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The purpose of this paper is to analyse and assess health care reforms in Vietnam since the late 1980s. It will argue that shortcomings of the reforms centre on three related sets of measures: substitution of budgetary allocation with user charges, expansion of social insurance and promotion of decentralisation. Reduction in fiscal support for providers offered them the motive to concentrate on revenue-generating activities while user charges provided them with the means to do so. With both the motive and the means for maximising revenues in place, providers vigorously pursued income-maximisation which had the effect of raising overall expenditures while reducing access. To deal with the problem of declining access due to rising user charges, the government is in the process of vigorously expanding social insurance. However, social insurance does not deal with the root causes of the problem of rising expenditures which lie in paying providers on a fee-for-service (FFS) basis. The paper will further argue that decentralisation has aggravated the adverse effects of FFS by diluting control and accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offers a look the social security programs in Indonesia and Thailand, which include retirement and health care programs. Factors distinguishing the two Southeast Asian countries in terms of social security programs they offer; Stances which make it politically unnecessary to provide comprehensive social security to the rest of the population.

The paper examines income maintenance and health policies in Singapore. It finds that, contrary to widely-held perceptions, the state is heavily involved in these areas. There exist generous schemes for government employees and a miserly programme for the hard-core poor. Private sector workers are looked after by programmes that they themselves and their employers pay for. The paper explains the patterns with reference to the nature of political competition in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]