about their role as development professionals, to understand and value the role of community in development projects, and to develop long-term assessment criteria for such projects. It argues that engineering educators need to meaningfully engage the 'community' in sustainable community development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Researching the history of social work: exposition of a history of the present approach.
- Author
-
Skehill, Caroline
- Subjects
SOCIAL services ,SOCIAL workers ,CHILD welfare ,SOCIAL work with children ,SOCIAL work theory ,HUMAN services - Abstract
This paper provides an exposition of Michel Foucault's 'history of the present' in order to make the case for its relevance to the study of social work history. It sets out the general principles underpinning this practice and considers its application to a particular research question relating to history of child welfare and protection social work in the Republic of Ireland. The paper seeks to highlight the challenges involved in its use and illuminate its potential value as an approach for researching the history of social work. It is concluded that this exposition offers one appropriate approach that could be employed within the growing field of social work history research across Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Europe’s mediation junction: technology and consumer society in the 20th century.
- Author
-
Oldenziel, Ruth, de la Bruhèze, Adri Albert, and de Wit, Onno
- Subjects
INTELLECTUAL cooperation ,TWENTIETH century ,COLD War, 1945-1991 ,ELECTRONIC voting ,AUTOMOBILES - Abstract
This article reviews the literature on the relationship between consumption and technological development to understand the character of Europe’s 20th-century trajectory, i.e. the hidden integration of Europe long before the formal process of unification started. Within the rich historiography, the paper focuses on the intersection between production and consumption, where a range of social actors and institutions sought to represent consumers and mediate consumption. It is at this juncture of mediation that social actors and institutions negotiated the mediated design and the appropriation of new products and technologies. The paper further historicizes the juncture of mediation by introducing the European politics of the state, marketplace, and civil society within the context of economic crises, world wars, revolutionary changes, post-war reconstruction, and cold war. By looking at the mediation junction, a conceptual frame is offered to understand the connection, the disconnection, or the reconfiguration of technologies and consumer identities in 20th-century Europe. In a final section, the article suggests new avenues for research to examine the hidden integration of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Defending the City: Taksim Solidarity.
- Author
-
Elicin, Yeseren
- Subjects
GEZI Park Protests, Turkey, 2013 ,URBAN policy ,NEOLIBERALISM ,MASS mobilization ,AUTHORITARIANISM ,URBAN planning ,TWENTY-first century ,HISTORY - Abstract
The neo-liberal urban policies imposed under authoritarian policymaking triggered an important urban movement during May–June 2013 in Istanbul. A group called Taksim Solidarity (TS) arose behind this astonishing urban movement that the city and country had never witnessed before. It was a call for more transparent consulting, regulation and supervision stages in urban planning. Consisting of people from a wide spectrum of fields, it provided a much-needed political platform where people could put their ideas forward and create political synergy, in itself an extremely important factor in contesting the project. Based on a qualitative study, the present paper tries to understand the most important factors behind the Gezi resistance, and analyse the dynamics which saw more than 120 different organizations gather under the TS banner. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
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31. Between Euro-Federalism, Euro-Pragmatism and Euro-Populism: the Gaullist movement divided over Europe.
- Author
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Leruth, Benjamin and Startin, Nicholas
- Subjects
GAULLISM ,HISTORY of European integration ,FRENCH foreign relations ,EUROPEAN foreign relations ,POPULISM ,PRAGMATISM ,HISTORY - Abstract
Copyright of Modern & Contemporary France is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
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32. Post-racial paradoxes: rethinking European racism and anti-racism.
- Author
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Sayyid, S.
- Subjects
ANTI-racism ,RACISM ,RACE relations in the United States ,CRITICAL race theory ,DECOLONIZATION ,POSTRACIALISM ,HISTORY - Abstract
The advent of a post-racial understanding of racism has changed the way in which Europe sees itself and its ethnic minorities. The concept of the post-racial emerged in the United States to describe a belief that America was no longer a racist society and the election of Barack Obama to the highest office in the land was a public and highly visible confirmation of that state of affairs. A global post-racial culture has taken hold of western plutocracies in which racism is universally denounced but increasingly difficult to pin down. Sayyid's study, by using a decolonial analytics, examines the different ways in which racism is imagined and how this imagination shapes the way in which the post-racial appears. The paper goes on to sketch out an alternative account of the post-racial as an aspect of the various trends that have been described as being post-political. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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33. Europe's Christian Democratic Parties and American Possibilities.
- Author
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McGraw, Bryan T.
- Subjects
POLITICAL parties ,UNITED States politics & government ,SOCIAL order ,DEMOCRACY ,WORLD War II ,HISTORY - Abstract
In this paper, I survey the histories of Europe's Christian Democratic parties and suggest that inasmuch as they show that religiously framed party politics can have significant and positive effects on both institutions and supporters, it is difficult to see how those lessons translate straightforwardly to the American social and political order. Even if they did, making a success, both electorally and substantively, of a Christian Democratic movement in the United States would require a degree of statesmanship that certainly seems in short supply these days. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Neo-liberal Not-for-Profits: The Embracing of Corporate Culture by European Muslim Charities.
- Author
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Barylo, William
- Subjects
CORPORATE culture ,CHARITIES -- History ,MUSLIMS ,ISLAM ,CONSUMERISM ,HISTORY - Abstract
Muslims in Europe have set up numerous initiatives aimed at reconciling religious life in modern societies. Whether they revolve around food certification, finance, education, or newly founded businesses that try to provide products and services compliant with religious prescriptions. Many charities are alternative safe spaces where people who share the same spirituality and ethics can connect and work together. Reviving Islamic traditions, such as shura, sharing a rejection of consumerism, and designing modes of governance opposed to bureaucracy, they may appear as rejecting modern models. However, inspired by the financially successful methods of big multinational companies, some charities try to design modes of action that try to emulate corporate culture. Becoming driven by results and figures such as “likes” on Facebook, retweets, and “views” on YouTube, they adapt their interpretation of the Qur’an and the hadith to justify material success as a means to achieve happiness. This paper analyses how, from a tradition rejecting materialism, some Muslim charities paradoxically develop a utilitarian mindset, and how corporate culture impacts the not-for-profit sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Thomas Piketty's Historical Macroeconomics: A Critical Analysis.
- Author
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Duménil, Gérard and Lévy, Dominique
- Subjects
MACROECONOMICS ,INCOME inequality ,PRICE flexibility ,CAPITAL productivity ,HISTORY - Abstract
There has been a great deal of interest in the data on income and wealth inequality collected by Thomas Piketty. This paper does not question that data; rather, it questions the framework of Piketty's analysis, both theoretically and empirically—namely the alleged upward tendency of the ratio of wealth to national income and the rise of wealth inequality. First, in the mechanism put forward, wealth can only grow as a result of savings, thus ruling out any form of price effect (as in urban land). Second, Piketty’s second law defines an asymptotical trajectory, in which variables grow in parallel, something incompatible with the rise of the ratio between two variables. In addition, Piketty’s model does not match data for the USA. The historical profile of the ratio of wealth/national income is actually the inverted image of the productivity of capital (the ratio of output/firms’ fixed capital). Doubts are also expressed concerning the dramatic fall of the ratio of wealth/national income in Europe around World War I. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Assessing actually-existing trajectories of EU politicisation.
- Author
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de Wilde, Pieter and Lord, Christopher
- Subjects
EUROPEAN Union politics & government ,LEGITIMACY of governments ,PUBLIC sphere ,TREATIES ,EUROPEAN integration ,DEMOCRATIZATION ,PARETO optimum ,HISTORY - Abstract
Theoretical debate about the effects of politicisation on the democratic legitimacy of the European Union has tended to focus on the potential of conflict between European political parties or member state governments. At the same time, empirical sociological studies demonstrate that controversy about Europe continues to unfold primarily within national public spheres. There is as yet no genuine Europe-wide party system or public debate. This reveals a gap between the normative theoretical assessment of EU politicisation and empirical sociological analysis of this phenomenon. To reconcile this discrepancy, this paper develops three actually-existing trajectories of politicisation: the remote conflict, the international conflict and the domestic conflict. Each trajectory carries unique challenges and opportunities to the democratic legitimacy of the Union. It is argued that the domestic conflict trajectory is most promising from a normative democratic perspective. Paradoxically, this does not necessarily imply a renationalisation of the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
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37. Re-education in times of transitional justice: the case of the Dutch and Belgian collaborators after the Second World War.
- Author
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Grevers, Helen
- Subjects
COLLABORATIONISTS in World War II ,RECONSTRUCTION (1939-1951) ,BELGIAN history, 1914- ,HISTORY of the Netherlands, 1945- ,TRANSITIONAL justice ,EDUCATION of prisoners ,HISTORY of war & society ,DENAZIFICATION ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
After the liberation of the Second World War, the governing parties in both Belgium and The Netherlands agreed that it was necessary to punish the collaborators. But the notion that the large majority had to be ‘re-educated’ for social reintegration also very soon prevailed in both countries. Collaborators had to be ‘cured’ to become full democratic national citizens again, and their punishment was designed to achieve this. Although in the last few decades the research scope of transitional justice has developed greatly and has contributed to an ever more nuanced picture of the punishment of collaboration in the post-war period, the question of to what extent prisons were used as places to ‘improve’ enemies of the state during a regime change has largely been overlooked. But precisely by studying the execution of the punishment, underlying ideologies and interests are exposed, and we can see how well defined citizenship was. This paper, with the aid of the Dutch–Belgian comparison, considers how post-war re-education was approached in those countries and what this says about the meaning of imprisonment during regime changes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Illuminating and inspiring: using television historical drama to cultivate contemporary nursing values and critical thinking.
- Author
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McAllister, Margaret, Rogers, Irene, and Lee Brien, Donna
- Subjects
HISTORY of war ,NURSING career counseling ,WAR ,COURAGE ,CRITICAL thinking ,DRAMA ,EDUCATION research ,FOCUS groups ,LEARNING ,CASE studies ,NURSES ,HISTORY of nursing ,NURSING practice ,NURSING education ,NURSING ethics ,NURSING schools ,NURSING students ,OCCUPATIONAL prestige ,PREJUDICES ,STEREOTYPES ,TELEVISION ,JUDGMENT sampling ,CULTURAL values ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,PEER relations ,TEACHING methods ,HISTORY - Abstract
As the world prepares to commemorate the centenary of the First World War, it is timely to discuss meaningful learning activities that students of nursing could be engaged in to encourage them to reflect on the nurse's role then and now. Several films and television series about the war and featuring nursing have already been aired. No doubt there will be many more stories to come. Such stories have the potential to do more than eulogise nursing for students and practitioners. Stories, such as The crimson field, have potential to stimulate serious contemplation about values and cultural practices that have remained constant or have changed and to assist students to develop and articulate values that will be fitting for contemporary practice. Recently, excerpts from the series were examined with a group of nursing students and key learnings were found. These are shared in this paper for the benefit of educators planning to utilise public discourse as triggers to engage nursing students in discussions about nursing values, nursing history and representations of the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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39. Not all the same after all? Superdiversity as a lens for the study of past migrations.
- Author
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De Bock, Jozefien
- Subjects
IMMIGRANTS ,CULTURAL pluralism ,FOREIGN workers ,MEDITERRANEAN peoples ,MEDITERRANEAN foreign workers ,IMMIGRANT families ,POST-World War II Period ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
Due to its claim of contemporary exceptionalism, the notion of superdiversity raises suspicion among historians. However, historians would do well to not dismiss the entire superdiversity debate as more hype that does not concern them. As a multidimensional perspective on diversity, encouraging researchers to examine the interplay of many different factors that condition people's lives and to move beyond an ethno-focal perspective, superdiversity could be of interest to historians as well. This article shows how the notion can help historians debunk some of the homogenizing categories that tend to characterize the representation of past immigrant populations. The paper uses a superdiversity lens to examine migration to the city of Ghent from 1960 to 1980. It is an open invitation to historians to accept the challenges that superdiversity poses and to provide a proper historicization of the concept, thus furthering its theoretical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. From the “Good Tradition” to Religion on Some Basic Aspects of Religious Conversion in Early Medieval Tibet and the Comparative Central Eurasian Context.
- Author
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Hazod, Guntram
- Subjects
TIBETAN history ,CONVERSION (Religion) ,ETHNOLOGY ,TIBETAN Buddhism ,HISTORY of Buddhism ,TIBET (China) politics & government ,ETHNICITY ,CROSS-cultural studies ,HISTORY ,RELIGION - Abstract
What Western academic literature described as ethnic or cultural Tibet in fact implies something composite and processually constructed: Tibet then often appears as a typical example for explanations of collective identity (and ethnicity). Such approaches increasingly are applied in present-day anthropology and historical studies, highlighting the historical conditions and the politically, socially and ideationally constructed features of identity. In Tibet, identity-building was strongly related to the spread of Buddhism. The new religion was introduced in the time of the Tibetan Empire (seventh to ninth century), but it was only its later spread (from the eleventh century) that led to the effective, all-embracing establishment of Buddhism in the Highlands. It was interlinked with regionally different forms of political manifestations—the founding of Buddhist kingdoms at the periphery and the emergence of monastic hegemonies in the central regions. These developments correlated with processes of conversion, which in its narrative model is described as an act of conquest, taming and civilizing the physical universe and which in theory actually never ends. Apart from considering current anthropological discussions of the phenomenon of religious conversion, this paper will include a comparative view of the history of Christianization in early medieval Europe (especially in Western Europe—the Frankish kingdom and the barbarian zones North of the Rhine and the Danube, fifth to tenth century). Inter alia this also raises questions about the initial social forces and interests promoting the new religion's adoption, and to what extent formal similarities with the Tibetan case are ascertainable in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. One continent, one language? Europa Celtica and its language in Philippus Cluverius' Germania antiqua (1616) and beyond.
- Author
-
Van Hal, Toon
- Subjects
MONOLINGUALISM ,INDO-European languages ,PROTO-Celtic language ,EUROPE in literature ,HISTORY ,SEVENTEENTH century ,INTELLECTUAL life - Abstract
Today's European Union is keen to point out that one of Europe's main characteristics is its linguistic diversity. Some early-modern scholars, however, emphasised the notion of European monolingualism, even though Europe's linguistic diversity was as obvious in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries as it is today. These scholars advanced the argument that, in a distant past, Europeans had spoken one single language. This article focuses on the first scholar to really substantiate this idea. In his voluminous Germania antiqua (1616), the Leiden founder of historical geography, Philippus Cluverius, set out to prove that Europe had once largely been populated by people who shared one single language and a set of distinctive customs. After analysing Cluverius' argument and his linguistic image of Europe, the article will outline the intellectual background behind his claims and map his work's impact on later representations of Europe in terms of language. Even when most early-modern scholars admittedly rejected the idea of Europe as a historical linguistic unity, the paper will show that the notion of Europe was a crucial point of reference in the linguistic scholarship of the early-modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Resonance and reach: discussions on racism between the UK and Germany from the late 1970s.
- Author
-
Bojadžijev, Manuela
- Subjects
RACISM ,ANTI-racism ,MARXIST philosophy ,HISTORY of capitalism ,CULTURAL studies ,IDEOLOGY ,NEW left (Politics) ,RACE & society ,HISTORY ,HISTORY of racism - Abstract
In this paper I investigate the resonance of the volumeThe Empire Strikes Backwithin the debates on racism in Germany since the late 1970s. I am interested in this long-term intellectual exchange in light of the current need to conceptualize racism in a European framework and thereby reflect upon the characteristics, concepts and possibilities of such a framework. I begin by situating the debate at that time within the context of the New Left. What connected both situations, in Germany and the UK, was an inscription of the then-ongoing anti-colonial and decolonial struggles of the South in the North, not least through the ‘retaliatory effect’ of migration movements and struggles of migration arriving in Europe. I argue that the understandings of racism and anti-racism are grounded in a materialist framework and that the concept of articulation helped and continues to help thinking the complexity and heterogeneity of the social. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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43. Spanish as a Foreign Language in Europe: Six Centuries of Teaching Materials.
- Author
-
Sánchez, Aquilino
- Subjects
SPANISH language education ,EDUCATION ,SPANISH language ,SPANISH language students ,TEACHING aids ,EUROPEAN civilization -- 1492- ,HISTORY of foreign language education ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the history of Spanish as a Foreign Language, from its beginnings in the late fifteenth century to the twentieth century. It is the first survey of its kind published in English. It shows that we are well informed about the broad lines of development, but that much remains to be done in some areas, particularly in analysing the materials used to teach Spanish and their connection to the European pedagogical tradition. Much less is known about who the learners of Spanish were throughout Europe. It seems that the students of Spanish in Northern Europe, for example, had specific learning goals which were probably not the same as the learners of Spanish in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Permanence of the Family Farm Questioned: Rural Mobility in the Nineteenth-Century Estonia and Sweden.
- Author
-
Peil, Tiina and Bonow, Madeleine
- Subjects
IDENTITY (Psychology) ,FAMILY farms ,SOCIAL mobility ,MODERNIZATION (Social science) ,SWEDISH social conditions ,RURAL population ,FAMILIES ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY ,SOCIAL history - Abstract
The family farm has symbolic significance in many parts of the world. In this paper we argue that the “rooted” identity of the farmer emerged as a reaction to rapid modernization in society and that, in actual fact, the nineteenth century rural communities were both geographically and socially mobile. We examine how kinship ties were expressed in spatial terms with the help of two examples from Harjumaa in north Estonia and Västergötland in south Sweden. These micro-histories are taken both to illuminate and subvert some of the key ideas about identity, belonging, and mobility of the nineteenth-century farmer. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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45. Penicillin and the European response to post-war American hegemony: the case of Leo-penicillin.
- Author
-
Cozzoli, Daniele
- Subjects
PHARMACEUTICAL industry ,PENICILLIN ,ANTIBIOTICS ,DRUG development ,HEGEMONY ,EUROPEAN history, 1945- ,HISTORY - Abstract
In post-war years, penicillin played a fundamental role in radically changing the system of pharmaceutical research and production, with US firms and research centres taking the lead. As with other areas of science and technology it also became a domain in which European actors sought to adapt to and counter US policies and practices of hegemony, becoming part of a broader pattern of US—European relationships during the Cold War. Three European companies succeeded in catching up with the Anglo-American companies and became large antibiotics producers. This paper reconstructs the story of one of them, Lovens Kemiske Fabrik (now Leo Pharma), and of its Leo-penicillin, focusing on previously unexplored material from Leo Pharma corporate archives and on other archival sources. Loven's case is particularly interesting, because the Danish firm had no substantial pre-war expertise in fermentation, the key technical skill required in penicillin production. More specifically, the argument is that the choices of pharmaceutical companies played a major role in the European answer to the invasion of American penicillin, finding market, rather than state-sponsored, methods to counter US hegemony. This response, though, also highlighted the limits of European capabilities in the 1940s and the early 1950s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The English Miss, German Fräulein and French Mademoiselle : foreign governesses and national stereotyping in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe.
- Author
-
Bayley, Susan N.
- Subjects
GOVERNESSES ,STEREOTYPES ,AU pairs ,PREJUDICES -- Social aspects ,FOREIGN language education ,NATIONALISM ,EUROPEAN history ,SOCIAL conditions in Europe ,HISTORY ,WOMEN'S history ,HISTORY of nationalism - Abstract
In nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe, the age of the governess coincided with the age of nationalism. This paper explores the connection between them in the specific context of intercultural education by foreign governesses. It argues that nationalism, with its focus on the identification and projection of a distinct national character, led to the stereotyping of European countries and, by extension, the stereotyping of foreign governesses. It further contends that the clichéd images of the English Miss, German Fräulein and French Mademoiselle, which were international, powerful and largely negative, had, on the whole, a detrimental effect on governesses and their working relationships with employers and pupils. It concludes that stereotyping along national lines adversely affected both visitor and host by promoting formulaic and prejudicial attitudes one to the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Brokering Instruments in Napoleon's Europe: The Italian Journeys of Franz Xaver von Zach (1807–1814).
- Author
-
Dal Prete, Ivano
- Subjects
SCIENTIFIC apparatus & instrument design & construction ,HISTORY of scientific instruments ,SCIENTIFIC apparatus & instruments industry ,HISTORY of astronomy ,SCIENCE & state ,EUROPEAN history, 1789-1815 ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper explores the interactions between scientific travel, politics, instrument making and the epistemology of scientific instruments in Napoleon's Europe. In the early 1800s, the German astronomer Franz Xaver von Zach toured Italy and Southern France with instruments made by G. Reichenbach in his newly-established Bavarian workshop. I argue that von Zach acted as a broker for German technology and science and that travel, personal contacts and direct demonstrations were crucial in establishing Reichenbach's reputation and in conquering new markets. The rise of German instrument making highlights the complexity of the scientific relationship between the centre and the peripheries in Napoleon's empire, and reveals the existence of diverging views on the role of instruments and of their makers. In von Zach's view, Reichenbach's instruments could not penetrate the French market because Parisian astronomers focused on mathematical astronomy and, for both political and epistemological reasons, dismissed instruments and material innovations from the peripheries. The German astronomer and his Italian colleagues, on the contrary, regarded Reichenbach's technical achievements as outstanding contributions to astronomy, and considered the political and cultural hegemony of the capital as a hindrance to the advancement of science. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Journalism as institution and work in Europe, circa 1860.
- Author
-
Örnebring, Henrik
- Subjects
JOURNALISM ,JOURNALISTS ,HISTORY of journalism ,HISTORY of newspapers ,HISTORY of mass media ,NEWS gathering ,REPORTERS & reporting ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article presents a comparative historical analysis of the relationship between journalism as institution (i.e., a particular set of organizations in society) and journalism as work (i.e., an activity practiced by individuals) in four European countries: Britain, Sweden, Germany, and Estonia. The analysis compares the institutional context of journalistic work in these four countries around 1860, focusing in particular on the organization of journalistic labor at the national newspaper of record. The historical comparison reveals how exceptional the British case is. The study finds that British journalism circa 1860 exhibited a high division of labor, high labor specialization, and was increasingly focused on news gathering and production. Swedish and German journalism exhibited an emerging division of labor and labor specialization, and was focused on political debate (rather than news gathering and production). Estonian journalism exhibited hardly any division of labor or labor specialization, and was focused on raising national awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Popular Music in Germany, 1900–1930: A Case of Americanisation? Uncovering a European Trajectory of Music Production into the Twentieth Century.
- Author
-
Nathaus, Klaus
- Subjects
POPULAR music ,AMERICANIZATION ,SHEET music publishers ,JAZZ ,CULTURAL production ,MUSIC industry ,TAYLORISM (Management) ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article discusses the thesis that popular music in early twentieth-century Germany was Americanised by shifting the focus from the meaning and reception of music to the way it was produced and disseminated by professionals, from music publishers and composers to bandleaders and critics. Firstly, it stresses a key difference in the way the music business was modernised on both sides of the Atlantic around 1900. While in the US the sheet-music trade became ‘Taylorised’, the music business in Germany, as elsewhere in Continental Europe, was transformed into a rights industry. Secondly, the paper highlights the prominence of Austrian music producers and their repertoire in Germany and suggests that, at least in a business sense, popular music in Germany was Austrianised rather than Americanised. Thirdly, it proposes that ‘Jazz’ after the First World War was hardly a straightforward import of American culture, but a site where incumbents and newcomers to the music profession struggled for position. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Americanised, Europeanised or nationalised? The film industry in Europe under the influence of Hollywood, 1927–1968.
- Author
-
Merziger, Patrick
- Subjects
MOTION picture industry ,AMERICANIZATION ,NATIONALISM ,POPULAR films ,FILM periodicals ,NATIONAL socialism & motion pictures ,IMPORT quotas ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY of nationalism ,HISTORY of the motion picture industry - Abstract
In most film histories of the twentieth century Hollywood's dominance has been indisputable. Apparently, European filmmakers were always facing one choice: either imitating the American style or finding a niche in the Hollywood system. This dominance is often referred to as evidence for an ‘Americanisation’ of popular culture in Europe. This article shows that this narrative leaves out a central development between 1927 and 1968: the nationalisation of popular European cinema. The paper asks which conditions facilitated and shaped national film cultures and shows how the political regulation of production in European countries, the momentum of the market, technology and the national industries contributed to the nationalisation of European film. Ultimately, however, the productions of these national cinemas resonated with audiences who sustained them for years following the Second World War. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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