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This paper examines the organization and representation of time in certain kinds of undergraduate programs, here represented by a sociology program in a US university. Written requirements for the major are analyzed as constituting a 'chart' that defines academic time in terms of units of before-after relationships. The paper shows how students 'reuse' these temporal units when charting paths through the university and reckoning their academic work to specific futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I develop indices capturing business/market and nonprofit/mission characteristics of charter schools that can be used to explain many of their observed operational and political choices. This improves on earlier research using only a binary variable classifying charter schools as market or mission rather than letting them take on characteristics of both. Using data from a survey of charter schools, I construct market and mission orientation indices which I then use to reestimate a series of multivariate models published in earlier charter school research that used only the binary distinction between schools. These nuanced, nonmutually exclusive indices reveal aspects of school choices in terms of targeting student populations, recruiting staff, and engaging in political advocacy not uncovered with the original binary distinction. This demonstrates the importance of increasing the sophistication of our empirical measures in the study of charter schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the territorial organization of the US military through the lens of diaspora studies in order to explore how the dynamism of identity is implicated by the constant movement between divergent social and material territories. We contend that military identity is subjected todiasporic intersections, which are moments where identity is tethered to multiple geographies simultaneously. Through an analysis of widely circulated Western war films and narratives produced by military personnel we highlight two prominent diasporic intersections in the US military: regulation of the body and occupational identity connected to labor practices. After discussing the utility of diaspora theory for analyzing military organization, we explore the construction of diasporic intersections in micro and macro discourses, and conclude by presenting avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Committees are the backbone of any modern legislature. Membership of committees is in most parliaments a gift within the reach of the party groups. Yet, both theoretically and empirically, little is known about committee allocation in parliaments. Using theories from the literature of the US Congress, a framework for analysis of the committee assignments in Dáil Éireann is presented. Empirically, the contribution of this paper is twofold. First, it analyzes what factors influence the allocation of Teachta Dálas (TDs) to Dáil committees. Second, it analyzes to what extent the participation of TDs in committee changes over time. The former analysis corroborates results found in other parliaments; few factors seem to have an influence. The latter analysis confirms that the participation of TDs changes over time and seems to be tied in with the changing scope and influence of the committee system. The analyzes rely on a data set consisting of all committee assignments in the Dáil since November 1982 until June 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates how firms modify their sales management strategy when new products are added to the product Tine sold by their sales force. Comparisons are made between the sales management strategy options utilized by organizations prior to launching a new product or service and subsequent changes occurring in these elements as a result of launching the new product. Results indicate that organizations make a significant number of changes in all areas of the sales management mix. In comparing among these areas, organizations are most likely to change sales management mix elements related to quotas and least likely to make changes in sales organization structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate social responsibility for the community is a developing phenomenon, which has expanded considerably throughout the world in recent years. Collaboration between corporate and social organizations generates new opportunities but at the same time, it involves unique difficulties and challenges. In this paper, we present a seven-stage process-oriented model for collaboration between businesses and social organizations. The model shows how relationships between businesses and the community) can be developed in a practical way, with emphasis on partnership. The model includes a variety of strategies and techniques, which can be used to enhance collaboration and bridge gaps in the organizational language and cultures of business and social involvement. The model was developed out of a five-year professional intervention conducted by a community social worker at the Businesses for Children at Risk organization. Based on the model, practitioners can develop relationships between businesses and the community, and plan systematic interventions. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we try to understand and interpret why and how dark networks manage to survive despite massive control efforts by nation states, thus demonstrating a high degree of resilience. We approach this question from an organizational perspective looking at the (organizational) changes dark networks undergo in adapting to attempts to destroy them. We draw on insights based on the analysis of how Al Qaeda changed after the massive control efforts by some of the world's most powerful nation states since their attacks on the U.S. on September 11, 2001. In order to develop more general propositions, we contrast the Al Qaeda case with the development of the organizational structure behind the cocaine trade from Colombia to the United States after it had become the object of massive control efforts by the U.S. during the 1990s. Through the analysis we inductively develop a theoretical framework for the analysis of dark networks. Central to this framework is the assumption that dark networks, which are resilient, manage to rebalance differentiation and integration mechanisms in their internal structure and adjust to the new requirements in their task environment based on the actors, their linkages and resources available in order to persist and maintain some capacity to act. We further identify drivers and facilitators stemming from larger societal and political problems that create the motivation for new people to join dark networks. The analysis shows that control efforts that are directed towards the organizational extinction of dark networks will be likely to fail as long as the central problems behind their existence are not tackled. We conclude by sketching out an agenda for future organizational research on covert and illegal networks and organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces papers featured in the March 2006 issue of "Human Resource Development International," which focused on theory development related to human resource development. Nico van den Berg and colleagues examines public policy related to vocational education and training within organizations. Shari Peterson and Faye Wiesenberg reviewed the profession of human resource development and adult education scholars in Canada and the United States. Leslie Haugen examined the relationships between agency and structure in an organizational context.

This paper highlights the use of appreciative inquiry (AI), a growing practice in organization development, in the Office of Research and Development (ORD) of the Environment Protection Agency. AI is a strength-based approach to change that induces innovation and collaboration through participatory methods. It is distinct from other methods that focus on resolving problems in organizations. An AI summit is a large-scale inquiry designed with four phases: discover, dream, design, and destiny. The history and effects of a summit are described in a case analysis of the ORD. The article concludes by describing how managers might use AI to improve their leadership effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Building Research & Information is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the effects of macro-environmental variables on country-level patterns of participation by firms on the US NASDAQ stock exchange. NASDAQ's popularity can be linked to the strength of its technological system, as well as the high frequency of listings of technology-oriented firms. Using concepts from organization theory, strategy and international business, we consider the impact of political, legal, cultural, and colonial heritage status on the strategic capital-seeking behavior of non-US companies in US markets. We empirically demonstrate that similarity in legal systems and a shared colonial heritage will influence the probability of a non-US country having firm participation on the NASDAQ. The results also indicate that the effects of institutional forces are not static processes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. organizations are experiencing dramatic growth from the North American Free Trade Agreement. Companies that operate across the Mexican border must decide to either relocate currently employed personnel or to hire foreign nationals to staff positions. Since many cultural differences exist between the United States and Mexico, the use of "culture-pins," or bicultural people who bridge value differences, may facilitate success in these operations. Consequently, this paper proposes that U.S. firms located in Mexico should recruit and retain Mexican Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper discusses the importance of identifying the environmental context in which organizations function. The relationship between an organization and those other groups and individuals constituting its environment is specified in terms of linkages. Two key dimensions of linkage are identified: strength and breadth. The former refers to how intimately the organization is connected with any other group while the latter refers to how extensive is the support. These linkages' dimensions are viewed from a "resource mobilization" perspective, i.e., as the means by which resources are brought into an organization. A study of linkages sustained by the NAACP during 1961-69 illustrates how the dimensions of linkage strength and breadth can be operationalized and applied. New avenues of research then are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This position paper proposes that pessimistic self-criticism in the field of comparative public administration be replaced by recognition of its already notable accomplishments; and, more importantly, by its clearly great promise when the field is not narrowly conceived as merely non-American public administration but a generic, master field of administrative study. Hence the "new comparative administration" incorporates subnational and supranational comparisons as well as those in which the independent variable of national or national system is used. Also the redefined field will embrace: organizational, programmatic, and other such comparisons; use of disparate comparative methodologies; and research aimed frankly at ameliorating practical problems. This redefinition is intended not to down-grade the study of public administration in foreign countries, but merely to place that work in a broader disciplinary context in which revitalization can proceed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a reprint of the paper "L'informatique etlepouvoir: Pouvoir dans l'entreprise et pouvoir de l'entreprise," that was published in the May 1972 issue of the periodical "Informatique et Gestion." A brief recall of the most recent concepts on the functioning of organizations will allow the potential implications of informatics for the distribution of power in a company to be better understood and will clarify the reactions of the cadres in this regard. Specialists on business administration and sociologists specializing in organizations have conducted studies in the United States and in Western Europe that have led to a company no longer being considered as a supra-individual entity, having an existence and a behavior independent of that of its members and capable to this extent of being explained and governed by referring to purely formal models. They have likewise demonstrated that a company can no longer be conceived of only as the network of interpersonal relationships--irrational and charged with affectivity--to which the theoreticians of human relations thought it could be reduced. Instead, an organization can more realistically be considered the resultant of strategic games carried out as a function of multiple, divergent, and indeed contradictory goals by the organizational actors and as a function of their adherence to a minimum of common norms.

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the processes behind the transformation of the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) in the USA from a segregated organization in 1920 to an organization promoting racial equality, both within its ranks and in the wider community by 1965. Despite the continuation of segregated practices within some parts of the YWCA until the late 1960s, African‐American women were able to influence the YWCA within national divisions, notably the Negro Leadership Conference and the National Student Council. The influence of African‐American women within the national organisation made the YWCA’s toleration of segregation, both within its own association and in American society, untenable. The interracial friendships and relationships formed by women within the YWCA were crucial in breaking down the national organization’s acceptance of segregation and creating the will to overcome regional inertia, conservatism and hostility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a comparative review of 21st-century organizational communication in Australia/New Zealand and the United States. The parochialism of United States scholarship is perhaps a manifestation of its attempts to consolidate the disciplinary status of organizational communication. The near-obsessive concern about the disciplinary status of the field in the United States academy is reflected in a series of soul-searching, as well as inward-looking, debates. Critical discourse analysis is a particularly popular methodological tool used in Australia. Working in a smaller field has definitely made scholars in Australasia less insular about disciplinary identities.

Using the backdrop of the often-cited observation that participation and volunteerism help characterize American culture, employed the analogy of more Americans bowling alone and fewer in leagues to argue that civic engagement was in decline. In the realm of resource-based recreation and natural resource management, there is little evidence that the bowling alone phenomenon exists. This paper argues that, given the trend toward more public participation in outdoor recreation, natural resource and environmental management in the United States agencies and organizations that have institutionalized civic engagement in these fields should understand as much or more about the processes of citizen participation as they understand about the extent and outcomes.

An experimental study was conducted to see what impact varying the level of self-disclosure by a journalist, as well as providing information about why and how a story is being covered, has on the perceived credibility of the journalist, the story, and the organization for which the journalist works. A study was conducted that included 885 participants from the United States. Results indicate the group that saw a picture of the journalist, a low level of disclosure regarding the journalist, and information about why and how the story was being covered rated the journalist, story, and organization highest in terms of perceived credibility. These findings indicate that traditional news organizations, when it comes to building audience credibility, should consider including at least some information about the journalist, and perhaps, more importantly, information about why and how the story is being covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on some problems of the new unionism in the U.S. The new unions have made great progress; but they must overcome a number of difficulties if they are to become an important part of the labor movement. It should be stated at the outset that new unions have achieved much in the face of great odds and obstacles. Their successful organizing of many thousands of hitherto unorganized workers is an achievement that will rank high in the permanent records of labor. This paper proposes to deal with some difficulties that they face and some problems that they must overcome if they are to become a permanent part of our economic picture and succeed in bringing the remaining unorganized workers under the banner of unionism. The new unions may be defined as those labor organizations which have been formed since the latest upsurge of unionism beginning with the N.R.A. Some of the new unions have been organized by the American Federation of Labor and have remained in that organization, though the majority have followed what is now the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Problems of the new unions in the American Federation of Labor concern mainly the federal locals.

Social statistics have played a large role in describing the nature of the problem of an emerging urban underclass in the United States and in placing these issues on the public agenda and before the research community. Extant social statistics, however, are inadequate to the task of understanding the processes and mechanisms that create, maintain, or overcome the conditions and consequences of the urban underclass. Without theoretically informed social statistics of organizations and institutions and of geographic and contextual detail, social statistics will be unable to inform public policy in the l990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies the technical/rational model of organisations to help explain the effects of body-worn cameras on police organisation and practice in a single police agency in the United States. Consistent with the technical/rational model, cameras had enhanced those people-processing and environment-changing features of the police organisation which had tangible goals and well understood means for their accomplishment. In comparison, body-worn cameras were less successful in changing supervision and training, which were not well developed technically. We posit that improvements in these people-changing aspects of police work will likely require public pressure for higher levels of police professionalism, rigorous evidence on how these cameras can make training and supervision more effective, and police agencies willing to experiment with their strategic implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the global need to eradicate the use of atomic energy and atomic methods of destruction to achieve peace. A three nation agreed declaration on atomic energy which is comprised of the U.S., Great Britain and Canada was issued on November 16, 1945 and called for the establishment of a Commission which must be under the United Nations and is required to make certain proposals. Its list of proposals include holding out to all nations the exchange of primary scientific data aimed to achieve peace, control of the use of atomic energy and to check its use which is for attaining peace. The General Assembly created the Commission which had its first meeting on June 14, 1946.

While most often forbidden by university policy, homophobic attitudes and intolerance of gay/lesbian athletes may still exist within intercollegiate athletic departments. Against this backdrop, this study examines attitudes towards sexual orientation from a sample of Division I and III male university athletes (n=397) from four universities in the south-eastern United States. The study's primary research questions are: a) utilizing ethnicity as the independent variable, what are the sampled male athletes' attitudes towards sexual orientations? and b) is there a relationship between male college athletes' ethnicity and their sexual-orientation attitudes? Using the frameworks of social script and critical race theories, this article discusses the results' significance for university athletic administrators, faculty and college athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine temporary workers' differential extra-role behaviors (ERBs) towards their client and employer; if this varied with the motivation of the worker for being temporary, whether these ERBs are affected by firms' relationship management practices; and whether the ERBs aimed at the client and the employer impact subsequent outcomes. Results showed that temporary workers' motivations are differentially related to agency and client directed ERBs. Agency ERBs were related to longer tenure with the agency, while client ERBs were associated with faster wage growth and more hours worked per week. Organizational relationship management practices elicit different client and agency directed ERBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines US journalists' views about public service within their profession and news organizations at a time of significant economic and technological turmoil in the news business. The findings show that journalists remain strongly committed to informing the public and to serving the public interest. But an examination of factors that influence journalists' views on public service suggests that the hard times facing US news organizations today may undermine their ability to uphold this professional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explored the concept of change leadership in a US military organization that was undergoing extensive organizational changes. Participants' (N = 395) leadership perceptions, change readiness indices, and intentions to engage in the change were collected during an organizational assessment. Results indicated that change leadership from senior executives was most predictive of individuals' reported change readiness for military officers and civilian personnel. In addition to change leadership from senior executives, general leadership was also predictive of change readiness for enlisted personnel. Both leadership and change readiness were significantly related to higher intentions to engage in the change initiative. The change readiness of personnel appeared to increase according to the stages outlined by the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change (TTM), thus suggesting that this may be a useful model for predicting intentions to engage in and support organizational change initiatives. Implications for government organizations and the US military are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the origin of the IWRM concept is sometimes placed in Mar del Plata, Dublin or after the GWP, it has been around for more than 45 to 50 years. Evolving, it has incorporated something dear for each, achieving universal acceptance. Like a mantra, no national, regional or international organization in the Americas fails to promote 'some' IWRM concept. This is no small step conceptually, if not compared to what would be needed to bring it to practice. In an effort to clarify if there will ever be a universal understanding as to what IWRM means in practice, some practical hurdles in examples from Latin America are examined. The result is more questions than answers, the most important of which is how, if, and when IWRM can be used to achieve practical results for the end-users of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following research examines the role of cultural capital in the reading of alternative media texts. I interviewed leaders of small social justice organizations in the midwestern United States in order to discover the ways in which they developed cultural capital and read resistance within alternative media texts. From the interviews I found that the participants learned cultural capital from Timeless Elders and/or Contemporary Crusaders of activism. I also found that two types of resistance were read within the alternative media texts: a hegemonic form of resistance based on militant rejection of materials and an emanciapatory form of resistance based on adjustive rejection of materials. Through my analysis I found that the type of cultural capital that a participant had learned played an important role in the type of resistance that they read. The themes and concepts which emerged through the interviews hold significant implications for the conceptualization of modern social justice movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the rise of conservatism in colleges and universities in the United States. The John M. Olin Foundation has intended to promote conservatism in academia, and for 52 years this foundation pursued that aim by creating grants for individuals and organizations that have become founts of right-wing scholarship. Critics have charged that Olin and other conservative foundations broke the rules of academic discourse by promoting an ideology. Prior to the World War II, foundations dispensing the fortunes of industrialists and businessmen dominated philanthropic giving to American higher education. This generation of philanthropists funded the nation's academic infrastructure. The Olin Foundation, created in 1953, was one of a group of conservative foundations that arose in the post-World War II era, partly facilitated by a shift of economic power from the Northeast to the West and South.

This article focuses on the 9/11 Commission Report and organization theory. From the kind of fatalist perspective which stresses the unpredictability of organizational life, the Commission's story of 9/11 could be seems to be placed by the Commission itself on changes in structures and procedures to avert a repetition of the 9/11 attacks. From effective response to attacks like which mounted on 9/11 is always likely to depend on individual improvisation and flair as with the passengers on Flight 93.

The Cancer Information Service (CIS) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) is the premiere organization for providing cancer information to the nation. The CIS provides a stellar example of how a service organization dedicated to health communications also can serve as a laboratory for research. This journey by the CIS into health communication research is described briefly, along with the current generation of research summarized in this issue of the Journal of Health Communication (JHC). The CIS model for collaborative research is presented as an exemplar that other service organizations might embrace as a strategic tool for quality improvement in health communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we analyze the premeeting talk that occurred in 6 meetings of a nutrition company's weekly staff meetings. We begin by describing the business organization, the specific meeting, and the study's discourse and ethnographic materials. Then we introduce small talk, the theoretical frame that initially shaped our interest in premeeting talk, showing that premeeting talk is not merely a site for small talk. Premeeting talk includes work talk, meeting preparatory talk, and shop talk. For each, we illustrate what the talk type looks like and highlight the organizational function it served. In the article's next section, we examine premeeting talk through a second lens-talk as institutional identity work, focusing on the group-level identity of Nutrition Corporation as a mainstream American business committed to health and fitness. We show how the company's premeeting talk reflected and constructed this partially contradictory identity. In the conclusion of the article, we consider implications of the case study for organizational scholars' studies of culture, for distinguishing institutional and ordinary kinds of talk, and for language and social interaction research that attends to the visible behaviors and material surround. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on legitimacy in studies of organizations, institutions, and industries is marked by a proliferation of terms and categories and often confounds issues of evaluation, contestation, and legality, particularly in addressing industries and legitimacy. We connect an institutional conception of societal logics with standard conceptions of industry belief systems to present a framework and research strategy for examining the multilevel enactment of belief systems and discursive struggles central to the legitimacy dynamics of industries. We illustrate this framework with evidence from the U.S. tobacco and gambling industries to identify and interpret recurring legitimacy struggles. As such, we offer an example of how to better understand legitimacy issues by expanding the levels through which we examine processes of debate and evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the utilization of social networks for immigrant entrepreneurship using evidence from a case study of Korean immigrants in Atlanta, Georgia. Since the entire process involving immigrant entrepreneurship is closely related to the kinds of resources that ethnic groups possess and how well they generate them, ethnic entrepreneurship should be contemplated by considering what foundations of resource mobilization exist for immigrants to establish an entrepreneurial environment. A self-organizing capacity of ethnic groups has been considered crucial for the creation and survival of ethnic small businesses. However, the studies show how well organizations manage businesses at the community level so as to avoid competition among co-ethnic members, they do not discuss how immigrants as individuals draw resources from the networks in the community. Network theory, on the other hand, discusses resource mobilization at the individual level. It argues that network ties are the foremost fundamental source facilitating immigrants with information, resources, and social support.

Compares traditional industrial-organizational psychology with organizational behavior management research in the United States. Similarities and differences in research topics and methodologies; Authors and types of articles; Focus of both research on improving organizational efficiency; Inclusions of the study.

Recent research investigating human resource management (HRM) in organizations has used the systems approach which views HRM as a coherent set of practices. In particular, the notion of high-performance work system identifies a set of HRM practices that are presumed to be more responsive to the environmental challenges currently faced by organizations. Empirical studies have confirmed the system notion, particularly of what has been referred to as the high-performance work system, and its impact on organizations. Explaining its existence in organizations, which will help address the question of limited adoption, is only beginning, with one study each done in Great Britain and Canada. The present study extends the notion of competing interest groups to explain the existence of an HRM system, using more active influence measures. A sample of 222 business organizations in the United States reveals that, of four likely interest groups examined, unions and HRM departments prove to have competing interests in a high-performance work system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to determine the effect of financial controls on long term incremental organizational changes, effects of environment on an organization and the conditions that transform the corporate form by analyzing the historical and interview data on one of the largest steel corporations in the United States. Recent organizational analysis focus on how environmental changes affect organizations. Several sociologists criticize this paradigm, claiming it is too narrowly defined, underestimates the effects of internal organizational variables on change, and neglects organizational control over the environment. Dialectical analysis recognizes disequilibrium in organizations and between organizations and their environment, and the irrational social action that emerges from organizational contradictions. The social world, within dialectical theory, is in a continuous state of becoming whereby one set of arrangements gives way to another. The dialectical model stresses active participation in the ongoing social construction of organizations that creates and resolves contradictions.

The article offers perspectives concerning the distribution of rewards in the American organizations. It has been stressed that most of the things people value and want are ascertained by the operation of bureaucratic organizations. It could be noted that nearly 20 percent of the total non-agricultural employed labor force work for local, state, or federal government. Another 30 percent are employed by business enterprises. The organizations are aware of the organizations' role in the distribution of all valued modern life commodities. It was found out that people are less inclined to accept organizational actions without probing who gains and who loses in decisions.

Terrorists realize that ideological commitment to their organizational goals is a prerequisite to their survival as an effective fighting force. Consequently, they carefully avoid undertaking any intentional action which might fall beyond the umbrella of a real or a contrived popular cause. Thus, the terrorist has learned how to skillfully manipulte social conditions and grievances and execute specific criminal acts gauged to impact upon a preselected target audience. Additionally the management practices, cellular and columnar structures, personnel selection and internal control measures utilized by the terrorist are intended to enhance the effective and efficient achievement of his organizational goals and objectives. However, the American police, particularly, have caused terrorist groups to adjust their methods of operation, style of organization, and to carefully regulate and restrict their membership. The increased sophistication of the police, therefore, particularly in the areas of communication, mobility, and information, seems to have greatly impaired the organization and extension of terrorist groups in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents notes on the theory of organization, with special reference to the government of the U.S. Every large-scale or complicated enterprise requires many men to carry it forward. Wherever many men are thus working together the best results are secured when there is a division of work among these men. The theory of organization, therefore, has to do with the structure of co-ordination imposed upon work-division units of an enterprise. Hence it is not possible to determine how an activity is to be organized without considering how the work in question is to be divided. Work division is the foundation of organization. It is indeed the reason for organization. The article considers reasons for and the effect of the division of work. It also states factors responsible for the division of work. Some of these factors are, because men differ in nature, capacity and skill and gain greatly in dexterity by specialization, because the same man cannot be at two places at the same time, because one man cannot do two things at the same time, because the range of knowledge and skill is so great that a man cannot within his life-span know more than a small fraction of it. In other words, it is a question of human nature, time and space.

This article describes the process of building network organizations that support and foster broad-based economic and social development. Coverage includes phases in the development process, approaches to devising action steps, the nature of network organizations, and action research required to support network development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for public administrators to develop meaningful and implementable planning documents to guide the development of their agencies is increasingly important as society sprints from simple static environments to complex, dynamic environments. This escalation of future uncertainty suggests that the public administrator find an approach to planning that is both conceptually sound and adaptable to the cultural nuances of the organization. Understanding strengths and weaknesses of past approaches to planning and anticipating the next advancement, i.e. "transformational planning" facilitates the effectiveness of the public administrator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growth of contemporary technology, communications, and transportation, infused with television, computers, and the information highway, all of us are quickly becoming aware of the linked consequences of change. As traditional boundaries are collapsing around us, there is a growing sensitivity to the need for change, along with the belief that we need to plan for it. As such, strategic planning, competitive positioning, and innovative management systems that involve longer-term perspectives, critical trade-offs, and opportunity-driven forecasting are being fashioned here in the United States, and around the world. To grasp the initiative to shape an organizational context that will ensure a competitive, vibrant, healthy, fiscally rigorous and humane decision making environment for the public sector is the analytical foundation on which this symposium is anchored. Public managers have no option but to respond to American and global events, and the accompanying cultural, economic and political developments with courage, innovations, and strategic perspectives. It is clear that a paradigmatic crisis is occurring in American society and in public administration. Therefore, the harbingers of new paradigms are being created and crafted, which provide "hard" methods of inquiry, "real' cases of success; sound "fiscal" measures of performance; and "clearer" professional/leadership redefinitions of responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay focuses on the development of public official associations--those organizations that represent the interests of incumbent public officials in public affairs and their sense of the public interest--as a way to illustrate major issues of professionalism and intergovernmental management. Associations are seen as vehicles for linking an otherwise fragmented federal system and profession. Concentrating on the groups representing general government officials, efforts to make public official associations financially secure, intellectually stimulating, and influential in policy formulation will be reviewed from 1891 to 1940. An understanding of the history of Public Administration is incomplete without recognizing that the early development of the field was based on the logic of reform, a central feature of which was an alliance of nongovernmental associations dedicated to the public good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a case-study about teacher's unions and their roles, performance, and purpose. It discusses the problems that most unions are experiencing in different countries. Most attacks within the organizations are coming from their own memberships as well as from the outside. The teachers' problems on agreeing on certain objectives are given attention in this study as well as the emergence of militant organizations. These cases are in the countries of the United States, England, and Australia.

The population ecology model of formal organizations is used to study how adaptive maneuvers enable organizations to maintain themselves in a distribution of like organizations and, ultimately, to understand how the process of selection leads to survival and reproduction of certain types of organization and attrition of other types of organizations. Selection is readily affected by organization innovation, whether administrative or technological. This research dealt with how the steel rail may have affected the survival of 214 railroads in a fourteen-state area of the U.S. from 1860 to 1890. The findings indicate that two organizational characteristics, age of railroad and size of a rail operation, contributed more to rail survival than did technological innovation. Several methodological and theoretical issues are discussed which surround the choice of the population ecology model and the conduct of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article compares research findings on organizational theory in the United States and Europe. Most European scholars are provincial, staying at home to study their own people, organizations, and systems. European literature on organization is diffuse and scattered; and European organization thinkers are disorganized and less aggressive than Americans. They are unknown soldiers, whose works remain relatively unknown, not only abroad but also at home; there is no professional society that organizes them, nor do they write for any major journal. The dominant currents in organizational thinking since the beginning of 20th century have taken the form of thesis, anti-thesis, and synthesis. The classic or machine model of organization resembles a pyramid. It consists of a set of principles that are distilled from practical experience and bear on formal organization structure. By contrast, the human-relation school emphasizes people rather than structures, accommodation rather than machinelike precision; and it draws its inspiration from biological rather than engineering systems.

Discusses a field study which applied metaphor analysis to examine organizational conflicts at Disneyland amusement parks. Differences in world view between management and employees; Features of metaphor analysis; Role of metaphors in human thoughts and actions.