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The article discusses the potential business models of electronic paper devices used by stakeholders in the newspaper value network in the U.S. The value chain and network hold roles important for production and distribution of content on the e-paper device. The newspaper model on e-paper offers particular service on its device. The kiosk model provides additional value to users who can use e-paper reader as mobile platform. It also mentions that newspapers will consider using new distribution channels as way to diversify services.

In late nineteenth-century USA, technological developments in paper production—a shift from a reliance on scarce cotton rag to plentiful wood—drastically reduced the price of newsprint. That decline helped overturn the reigning economics of the daily newspaper and resulted in the rise of new cheap papers with vastly expanded circulation. This novel mass press encompassed almost all Americans in the public sphere as represented by its pages. Focusing on newspapers in Detroit, this study examines the manifold consequences this shift had for the press's economics, its news agenda, and the implicit identity of the audience it addressed. The rise of a mass press in the late nineteenth century, however, was not specific to Detroit or the USA. As comparative historians have highlighted, the emergence of a mass press in Europe and elsewhere was a turning point that deeply marked the historical evolution of press systems around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the early twentieth century, American newspapers enjoyed high circulations while presenting readers with diverse and plentiful content. After 1920, radio broadcasting made even more information available for public consumption, giving audience members an abundant range of media choices. During a time of plenty for readers and listeners, companies in the business of media struggled with the opposite problem: scarcity. As the amount of media content proliferated, the practical ability to disseminate it was determined by the access to scarce resources, and this was true for both radio broadcasting and newspaper publishing. In many respects, the history of the American mass media in the early twentieth century might best be told as a tale of two scarcities, one—the electromagnetic spectrum—defined by absolute limits and the other—the newsprint—defined by access to markets for a particular material, the supply of which often fluctuated in availability and price. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The tale of 1939 voyage of the MS St. Louis has been retold in books, films, exhibits, and on the web. While researchers looking at U.S. newspaper coverage of the Holocaust have generally viewed its components as discrete pieces of evidence rather than as parts of a larger whole, this study reviewed coverage of the voyage in situ in the pages of thirty-nine newspapers from twenty-five American cities. The findings of the qualitative content analysis sorted those papers into four groups, based on how much coverage they gave the story and whether they supplemented wire copy with staff reporting, photographs, editorials, or cartoons. Neither a paper’s geographic proximity to the story nor the size of its city’s Jewish population appears to have been a good explanation of its coverage choices. Important distinctions were also found in how reporters, news services, and, thus, newspapers, told the refugee passengers’ story. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the scholarship on shifts in masculinities has primarily focused on men's practices, while overlooking how these practices directly impact women and gender relations. In this paper, I examine how women navigate spaces in which men appear to challenge masculinity through an analysis of women's experiences within the community of adult fans of My Little Pony- a community defined by White, heterosexual men's engagement in gender atypical practices. Utilizing interviews with 13 women fans of My Little Pony and ethnographic observations at four My Little Pony fan conventions in the United States, I find that women in the brony community experience harassment and marginalization while also downplaying how gender shapes these experiences. Additionally, women contribute to the project of concealing privilege and inequality by celebrating men for their gender non-conforming behaviour.Keywords: Hybrid masculinities, media, fandom, gender relations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the response of John Nerone on the changes in the historiography in the U.S. Details of the important economic innovation of the penny papers; History of the American news media; Concept of the penny papers.

This issue of the journal Prometheus includes an edited collection of papers by communication and media scholars from around the globe treating the social and societal aspects of the use of telecommunication and mass media tied to the tragic events that occurred in the United States on September 11, 2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Judith Waller's radio programming philosophy over her career that began in 1922 at WMAQ Chicago. In the 1940s, representing the interests of her employer NBC, Waller began to use the phrase "public service" as a way to break free of the "stigma" of educational radio. The concept of public service programming shifted during the 1930s and 1940s in the US, redefined and negotiated in response to assumptions about radio listeners, the financial motivations of commercial radio, and Federal Communications Commission rulings. This paper brings renewed attention to the past and present political economy of media in the US, providing a window into the historically complex relationship between commercial and noncommercial media that continues to this day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how Trump uses metadiscourse as a strategy for denying accusations of racism. We conduct a discourse analysis of press event interactions where Trump denies journalists' accusations of racism or where Trump himself voices others' accusations of racism and then denies these accusations. Analysis of 8 excerpts illustrates how Trump a) uses metadiscourse to reframe his own talk as "accurate" instead of "racist," b) uses "fake news" as humor to delegitimize media and display amicable relationships with his African American supporters and c) labels questions from journalists who ask about his racist actions as "racist" or "nasty." These metadiscursive strategies reproduce racist ideologies that position Trump as well intentioned, not racist, and thus not blame-worthy for racist actions and those who question Trump as unreasonable and sometimes, racist themselves. Thus, Trump uses his authority to control definitions of what counts as racism and is able to perpetuate racism while attempting to maintain a "not-racist" identity. Overall, we highlight how close analysis of forms of metadiscourse as used in particular interactional and relational contexts is consequential for understanding ways that racism is justified and maintained more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the manner and extent to which the media and public opinion influenced the US government's and the UK government's reaction to the Y2K computer bug. The data concerning Y2K come largely from primary and secondary government documents and newspaper articles and public opinion polls from the period as well as semi-structured interviews conducted with civil servants, representatives from the IT sector, and IT journalists. The paper concludes that during the early phases of Y2K planning there was anxiety among a professional elite, which included the media, the legislatures, and private industry, and this anxiety influenced the timing and magnitude of both governments' responses. With respect to public opinion, however, the governments were more concerned about shaping it rather than following it. Both governments raised the profile of Y2K as a strategy to minimize the impact of the bug in a complex and interdependent infrastructure. After having raised awareness and anxiety levels for over a year, however, the US government, in particular, was worried that it had done too good a job, and that public overreaction became a distinct possibility. They therefore embarked on a strategy of bringing public anxiety down. As New Year's Day 2000 approached, the governments' Y2K operations were no longer in line with public perception about the risk, but in light of the potential consequences of a public overreaction, this deviation seemed acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is it that helps printed newspapers successfully compete with other media for the audience: marketing efforts, content, or their design? This article discusses the results of the most recent studies of an extensive research program on this topic. It began with the evaluation of 350 local dailies in Germany in the mid-1990s. Papers were reexamined: 60 in 2001.28 in 2002. Success factors revealed in the foundation study—such as clearly structuring the content, local orientation and a generous design—are still valid, but now have to be applied in a more refined manner. A replication with 50 U.S. newspapers provided material for both an analysis of newspaper success in the United States and for a German-American comparison. The recipes for newspaper success point to convergence between the two countries, but also to some cultural differences in what reading a newspaper means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convergence, media cross-ownership and multimedia newsrooms are becoming increasingly part of the vocabulary of contemporary journalism—in practice, education, as well as research. The literature exploring multimedia is expanding rapidly but it is clear that it means many different things to different people. Research into what multimedia in news work means for journalism and journalists is proliferating. In this paper the social and cultural context of multimedia in journalism, its meaning for contemporary newsrooms and media organizations, and its current (emerging) practices in Europe and the United States are analyzed. The goal: to answer the question in what ways ‘multimedia’ impacts upon the practice and self-perception of journalists, and how this process in turn shapes and influences the emergence of a professional identity of multimedia journalism. This paper offers an analysis of the professional and academic literature in Europe and the United States, using the concept of media logic as a theoretical framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosser Reeves and David Ogilvy practiced advertising during perhaps the industry's most intriguing era when a debate took place over how best to create effective advertising for the relatively new medium of television. Reeves and Ogilvy and their respective agencies seemingly represented the opposite ends of the debate as the trade press framed the conflict as being between two fierce rivals with diametrically opposed advertising philosophies: Reeves’ “hard sell” versus Ogilvy's “soft sell.” However, correspondence between the men reveals a shared core advertising philosophy, insights into their common practices and beliefs, and a more nuanced and layered understanding of their relationship. Reeves and Ogilvy both dismissed the talk of rivalry and eschewed the media's simplistic labels placed on the challenging process of creating effective advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this article is to show that economic experts are not the product of one single social field, with one identity and one role. They are rather the product of a trans-epistemic discursive field. By a combination of discourse analytical tools from post-structuralism and a theory of symbolic power derived from Bourdieu's work, the contribution explores how economists occupy a powerful, hegemonic position in the global political economy. While classical approaches in Political Economy reduce power mainly to money and violence, this paper takes the recent debates on the cultural turn in Political Economy as a starting point to develop the idea of a Discursive Political Economy of Economics. In the first step it is shown how discourse and power interact. In the second step the paper explores the discursive power logic of economic expert discourses at the interface between academia, politics, media and the economy with illustrations from empirical research. The claim of this paper is that the power of economic expert discourses in the media, politics and the political economy is based on an elitism dispositif which emerged in the academic world of economics in the USA as an ‘excellence myth’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Points out that 'The Black Panther' newspaper, born in the tumult of the 1960s black power movement, refuses to die. Official closure in the early 1980s; Efforts to bring it back to life; Purposes of the resurrection of 'The Black Panther' newspaper; Blank Panther's emphasis on public communication; Modern black nationalism.

On 26 April 2007, US sportswriter Mike Penner told readershewas transsexual and thathewould return to the paper as Christine Daniels. Journalists immediately analysed and assessed this column. Three months later, Daniels' first byline appeared assheassumedherformer beats. Yet, after eight months in the spotlight, Daniels faded from view and, without explanation, Penner's name returned. Although the paper did not offer details on Penner's return,hisre-emergence proved newsworthy. While the byline appeared consistently, Penner rarely appeared in public. On 27 November 2009,hecommitted suicide. By interrogating the fragmented coverage of Penner/Daniels in these three periods of his/her life – transition, (re/de)transition and suicide – this paper argues that the media selectively framed Penner/Daniels's gender identity and used gender pronouns purposefully to create specific meanings. Few described Penner/Daniels in entirety; as a result, the life was flattened into a one-dimensional category of gender advocacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This historical agenda-setting study examined the extent to which Franklin Roosevelt's issue agenda, as expressed in his first seven State of the Union speeches, correlated with subsequent coverage in seven major newspapers and the degree to which newspaper coverage correlated with FDR's issue agenda. While past works have emphasized Roosevelt's ability to influence media coverage, this study suggests that Roosevelt reacted to previous coverage more than he influenced subsequent coverage. Past researchers contend that Roosevelt's strong support early in his first term deteriorated subsequently. By contrast, our study found stronger correlations between FDR's issue agenda and subsequent coverage later in his presidency. FDR reacted to, rather than influenced, coverage in newspapers he read and influenced coverage in newspapers he did not read. Roosevelt's issue agenda posted stronger correlations for the papers that supported him than those that opposed him. This study suggests, then, that historical conditions, amount of exposure to the newspaper, and political leanings of the newspaper are contingent conditions influencing the agenda-setting process and should be considered in future agenda-setting studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper asks why the extreme real-world weather events of the summer of 1988 created a social scare in the USA while the comparable weather impacts of 2012 did not. It uses these two summers to exemplify the importance of the broader context surrounding the media. The key background factors are: the dominant issue culture in which the media function; grassroots environmental social movements; and both political and scientific claims-making on climate change. The paper seeks to show that these factors affected reporting opportunities related to the formation of reproducing stories and the (investigative) stance assumed by the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The way consumers get and seek health information reflects the current information landscape. To gather updated insights on consumer experiences with and attitudes towards direct-to-consumer (DTC) promotion of prescription drugs, we conducted a nationally representative survey of 1,744 US adults using a mail-push-to-web methodology with paper nonresponse follow-up. Results showed high exposure and indifferent attitudes to DTC promotion. Respondents reported DTC promotion has prompted action, particularly searches for more information, increased use of online resources, and some reported that they refused to take or stopped taking a prescription drug because they saw or heard about the drug's side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive scoping review of empirical research into US and UK media representations of Africa published between 1990 and 2014. The results show that existing research has a remarkably narrow focus on a specific number of countries, events, media and texts. Research into representations of North Africa, Francophone Africa, non-news genres, non-elite media and radio content, is particularly scarce. This, I contend, provides an insufficient basis for reaching any firm, generalisable conclusions about the nature of media coverage of Africa. The common assumption that representations are dominated by Afro-pessimism, for example, may be accurate – but it is not currently substantiated by the existing evidence. In short, the widespread belief that we know how Africa is represented in the US and UK media is shown to be a myth. This paper also discusses how this myth has been maintained through certain citation practices and interpretations of evidence as well as the implications of these findings for the many corporations, governments, non-governmental organisations and researchers whose activities depend upon, or have helped to preserve, this myth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In November 1965, Lerone Bennett, Jr. began a new series inEbonymagazine titled “Black Power”, which focused on the economic and political gains made by blacks during Reconstruction. In the middle of Bennett’s “Black Power” series, Stokely Carmichael issued his own proclamation for Black Power at the Meredith March in June 1966. Just a few issues later,Ebonypublished an in-depth profile of Carmichael by Bennett, which provided one of the most comprehensive early examinations of Carmichael and Black Power published in an American periodical. This paper explores Bennett’s profile of Carmichael and his “Black Power” history series to offer a reappraisal ofEbony’s role in the rise of Black Power. I argue that Bennett’s writing inEbonyhelps to complicateEbony’s reputation as a superficial and commercially-oriented magazine, and points to the development of a cultural and political left-wing within Johnson Publishing Company during the 1960s. By connecting the emergence of Black Power in the 1960s to his own depiction of Black Power during Reconstruction, Bennett offered an important rebuttal to mainstream depictions of Black Power as a dangerous “new” force, and a precursor to more recent scholarly discussions of a “long Black Power movement”. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As large employers of labor and owners of businesses that conveyed information about organized labor to a wide audience, publishers were intimately connected to the labor movement during the 1930s and 1940s. Publishers such as William Randolph Hearst were condemned for controlling a press determined to fight unionism. Newspaper owners, however, were business operators, journalists, and community leaders and these broad interests led to the creation of diverse content on organized labor in the nation's newspapers. For some publishers, civic and professional motivations encouraged an effort to remain neutral or to offer balance in reporting and commentary. Other publishers expressed support for unions, if only to claim market share. Regardless of personal views on unions, many publishers showed an honest respect for the line between opinion and news. This article examines the complex response of publishers to the growth of unions in American life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media play an important role in shaping people's beliefs and ideas. More specifically, media have a great influence on what we think about foreign countries. The media influence the way a country's citizens view the people and governments of other countries and shape our image of them. All types of articles about foreign countries are covered in the media. Investors looking to invest abroad certainly pay attention to what is reported in the media about corruption in other countries. Since corruption plays a huge role in investment decisions, this paper investigates the role of corruption coverage in Wall Street journal on US foreign direct investment outflows. We find that an abundance of corruption stories about a specific country in The Wall Street Journal can demotivate investors and reduce the amount of US foreign direct investment outflows to that country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traces the circulation of daily newspapers in the U.S. from 1850 to 1900. Use of copies per capita as an index for newspaper diffusion; Influence of advertisers on newspaper circulation; Techniques in gathering and disseminating news; Social and technological changes that influenced newspaper circulation. INSETS: Table 1: Circulation per capita, urban capita, household, ...;Table 2: Circulation per urban dwelling, 1850-2000.

U.S. and Australian media vehicles are not required to publish or broadcast every commercial advertising message submitted. To the contrary, owners and managers ate free to designate anyone's message as unacceptable, and, in fact, they do so, for many reasons. Building on the research literature on U.S. business practices, this paper reports results of depth interviews with Australian media managers on their approaches to deciding what advertising materials to accept or reject. The U.S.-based literature provides the basis for a model that illustrates the influences on media vehicles' decisions, and Australian managers' responses indicate that it readily applies in their country as well. Overall, similar to U.S. practices, the single most important reason for rejection of advertisements in Australia is a breach of taste, although Australian vehicle managers more readily and visibly assert deference to the judgment of their more numerous and active trade associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. journalists embedded in rural and agricultural communities could adversely affect the health of residents if they avoid alerting and engaging their readers – farmers, ranchers, and community members – on environmental and health issues. We expected reporters would maintain community status quo and inaction by framing local water pollution and quality issues neutrally deemphasizing threats and solutions to maintain their own credibility as unbiased informational sources. In a content analysis of local water quality newspaper articles from five farming and cattle ranching states in the west central U.S. Midwest, we employed seven variables to investigate whether journalists practiced neutral, detached forms of journalism (i.e. dissemination versus interpretative role enactment, government-frame) as well as whether they deemphasized water pollution as a concerning issue (i.e. problem, threat), water pollution solutions, and readers' efficaciousness. The results showed these journalists relied heavily on government-driven narratives presenting water quality issues from an impartial, straight reporting lens in which they primarily followed the journalistic dissemination role enactment, while neglecting to provide readers with interpretative, threat, efficacy, or solution's information. The study seeks to help communicators understand the information diet people living in this part of the country likely receive on environmental and health risks in the context of water pollution. Communicators seeking to reach and affect audiences in this region should understand local information practices to navigate how to craft culturally specific public health messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extinction of intracity competition among daily newspapers in the U.S. has increasingly caused concern. Between 1923 and 1978, the percentage of cities supporting more than one daily newspaper has descended. It is feared that the monopolies that large metropolitan newspapers are achieving will eventually destroy competition from suburban newspapers. This article presents a case study test of umbrella competition for circulation in a directly competitive metropolitan newspaper markets, the Boston standard metropolitan statistical area in Massachusetts.

One of the most dramatic changes affecting daily newspapers in the U.S. has been the decline in the number of cities with competing newspapers. This article focuses on the sources and implications of the losses incurred by aggressively competing newspapers like the "Free Press." Based on reasonable inferences concerning their investment nature, the accounting losses reported by the "Free Press" substantially overstate its true economic losses. This conclusion has important implications for the evaluation of financial performance of newspapers locked in competitive struggle. A discussion is presented on the differing economic and accounting treatment of investment expenditures. Portions of the losses of the "Free Press" in terms of investment rather than operating expenditures to determine the effect of competitive strategies on the economic condition of the paper is analyzed.

The article discusses the study that examines the newspaper industry trade journals and manuscript sources from the late 1880s. It focuses on the business environment of press politics in the late 19th Century. It offers information on the methods of conducting the study, collection of related and reliable data, research findings and analysis and interpretation of the results of the study. Moreover, several charts are also presented that depicts political affiliation of various American newspapers including from California, New York State and other 25 major cities in the U.S.

Presents a series of classroom exercises based on the rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court on the First Amendment affecting the mass media. Features of the exercises; Summary of the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court; Facts of the case.

Student news interns with major United States newspapers are surveyed for their ethical judgments and to determine how much ethical instruction they have received The instrument used is a modification of the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) audit questionnaire. Students seemed to reflect the values of the profession, perceived a futility in written codes, and recognized conflicts between professional and private ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many ad agency executives have proclaimed the era of the global advertising agency. They observe that corporations are moving towards placement of their worldwide advertising through a single agency, and they predict that a few large "mega. agencies" will take over a majority of international advertising accounts. Yet, no published studies have examined how many brands are actually handled by the same ad agency worldwide. This paper presents the results of a survey examining the extent to which U.S. companies use the same agency to advertise abroad and in the home market. The study found that of the brands sold abroad, only about one-third are handled by the same agency both at home and abroad. This proportion does not vary significantly with advertising budgets, by product class, or between standardized and non-standardized brands. In addition, no single-agency group or "mega-agency" handles more than eight percent of the sample brands, and no agency handles a majority of its U.S. brands abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edwin Howard Armstrong is commonly remembered as the inventor of frequency modulation (FM). There are those, however, who dispute this claim and assert that Armstrong's legacy is a work of fiction rather than history. This study examines the extensive public relations campaign on behalf of both FM and Armstrong from 1940 until after his death. This thesis is a case study of this campaign for the purpose of understanding the narrative presented to the American public. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Despite both scholarly and popular claims that citizen journalism (CJ) represents a growing democratizing force in the journalistic field, recent scholarship in the area has noted the decline of the organizational population of CJ. In this paper, we investigate how individual characteristics of sites and the dynamics of larger organizational population affect a CJ site’s risk of experiencing a mortality. Drawing on the largest sample to date of US-based English-language CJ sites, this study examines the risk of site mortality through an event history framework. Findings indicate that the strongest predictor of a site’s mortality is the age of the site, consistent with organizational population theory’s ‘liability of newness.’ We also find that for-profit and community-based sites have lower rates of site mortality, indicating that adopting legitimate conventions of journalism may serve as a protective buffer to site death. The results offer mixed evidence on whether CJ has become more professionalized via attrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013, ex-National Security Agency (NSA) contractor Edward Snowden shocked the world by revealing the American NSA’s (and its partners’) extensive surveillance programs. The ensuing media discussion became a focal point for the justification and contestation of surveillance in the digital age. This article contributes to the growing body of literature on the discursive construction of surveillance, concentrating on how the practice is (de)legitimized. Methodologically, the paper draws onCritical Discourse Studies, applying the concept ofdiscourseand utilizing insights from Van Leeuwen’s categories of legitimation and social actor representation. The data come from the media coverage of the Snowden affair in Finland, whose hitherto very limited state surveillance is now being transformed into extensive digital monitoring. The study concludes that surveillance is (de)legitimized through two main discourses, one legitimizing it by constructing it as a tool for protection against terrorism, the other contesting it by depicting it as a threat to the basic building blocks of democracy. The study suggests that the latter understanding tends to be favored in the media, but the critique of surveillance is on a rather abstract level. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

On a steamy May 26, 2012 in Miami, Florida, police officers found Rudy Eugene viciously eating another man's face. Police shot Eugene at least four times, killing him, to stop the attack. Over the next month, the story of the “Causeway Cannibal” (a.k.a. the “Miami Zombie”) fueled debate about what spawned the attack. News explanations included synthetic drugs, cannibalism, Voodoo, and zombies. This textual analysis of immediate news explanations to the attack explores and speculates on why some explanations, such as mental illness, were ignored. By distinguishing between journalistic sensationalism and Ettema's journalistic “imaginative power,” this paper presents possible cultural reasons to explain why news media all but excluded mental illness as a dominant explanation for Eugene's actions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines how the cultural production of Mexican identity in the US media processes a Mexican threat narrative in the American public's mind. Racial profiling procedures utilized by the US Border Patrol that criminalize Mexican identity are used to illustrate the application of the Mexican threat narrative. The news media is treated as a primary data source because its portrayals are instrumental in processing perceptions in the public's mind that emphasize the criminality or foreignness of 'others' in US civic culture. For our purpose in this paper the authors we examined daily news articles from the Los Angeles Times focused on US-Mexico border news events. The analysis of the news articles supports two categorical domains: Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans as perceived threats to US society; and the racial profiling of Mexican identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the rise of China as an emerging great power has been widely perceived across the world. How has the rise of China been represented over time in the Western news media? Has the image of China as a rising power had any impact on the country's soft power? These questions remain unanswered but answering them is of great significance in helping us understand the impact of the news media on the transformation of international politics in the information age. This paper conducts a longitudinal study to examine the nature of Chinese coverage and explores how the image of a rising China—economically, politically, regionally and globally—has been represented in three transnational newspapers in Europe. It further argues that the Western media coverage of China's rise is as a soft power, which, to some extent, has an impact upon China's foreign relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since Tom Wolfe wrote a 13-page essay entitled “The Birth of the New Journalism: eyewitness report by Tom Wolfe”, in the 1970s, debate has raged over the nature of this New Journalism or literary journalism or creative non-fictions. Yet geographically, the debate has been confined to the United States and the United Kingdom. Australia has remained notably silent on the issue. One thing is certain, no matter where the debate was born—the nomenclature would not be definitive. There is no consensus among media theorists about an appropriate name. This paper investigates the history of the US and UK evolution of the genre pre- and post-Tom Wolfe. Drawing on new research, it then adds Australian voices to the “naming” debate. Creative non-fiction courses are in high demand within the Australian academy. Coupled with the advent of contemporaneous Internet news, this paper suggests that perhaps Australian newspapers should recognise and exploit this genre to reinvigorate its backgrounding news sections, investing journalists with more time, space and resources to write within the genre on running news stories of the day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Newspaper Preservation Act of 1970 (NPA) was ostensibly designed to protect editorial and reportorial diversity. From 1991 to 2006, however, twelve of twenty-two Joint-Operating Agreements have disappeared, including two in 2005. Another expires in 2007. Along with publishers' desires to monopolize markets for their own fiscal gain, the NPA can be blamed as failed policy that does not include penalties for violating the act's provisions or stipulations for how JOAs should be dissolved. This article considers why newspaper diversity is a valuable commodity worth preserving, traces the history and application of the NPA, and examines recent developments in related court cases and the newspaper business market. The article concludes that the federal government should consider amending or revising the NPA as a means of salvaging editorial diversity in JOA markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the television coverage of the hearing for Wisconsin Republican Joseph R. McCarthy, who was involved in a dispute with the Army. Much of the historiography dealing with McCarthy suggests that the confrontation was the pivotal moment of the nationally telecast hearings. Much of the public turned against McCarthy, allowing the Senate to condemn and neutralize him politically.

This article examines the condition of the Cable News Network in its delivery of news in the U.S. The network was able to achieved a good amount of popularity when it is included in the top three best known brand names in the world. The main idea of the establishment of the network was to combine the characteristics of a morning and afternoon paper in a single visual medium. The network helped spurned editorializing. It is also considered as the liberal network.

While contemporary media studies in Australia has focused on theories of race and representation across different media, research on the intersection of whiteness and media studies is still an emergent field. Theorising whiteness within media studies also requires taking account of the national-local formation of whiteness within Australia. Furthermore, Joseph Pugliese has pointed to the importance of theorising whiteness as an embodied, historical construct that needs to be localised within specific racialised social formations. Consequently, whiteness within the Australian media has to be theorised within the context of "white teleologies" (e.g. assimilative scripts, narratives of the foundational status of the Anglo nation, and the attempted erasure of Indigenous ownership) as well as whiteness as lived realities and visualities. Situating whiteness within these theoretical narrations, this paper will attempt to read productions of whiteness in Australian print media representations of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. How is whiteness expressed as transnational loyalty? How were the attacks constructed as a threat to whiteness in terms like attacks on "democracy" and "freedom"? These are some of the questions that this paper will attempt to address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze how an identity of white womanhood was constructed in nineteenth-century women's foreign missionary publications, particularly in relationship to women of other countries. Using a framework of postcolonial feminism, the paper seeks to uncover the discourses of colonialism and to place women at the forefront of this questioning by analyzing how Western white women's writings and communication practices were implicated in the colonial project. The content of three nineteenth-century women's missionary publications is studied with respect to constructions of white womanhood and how this discourse intersects with religion and U.S. colonialism. While content does exhibit colonial structures of discourse and the supremacy of whiteness, it also points to ambivalence and to relationships of affinity among U.S. women and women in other countries. Ultimately, such discourse, while representing the durability of colonial discourse, may also suggest the presence of transnational relationships built against common concerns, such as the valued role of women and the constraints of patriarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study in which communication personnel for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provided first-hand accounts of the experience of responding to media inquiries during the 2001 anthrax attacks. In-depth interviews were conducted with 19 communication professionals who worked either at the CDC headquarters in Atlanta or at field locations in the U.S. where persons were exposed to anthrax. The interviews sought CDC staff viewpoints on how the CDC handled a historically unprecedented level of press activity in terms of work locations and equipment, information flow and clearance, and staff roles. Staff reported that the situation led to new work practices, tools for performing the work, and an enhanced understanding of what it takes to be prepared for and to handle communication work during a terrorism-related health crisis. The paper provides a discussion of implications of the findings for CDC and for other public health organizations developing systems for communication response during health-related crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that ideodynamics is a differential equation model capable of predicting public opinions and behaviors from persuasive information. Statistics are also developed for the model. The methodology is applied to predict the time trend of public opinion about the economy as quantified by the Index of Consumer Sentiment compiled by the University of Michigan. The explanatory variables are derived from news coverage of the economy in positive and negative terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication scholars have analyzed how such pivotal historical and political events as war, assassination, and the rise and fall of nations and political regimes have functioned to shape and shore up the legitimacy of particular news institutions. This paper explores the role played by an early twentieth-century sex-related social and moral panic over "white slavery" in transforming news practices. Beginning in 1907, stories proliferated in the U.S. mass media of White women kidnapped and sold into prostitution by organized bands of immigrants, often alleged to be conspiring with top city officials. A diachronic textual analysis of New York Times coverage of a 1910 white slavery investigation finds that reporters initially drew from a stock of sentimental narratives to describe the investigation's findings. However, as the investigation grew increasingly problematic, the Times developed a detached orientation toward its object, similar to that demanded of professional journalists today. I examine how the Times engaged in paradigm repair and significant historical revision to account for and defend its earlier articles on this controversial phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes reactions in the German publication Der Spiegel to the attacks of September 11. The paper starts by describing the live reporting in the German media and then analyzes the Der Spiegel edition of September 15. The aim is to give an idea of how European journalists handled the situation and how different conclusions developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the genres of visual communication in mass media during the American Civil War. Emergence of pictorial representation as a regular part of journalism; Portraiture in the illustrated press; Depictions of fighting and the importance of antietam.