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In the middle of the second millennium, a coppiced forest land use phase most probably attributable to the middle Bronze age interrupts the I Fagus i dominance shortly by the increase of I Corylus i and I Betula i (LPAZ 11). The pollen sum comprises 1000 counts per sample and includes all terrestrial pollen types except Cyperaceae, spores of mosses and pteridophytes. Percentage pollen diagram, selected pollen taxa, exaggeration 10 ×. Table II. [Extracted from the article]

The pollen sum (whenever possible up to 500 pollen grains) includes all terrestrial pollen types, excluded are the local wetland and aquatic elements (including I Alnus i , I Salix i , I Urtica i , Cyperaceae), spores of mosses and pteridophytes. In the upper most pollen spectra clear peaks of Cerealia pollen indicate local cultivation and processing of cereal crops. The actual soil moisture regime of the region is Udic (soil moisture is sufficient throughout the year to meet plant requirements [USDA [11]: 97]). [Extracted from the article]

Percentage pollen diagram Gnadensee (ARG 2013): selected pollen taxa, exaggeration 10 × Contrary to the other pollen records in the area, where I Fagus i dominates over I Quercus i (Rösch [5]; Rösch et al. [7]; Rösch & Wick [8]), at Gnadensee, I Quercus i is clearly more important than I Fagus i throughout the Mid and Late Holocene. Recently, several pollen profiles have been studied in this area (Rösch et al. [6]); the closest pollen profiles come from: Mainau, 9.5 km to the east, Mindelsee, 6.5 km to the northwest, and Hornstaad, 4.5 km to the west. Bodensee-Untersee, the smaller part of Lake Constance, covers an area of 62 km SP 2 sp between Konstanz and Stein am Rhein and is divided into several basins by peninsulas and the Island Reichenau. [Extracted from the article]

I Fagus i declines strongly in LPAZ 7a (800-600 bc), when I Betula i , I Corylus i , NAP and human indicators increase. LPAZ 7c (200 bc-ad 100) is characterised by dominance of I Betula i , whereas LPAZ 7d (ad 100-200) has dominance of I Quercus i and I Fagus i . In LPAZ 7b (600-200 bc) first I Corylus i , later I Betula i decrease, as well as NAP and human indicators, and I Quercus i , later I Fagus i increase. [Extracted from the article]

The coniferous belt became dominated by I Pinus peuce i , I Picea abies i , I Pinus sylvestris i and some I Abies alba. i The human impact was not very intensive, most probably due to the partial abandonment of the high-mountain pasture in recent times. At lower altitudes were distributed I Pinus peuce i , I Abies alba i , some I Betula i and stands of I Alnus i in wetter places and along mountain brooks I . i The presence of deciduous tree pollen ( I Quercus i , I Tilia, Carpinus i , I Corylus i ) can be explained by aerial upslope transport from the mixed oak forests. Four local pollen assemblage zones (LPAZs), which correspond to successive stages of vegetation history (LV-1 to LV-4), can be recognized: I LPAZ LV-1, 490-425 cm (~6200-5940 cal. bp) i The lowermost section of the pollen record, as confirmed also by the find of subfossil stomata, reveals that stands of I Pinus i (most likely I Pinus mugo i ) and I Juniperus i occupied the slopes in the surroundings of the lake. [Extracted from the article]