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Efficiently obtaining tobacco planting area is significant for rationally allocating tobacco resources and realizing the balance between supply and demand. However, tobacco fields are characterized by fragmentation in hilly areas, which brings various challenges to extracting the tobacco planting area. A 16-square-kilometre tobacco planting region in Xuancheng City, Anhui Province, China, was selected as the study area in this paper. First, the single-temporal full-feature sets (STFFS), a time-series full-feature set (TFFS) and a time-series optimal-feature set (TOFS) were constructed from multi-period Sentinel-2 images, respectively. Then, we applied Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neural Network Classification (NNC) and Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) to classify the feature sets and compare the classification accuracy. The experimental results demonstrate that: (1) The best growth stage of tobacco remote sensing recognition is the mulching film phase of the spherical plant stage (ST1 period). (2) The classification accuracy indicates that TOFS outperforms the STFFS. (3) TOFS can still maintain the same classification accuracy as TFFS with fewer feature dimensions. (4) The RF classifier has great stability and robustness, which achieve an overall accuracy (OA) of 90.65%, 93.50%, and 93.09% based on the feature sets of ST1 period, TFFS, and TOFS, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time series Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) fitting, which describes the discrete time series observations with a mathematical model, can remove the residual noise, fill in the missing data, and produce a noise-free continuous time series; therefore, numerous time series fitting methods have been developed, but most of them focused on regularly sampled, noise-suppressed data, as NDVI time series derived from medium-spatial remote sensing images has irregular sampled and distortion-intensive characteristic, limiting the applicability of traditional methods. To address this problem, an automatic distortion-suppressed time series fitting method for irregular sampled NDVI is proposed in this paper. First, the observation quality is evaluated: (I) the observations on a fully clear image are identified as clear observations. (II) According to the prior knowledge that the NDVI is underestimated, the observations in the upper convex hull and above the line of two temporal-adjacent clear observations (identified by fully clear image and upper convex) are labelled as clear observations. (III) As the temporal evolution of NDVI is a slow and continuous process, deep-V observations, which has experienced an abrupt decrease and increase consecutively, are identified as noisy observations. Second, different weights are assigned to observations based on the quality assessment result, and the NDVI time series is weighted fitted. To highlight the observations above the fitting line and suppress those below the fitting line, the weights are updated according to the direction and distance between the actual observation and fitting prediction value. Then, fitting and reweighting processes are repeated until a stable fitting result is obtained. We use images acquired by the Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI) onboard Sentinel-2 satellite in Shouxian, Anhui Province to construct NDVI time series and test the method. The result demonstrates that our method can suppress the distortion and realize time series fitting automatically, compared with the state of art method, our method can obtain reasonably overestimation of the NDVI, providing an alternative for fitting irregular sampled NDVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian nephritis virus infections of chicken flocks cause enteric and kidney disease, uneven growth, and runting stunting syndrome, leading to economic losses in the poultry industry. In this study, one ANV strain, designated as AH202017, was isolated from a diseased broiler flock in Anhui province, China, in 2020. Virus production in LMH cell culture was confirmed by real-time RT–PCR and immunofluorescence assay. The complete genome sequencing analysis indicated that AH202017 shares 77.5–85.5% identity with 12 reference strains in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of the capsid protein revealed that AH202017 is more closely related to VIC-6a/Australia/2014 belonging to ANV genotype 2. However, the phylogenetic tree, based on the ORF1a protein and ORF1b protein, indicated that AH202017 manifests a close relationship with GXJL815/China/2017 belonging to genotype 8. In infection experiments, four infected chickens showed depression and one chicken died at 6 days post-infection, corresponding to 5% mortality. The virus was shed daily in the faeces of infected chickens, and was found distributed in multiple organs. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the kidneys were observed. This is the first paper that describes the genomic characteristics and pathogenicity of a novel ANV strain in China. A novel ANV strain was isolated for the first time from diseased broilers in China. The ANV strain caused nephritis and 5% mortality rate in 1-day-old SPF chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well-preserved dinosaur eggs from the Cretaceous Huizhou Formation in the Xiuning Basin, Anhui Province, China, are analysed in this paper. We describe a new oospecies, Similifaveoloolithus qiyunshanensis, based on several distinct characters of external morphology, size, eggshell thickness, and internal microstructure. Radial sections of this new oospecies show branched eggshell units with a fused layer near the outer surface, while numerous irregular pores and cones constitute a honeycomb pattern in tangential sections. The discovery of S. qiyunshanensis expands the distribution of Similifaveoloolithidae dinosaur eggs in China and provides new fossils for researching dinosaur eggshell formation mechanisms which are different from those of the currently known oofamilies. The dinosaur-egg-bearing strata in the Huizhou Formation have been dated to the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) on the basis of a similar dinosaur egg assemblage in the Tiantai Basin in Zhejiang Province. The eggs described in this paper are thought to have been laid in a buried nest while enrichment of trace elements in eggshells may have been caused by their ingestion into the body of the dinosaur producer. We suggest that the paleoclimate of this habitat was semi-arid to arid and that this environment was favourable for the preservation of eggs.http://zoobank.org/LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9D63A51F-5A4B-4249-901D-42A33E9FA933 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries, as a corporate external stakeholder, the government takes measures to promote the development of corporate brand. However, no consensus has been reached among scholars on the impact of government brand-building promotion (GBBP) on enterprises. Authors of this paper investigated 797 enterprises that have won the title of Top Brand granted by the government of Anhui Province, China, and found out that government promotion benefits enterprises through internal resource path, that is, GBBP is able to encourage the product & brand investment of enterprises and further improve their product competitiveness and brand equity, leading to better enterprise performance. This paper elaborates that the direct effect of GBBP on customer-based brand equity is not significant, thus negating the external customer path, but documents a positive relationship between the internal path and external path. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A main purpose of the present study was to examine and compare attitudes toward inclusive education between parents of children with ASD, parents of typically developing children, and classroom teachers in China. The investigators also sought to explore factors influencing different stakeholders' perspectives. An attitude survey was distributed to 14 institutions in Shanghai and Anhui Province in China, including four kindergartens, two elementary schools, four special schools, and four private training agencies. Seven hundred and twelve responses were received, including 170 from parents of children with ASD, 337 from parents of typically developing children, and 197 from classroom teachers. Both multivariate and univariate analyses were conducted to compare differences in attitudes between groups. The results indicate that parents of children with ASD held the most positive attitudes toward inclusion, whereas classroom teachers held the least positive attitudes toward the inclusion of children with ASD. Further analyses revealed that not only were adults' attitudes influenced by their identities as parents or teachers, but their background may also influence how they perceive inclusive education. The findings of the study provided a comprehensive view on how different parties perceive inclusive education of ASD. It also provided empirical evidence that inclusion generally has a positive impact on people's attitudes toward ASD. Implications and suggestions for future research and practices were further discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to develop a simulation-aided PROMETHEE-TOPSIS approach for the selection of the most desirable groundwater remediation strategies. The combination methods enables a careful evaluation of the identified remediation alternatives in which their strong and weak points can be detected and a ranking is provided which facilitates the final selection for the decision-maker. The capabilities and effectiveness of the developed method are illustrated through a case study on the remedial alternative selection for a naphthalene contaminated site in Anhui, China. Four attributes (i.e., total pumping rate, total cost, mean residual contaminant concentration and maximum excess life time cancer risk) for fifty remedial alternatives in each duration are considered and analytic hierarchy process is used to determine the weight of attributes importance. The results demonstrates that the developed method could help decision makers obtain the useful ranking information strategies that covering a variety of decision-relevant remediation options, which is beneficial for public health and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies a budget standards approach to develop budgets for households with children living in rural China and uses them to estimate the costs of children. The budgets and the child-cost estimates cover all areas of household spending and vary with household size and the age and number of children. The research was conducted in Funan County, Anhui Province, and has been guided and informed by local data and the advice, information, and feedback obtained from a series of focus group discussions with parents. Different methods have been used to set a lower-bound on the costs of children that includes those items only consumed by children, and a comprehensive estimate that covers all costs incurred by the household. The lower-bound estimates vary between 265 and 303 yuan per month per child, while the comprehensive estimates vary between 366 and 435 yuan per month per child. Even after adjusting the cost estimates to allow for home-produced food, the cash costs of children far exceed existing income support (wubao) benefits, suggesting that these benefits are not adequate to support the needs of orphaned children living in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the Sixth International Conference on Ming History held at Fengyang, Anhui Province in China from August 11-16, 1995. The sponsors of the conference were the Society for the Study of Zhu Yuanzhang, Anhui Normal University, Anhui History Society and the Chinese Society for Ming Dynasty History. Scholar Mao Xinyu was one of the speakers at the conference. It reveals the venue of the Seventh International conference on Ming History.

How far did the indigenous accounting of China's historically successful economy parallel Western double-entry bookkeeping (DEB)? We propose a scheme for classifying stages of bookkeeping that approach full DEB, review recently available nineteenth century Chinese accounting manuals and re-examine how far their recommendations reflect practice to be found in original account books contained in the archives of the Zigong brine wells for 1916-1917 (which have been argued to be essentially unchanged from the nineteenth century Qing era and perhaps earlier) and in the surviving accounts of the Fēngshèngtài salt traders of Henan province spanning 1854-1881. We introduce the accounting records we have now discovered from merchanting businesses in Anhui province, which span 300 years and survive from the 1590s onwards. These are all more sophisticated than the 'merchant-banking' accounts in the vast archive of Tŏng Tài Shēng covering 1798-1850, and in the case of the Anhui merchants' accounts comprise 'balance sheets' that include monetary values for physical as well as monetary assets, matching their owners' 'capital'. We tentatively conclude, on the basis of the evidence now emerging, that despite its variety of forms indigenous Chinese style accounting practice may in some cases have captured the structural essentials of DEB's content and functions and might be labelled 'Chinese-style double-entry bookkeeping' ('CDEB'), over which Western bookkeeping had no conceptual advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional landscape ecological risk (LER) assessment is of great significance for coordinating the relationship between land use and ecological environment, and for promoting the rational allocation of resources, and it is the basis and guarantee for achieving sustainable development. By assessing the landscape ecological risk of the Huaihe River ecological and economic zone, it can promote the development of ecological risk assessment theory, provide a scientific basis for the formulation of ecological civilization construction planning and policies, and help to strengthen environmental monitoring, planning and management, and promote the construction of ecological civilization. Based on the remote sensing image data of land use from 1985 to 2020, the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of land use and LER in the Anhui section of the Huaihe River Ecological and Economic Belt in China were explored. The results showed that: (1) The construction land showed an increasing trend, with an increased area of 4753.35 km2, whereas the cultivated land showed a negative growth trend, with a reduced area of 4487.58 km2. (2) During the past 35 years, the ecological risks in the research area showed a decreasing trend as a whole, with medium-low and medium-risk areas ranking as the main; medium-high and high-risk areas are mainly distributed on both sides of the Huaihe River and in the northern-central part of Suzhou City. (3) Moran's I values of LER in each period were showing significant spatial autocorrelation and tending to converge spatially. In the future, the ecological security pattern should be optimized for local high-risk deterioration areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new petrographic observations and geochemical and microprobe analyses for the Laomiaojishan, Xiaotongguanshan, and Tianebaodanshan intrusions in the Tongguanshan mineral district, East China. The plutons vary in composition from quartz monzonitic diorite to pyroxene monzonitic diorite, and contain gabbroic to dioritic xenoliths. The Xiaotongguanshan intrusion yields a SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age of 139.5±2.9 Ma, indicating Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Lower Yangtze River Valley. Relative to host rocks, the gabbro and diorite xenoliths are low in SiO2 (52.03-54.61 wt-%), Al2O3 (12.87-14.43 wt-%), and total alkalis (Na2O+K2O; 5.26-6.30 wt-%), but high in MgO (5.41-11.66 wt-%); the host rocks have high SiO2 (59.97-64.44 wt-%), Al2O3 (16.43-17.59 wt-%), and total alkalis (6.67-8.25 wt-%), but are low in MgO (1.52-2.50 wt-%). Concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) in the xenoliths (165.70-190.40 ppm) are similar to those in the host rocks (166.12-185.95 ppm), although the ratio of light REEs to heavy REEs in the xenoliths (3.39-4.27) is lower than that in the host plutons (4.86-5.94). All of the analysed rocks show similar REE patterns, although the xenoliths display marked positive Eu anomalies and the host rocks show slightly negative Eu anomalies. Values of epsilon Nd (t) ranges from -4.9 to -9.9 in the gabbro xenoliths and from -11.4 to -11.9 in the host intrusives. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios are 0.7064-0.7073 in the xenoliths and 0.7072-0.7084 in the quartz monzonitic diorite host rocks. Crystallization temperatures of hornblende and plagioclase in the gabbro xenoliths, diorite xenoliths, and host rocks are 816, 773-790, and 664-725°C, respectively, based on an amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer. The pressures recorded by these phases indicate that they formed at depths of 26, 12-15, and 3-4 km, respectively, based on an aluminum-in-hornblende geobarometer. The petrological and geochemical features of the analysed intrusions and xenoliths are consistent with their derivation from basic to intermediate-acidic magmas that possibly formed via a series of complex interactions between underplated, mantle-derived basaltic magma and varying amounts of middle- to lower-crustal material, followed by assimilation-fractional crystallization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new species of the Diptilomiopinae (Acari: Eriophyoidea: Diptilomiopidae) from China are described and illustrated. They are Diptilomiopus vitisis n. sp. on Vitis sp. (Vitaceae), Diptacus chizhouensis n. sp. on Rubus corchorifolius Linn. f. (Rosaceae), Diptacus platycaryae n. sp. on Platycarya strobilacea Sieb. et Zucc. (Juglandaceae) and Apodiptacus albae n. sp. on Swida alba Opiz (Cornaceae). Diptacus gigantorubra Xin and Dong on Rubus pentagonus Wall. ex Focke (Rosaceae) is re-described. All the eriophyoid mite species described in the paper are vagrants on the undersurface of leaves, causing no apparent damage to the host plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light use efficiency (LUE) plays an important role in gross primary production (GPP), so accurate estimation of LUE is crucial. The estimation of LUE using the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) is considerably promising, but on the other hand there is always uncertainty in obtaining the PRI due to the changing viewing angle and sun position in remote sensing observations. The objective of this study was to distinguish between sunlit and shaded leaves to improve the performance of PRI estimating LUE, and we used rice canopy reflectance data collected by the automatic multi-angle remote sensing platform and flux data for each half hour from 9:00 to 15:00 in Shouxian, Anhui Province, China. We modified the two-leaf model based on the characteristics of the rice canopy, P R I t was thought of by distinguishing between sunlit and shaded leaves PRI by two-leaf model on the rice canopy. The results showed that the P R I t -LUE correlation improved relative to PRI-LUE on clear days and was essentially negligible on cloudy days. We found that the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), temperature, and humidity had some influence on P R I t , the P R I t -LUE correlation was strongest at higher temperature and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and was linear with the change of temperature. We conclude that the modified two-leaf model improves the integrity of the PRI remote sensing observation and increases the accuracy of its LUE estimation by adequately separating sunlit and shaded leaves in the rice canopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analysed the stable isotope compositions of dinosaur eggshells and their associated depositional settings of the egg-bearing rocks in the Upper Cretaceous of the Qiyunshan area, Anhui Province, China. Data show that δ13C values for Similifaveoloolithus qiyunshanensis and Umbellaoolithus xiuningensis range between −5.94‰ and −3.55‰; this suggests that C3-type vegetation was consumed by dinosaurs with relatively high atmospheric CO2. δ18O values vary between −8.45‰ and −4.95‰, indicative of high temperature and low humidity within nesting areas. The lithological characteristics of the egg-bearing section evaluated in this study are dominated by red-brown fine sandy siltstone, correlating with pebbly medium-fine grained and medium-fine grained lithic sandstones. Grain size parameters, histograms, and sample probability cumulative curves are also all characterised by fine-grained sediments and suspension populations, likely indicative of floodplain and point bar environments. Therefore, the paleoclimate of the dinosaur nesting habitat was semiarid-to-arid based on food types as well as the colour and high Fe content of sediments. We suggest that this fluvial environment provided the best nesting and egg laying area for drought-adapted dinosaurs in the Upper Cretaceous of the Qiyunshan area and that the excavated nesting could be concluded in view of the periodic flooding events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia chienii E.Peter is a medicinal herb mainly distributed in Huangshan Mountain of Anhui province, China. In this study, the first complete chloroplast genome of S. chienii was sequenced and assembled. The genome length was 151,530 bp and encoded 143 genes (91 protein-coding genes, eight rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes). The phylogenomic analysis showed that S. chienii was closely related to S. miltiorrhiza. Further evolutionary studies of the genus Salvia could benefit from the complete chloroplast genome of S. chienii present in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a variety of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven smart healthcare services are rapidly emerging in the medical market, such as intelligent image analysis, surgical navigation systems, and aided diagnosis. However, one of the major challenges is practitioners' hesitation and unwillingness to employ these new technologies in medical practice. This study focuses on identifying the influential factors of adoption intention of smart healthcare services for both clinicians and non-clinicians from the perspective of technology transfer. Through collecting 484 questionnaire data from doctors in Anhui, China, we find support to show that perceived usefulness (PU), attitude, and the experience of using mHealth are key factors that influence both clinicians and non-clinician's adoption intention. Meanwhile, it is confirmed that subjective norm has a positive effect on only clinicians' behavioural intention (BI) while perceived risk (PR) has a negative impact on only non-clinicians' attitude. Among all the constructs, the experience of using mHealth has the strongest positive effect on doctors' adoption intention on smart healthcare services, a positive impact on the PU and perceived ease of use, and a negative impact on the PR. This study provides an improved understanding of doctors' BI of smart healthcare services, and practice guidance for product development and marketing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new hexactinellid stiodermatid Turgidaspongia porosa gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Ordovician-Silurian boundary sequence in Beigong of Jingxian County, south Anhui Province, China. The spherical, thin-walled species possessed unique features including unusually large parietal gaps on the body wall, swollen hexactines as hypodermalia, and two different sizes of stauractines as dermalia and parenchymalia respectively. Based on the new material, the family Stiodermatidae is revised here, including five genera after reassessment, i.e., Rigbyella, Thoracospongia, Stioderma, Uralonema, and Turgidaspongia porosa gen. et sp. nov. The new species is well preserved with typical enlarged hypodermal hexactines with swollen rays and large, subcircular parietal gaps, giving an illuminating insight into the affinity between the new species and other taxa in Stiodermatidae. It also provides a link between the Cambrian stiodermatid lineage and late Palaeozoic stiodermatid lineage. The uneven distribution of the swollen dermalia in the new species may relate to the sloughing of the dermal spicules causing by the nutrient deficiency. The unique rigid skeleton structure and unusually large parietal gaps probably represent new attempts on the skeletal evolution of hexactinellids in the Palaeozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jurassic and Cretaceous tetrapod track record in China has incrementally expanded due to the discovery of small sites in widely dispersed geographical locations, which often lack body fossils. Many of these are theropod dominated tracksites where, despite morphological variation, identification of ichnotaxa is difficult at low taxonomic levels (i.e., ichnogenus/ichnospecies assignments). Here we report on an Early to mid-Cretaceous site from the Mawu Formation (Zhagang Group) in Guangdong Province, China, a region thus far scarcely known from dinosaur fossils. The new site yielded three different morphotypes tentatively labelled as a Paracorpulentapus-eubrontid-grallatorid assemblage. It is noted that similar assemblages have been identified from Cretaceous deposits in Sichuan and Anhui provinces of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New umbellaoolithid and faveoloolithid eggs were discovered from the early Late Cretaceous deposit in the Xiuning Basin, Anhui Province, China, and the samples were examined for elemental and isotopic compositions to reconstruct the geochemical environment. The results show that the trace elements consist of Sr, Mn, Ti, Ba, As, La, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn, Co and Ir. The abnormal Sr and Mn were deposited in the eggshell mainly through material exchange of dinosaurs, and the high Ir concentration of surrounding rocks in the Xiuning Basin is conformed to the early Late Cretaceous Ir anomaly. The δ13C compositions of eggshells suggest that the palaeovegetations are supposed to be −20.191‰ and −21.156‰ showing C3 plant and high CO2 concentration, as well as low mean annual precipitation. The δ18O compositions of eggshells indicate that the drinking water was mainly composed of meteoric water and plant leaf water, and the mean palaeotemperature was approximately 19°C. Based on the geochemical compositions of eggshells, the Ni content, the Sr/Ba ratio and the palaeoclimate index of surrounding rocks, the palaeoenvironment in the Xiuning Basin were dominated by alluvial fans and river systems with semi-arid climate in the early Late Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthocerids from the Upper Gufeng Formation, Guadalupian (middle Permian), from Anhui Province (China) are described for the first time in this article. The specimens are mainly Pseudorthoceratidae characterised by slender orthocones that have been studied under CT-Scan. A new genus and species have been described, Houdongoceras chaohuensis gen. et sp. nov., with seven morphotypes that presumably relate to new ones. Seventeen per cent of the specimens have epibiotic bacterial colonies associated indicating suboxic environments restating redox conditions during their deposition. This is also the first report of Permian macrofossils presenting bacterial colonies in China. This fauna is interpreted as autochthonous or parautochthonous which originally lived nektobenthically in shallow marine waters above the sediments or close to the sea bottom on the eastern margin of the Palaeotethys Ocean during the late Guadalupian faunal crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heavy metals of soils around coal waste pile at Taoyuan coal mine (in Anhui province, China) has exceeded provincial's background values, posing a serious threat to residents in the mine area. Quantitative evaluation on human health risks (HHR) from different sources of heavy metals can determine priority sources and help to reduce risks. Statistics, spatial distribution, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were applied to identify contribution of sources, and HHR from different sources were quantitatively calculated by combining the HHR with PMF model. In this study, 37 samples were collected from topsoil (0–20 cm) around coal waste pile. Four sources were apportioned as follow: industrial activities (48.37%), transportation (22.44%), natural source (15.44%), and leaching from coal waste pile (13.70%). As for carcinogenic risk, industrial activities was the priority source. Moreover, the noncarcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk for children were obviously higher than adults, and the main exposure pathway for adults and children was similar, mainly from oral ingestion. The combined model was effective to assess HHR quantitatively from different sources, thereby the outcomes of the study provide a better understanding and suggestions for pollution control and human health from sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acidophiles play a vital catalytic role in the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD). In this study, acidophilic communities in a stream, two lakes and five ponds in Nanshan Mine, Anhui Province, China were comparatively investigated. Among the three types of AMDs, the stream which originated from a rock wall had the strongest acidity (pH 2.30–2.42), while the ponds (pH 2.35–2.60) formed in mine dump and the two large-scale AMD lakes (pH 2.66–3.05) were less acidic. The chemolithotrophic iron-oxidizer Leptospirillum dominated at the stream starting point with the lowest pH and highest Fe content. However, with streamflow, pH increased and Fe concentration decreased dramatically, and the dominance of Leptospirillum was replaced by the less acid-resistant iron-oxidizer Ferrovum. In contrast to the stream, prokaryotic communities in the ponds were mostly dominated by chemoheterotrophic Acidiphilium because of the abundant organic matter from surrounding mine waste. Both chemolithotrophic Ferrovum and chemoheterotrophic Acidiphilium were abundant in the AMD lakes, which may form a symbiotic relationship around the carbon cycle. Statistical analyses indicated that pH was the predominant environmental factor influencing the prokaryotic communities. As for the eukaryotic communities, the microeukaryotes in the stream were mostly uncultured groups. Both photoautotrophic algae Chrysonebula and chemoheterotrophic fungi were abundant in the ponds, while the two AMD lakes were only dominated by photoautotrophic algae Coccomyxa and Ochromonas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedum plumbizincicola (S. plumbizincicola) is known as a sufficient plant for phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd) polluted soils. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), tea saponin (TS), and citric acid (CA) on Cd uptake and translocation by S. plumbizincicola. To do so, using a pot experiment, we set four concentration levels of activators (1, 3, 5, and 10 mmol L−1) and a control (CK). Results showed that none of the applied activators had significant impact on soil pH. Except for CA-10, the concentration of available Cd in Cd polluted soils increased by 65.8–72.9% compared with CK. The EDTA-1, CA-1, and TS-5 treatments caused significant increases of 52.3, 67.2, and 38.4%, respectively, in the biomass of aerial parts of S. plumbizincicola (p < 0.05) compared with CK. Except for CA-3, activators increased Cd accumulation in the aerial parts of plants by 47–124% compared with CK. Of all activators, EDTA-3 caused the highest Cd accumulation of 6.64 g pot−1 in the aerial plant tissues followed by CA-10 (6.25 g pot−1) and TS-1 (5.48 g pot−1). Finally, our results suggested that the application of S. plumbizincicola together with different activators sufficiently reduced soil total Cd by 4.64–48.4% compared with CK. These findings suggest that appropriate application of EDTA, TS, and CA can promote phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soils by hyper-accumulators. In particular, the combined use of EDTA and S. plumbizincicola is an affordable and promising strategy for remediation of Cd contaminated soil. Novelty statement:Sedum plumbizincicola (S. plumbizincicola) is a well-known hyper-accumulator plant for remediation of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) contaminated soils. In addition, low molecular rganic acids and macromolecular chelating agents can improve the solubility and leaching of soil heavy metals. In the present work, we examined the combined effects of three activators (EDTA, tea saponin, and citric acid) with S. plumbizincicola to remediate a Cd contaminated soil in Anhui Province, East China. Our results indicated the effectiveness of these activators to increase soil available Cd, as well as improving the biomass of S. plumbizincicola and its Cd uptake. We believe that this study provides an efficient approach to increase the uptake of Cd by S. plumbizincicola, restoring Cd contaminated soils. Nevertheless, excessive activators may have adverse effects on soil aggregates and soil microorganisms. Therefore, it is necessary to control the amount of chelating agents and subsequently the deterioration of soil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important historical mission of rural credit cooperatives (RCCs) in China is to "serving agriculture, rural areas, and farmers" so as to achieve sustainable commercial development. Using panel data on eighty-one RCCs in Anhui Province, we examine the relationship between agricultural services and operational performance among RCCs in rural China under different rates of asset growth with a threshold panel model. The results show that the influence of agricultural services on the performance of RCCs is nonlinear, with a significant threshold effect. When the asset growth rate remains moderate, agricultural services improve the commercial performance of RCCs; otherwise, it negatively affects performance. These findings imply that moderate adjustment in the asset growth rate of RCCs is conducive to simultaneous improvement in both agricultural services and commercial performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The road traffic accident is an important public health issue affecting social development and public safety. The purpose of this study is to describe the situation of traffic accidents, and to explore the relationship between fatal traffic accidents and risk factors in Suzhou city of Anhui province in China. The accident data was obtained from the Traffic Police Detachment of the Suzhou Public Security Bureau. Other vehicle, population and road information are derived from Suzhou Statistical Yearbook. Descriptive analysis was used to summarize road traffic accident participants' characteristics. The binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors that affected fatal traffic accident. There are 7,795 cases involved 18,774 road traffic participants. By logistic regression, we found that in Suzhou, overloading makes traffic accidents more likely to be the most fatal traffic accidents (adjusted OR = 5.33, 95%CI: 2.60-10.93). Speeding, drive after drinking, fatigue driving and pedestrian reasons might also increase the probability of fatal traffic accidents. These findings would help transportation authorities identify dangerous driving behaviors and take the necessary measures to improve road safety in undeveloped areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of anorectal malformations (ARMs) and explore the influencing factors of postoperative anal function in Anhui Province of China.Methods: We performed a retrospective study of ARM patients diagnosed from 2013 to 2016 at Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital. A total of 332 infants with ARM were enrolled in the survey. Demographic characteristic and clinical data were collected. Follow-up study was required to evaluate anal function after the operation and Logistic regression analysis was used for analyzing the influencing factors of prognosis.Results: A total of 253 males and 79 females were studied, with a ratio of 3.2:1. Abdominal distention was the most common presenting symptom, followed by vomiting. Of the cases, 53.0% (176/332) combined with other congenital malformations. The incidence of other malformations in intermediate and high ARM group was significantly higher than that in the low ARM group. Of the cases, 280 underwent anoplasty. 188, 73, 19 cases were treated with one-stage perineal anoplasty, posterior sagittal anorectoplasty, laparoscopically assisted anorectal pull-through, respectively. The result of follow-up study showed that the excellent and good rate of postoperative anal function was up to 83.3%. Type of ARM, combined with other malformations and the times of anoplasty were related to the anal function postoperatively.Conclusions: ARM occurs mainly in male infants. The incidence of associated abnormalities in ARM patients was high. Intermediate- and high-type, combined with other malformations and more times of anoplasty increased the risk of anal dysfunction postoperatively. Multicenter, prospective randomized-controlled studies were needed to clarify the curative effect of different surgical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals in vegetables are of great concern worldwide due to their potential bioaccumulation in human. This review-based study researched the concentrations of heavy metals in vegetables from all provinces of China between 2004 and 2018, and assessed the health risk for the residents. The results displayed the highest Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations in vegetables were 0.192mg/kg (west area), 0.071mg/kg (central area), 3.961mg/kg (central area), and 10.545 mg/kg (central area), which were lower than the maximum allowable concentration. In the national scale, the weighted average level of heavy metals in vegetables was found to be in the order of Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd. The hazard index (HI) of each province showed that beside Anhui and Hunan province, residents in other provinces of China faced a low high risk of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn. However, people consuming vegetables faced a high risk of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in Anhui and Hunan provinces. This research may provide insight into heavy metal accumulation in vegetables and forecast to residents to cope with these problems for improved human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subtropical high temperature anomaly of 2013 in China, adversely affected paddy rice physiology, especially at the heading, flowering and grain filling stages, and left untold damage and significant rice yield reductions in that year. Considering the importance of data on crop failure induced by abnormal meteorological events, in understanding the potential impacts of climate change on agriculture and food security, and in support of crop insurance policies, the current study employs satellite remote sensing data to map and estimate the areal extent of high-temperature-induced damage on paddy rice in 2013, along the Yangtze River, a major rice producing area in China. In this regard, the daily mean and maximum air temperatures were first estimated using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature (LST) products, MODIS Vegetation Indices (VI) products, altitude information from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and air temperature measurements at meteorological stations located within the Yangtze River Basin from 2000 to 2016, to derive fully covered mean and maximum daily air temperatures. Paddy rice cultivated areas were then identified based on the seasonal profiles of MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) in 2013, and map errors at provincial scales were no more than 8.7%. Finally, paddy rice growth characteristics were combined with MODIS VI products to identify heading and flowering stages, and the time series of daily mean and maximum air temperatures, paddy rice phenology and cultivated area, were integrated to map and estimate the rice crop area damaged by the anomalous high temperature. Our results show that all provinces along the Yangtze River, this study investigated, recorded a substantial damaged rice crop area, following the 2013 subtropical temperature high, and Anhui Province was the hardest hit with a damaged rice area of 63.6%. For the entire study area, a damage extent of about 5,656,000 ha, accounting for 35.9% of total paddy rice planted area, was recorded. This indicates a significant agro-meteorological disaster, and in an era of increasing climate variability and weather extremes, studies of this nature would greatly benefit global food security planning and management policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Huaihe River has suffered increasing pressure from pollutants including metals from anthropogenic activities. In this study, enrichment and fractionation behavior of trace metals were analyzed in sediment samples obtained from fish spawning area of the Huaihe River (Anhui Section) to evaluate the potential ecological risk of trace metals to aquatic organisms. Geochemical indices including enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index as well as mean probable effect concentration quotient and risk assessment code were adopted to assess the contamination degree and potential ecological toxicity. Results showed that the total contents of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg in sediment were 23.1 ± 6.4, 32.3 ± 11.1, 76.8 ± 14.2, 84.6 ± 17.2, 0.2 ± 0.1, 9.0 ± 3.0, and 0.031 ± 0.010 mg/kg, respectively. The indexes EF and Igeo revealed slight accumulation for Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, and As in some sampling sites. The result of Qm-PEC demonstrated that trace metals in sediment were not toxic to aquatic organisms. Most trace metals appeared to mainly associate with the residual form suggesting lower mobility whereas Cd presented a relative higher exchangeable fraction indicating a great degree of bioavailability. The result of risk assessment code (RAC) evaluation revealed that Cd poses a medium ecological risk for aquatic organisms whereas most of the other trace metals pose low risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrotrupes chinensis Nilsson, 2003 described from the holotype collected in Anhui Province, China, is newly recorded from three localities in Guangdong Province, ca. 750 km southwest from the type locality. The species seems to inhabit hygropetric habitats exclusively, with diurnal larvae and nocturnal adults hidden under stones or in cracks in rock during the day; when disturbed, the adults readily jumped off the rock surface. The adult is redescribed. The larvae are described and illustrated for the first time, with detailed morphometric and chaetotaxic analyses of the cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment, and urogomphi. Whereas similar morphologically to the Nearctic endemic Hydrotrupes palpalis Sharp, 1882, the first instar larva of H. chinensis distinguishes by presence of six lamellae clypeales, two additional spine-like setae both on the last abdominal segment and urogomphomere 1, and the strongly developed egg bursters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumonisin B1(FB1) is a secondary metabolite produced byFusarium verticillioidesorFusarium proliferatum, which present in food and feed. It causes hazardous effects on human and animal health. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) against FB1was produced and a simple, reliable and sensitive, competitive, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ci-ELISA) for detection of FB1was developed and the experiment conditions were optimized. The coating concentration of FB1-ovalbumin (FB1-OVA) was 500 ng mL−1, the action concentrations of anti-FB1mAb and goat anti-mouse IgG were 1.28 × 104and 1:5000, respectively. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 11 ng mL−1, with a detectable range of 1.25–250 ng mL−1, and a limit of determination (LOD) of 1.15 ng mL−1. The cross-reactivity (CR) of the antibody against fumonisin B2(FB2) was 60.4, and <1% against deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin B1(AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA) or zearalenone (ZEN). In spiked samples (250 ng g−1, 500 ng g−1, 1000 ng g−1), the mean recoveries ranged from 86.7 ± 5% to 102 ± 4%, and the coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 3% to 10%. A survey of 96 corn samples from Bozhou, Fuyang, Bengbu, and Hefei, in Anhui province, China, was performed. Frequencies of FB1contamination were 83.3%, 95.8%, 20.8% and 91.7%, and the mean concentrations of positive samples were 0.702 μg kg−1, 0.883 μg kg−1, 0.074 μg kg−1, and 0.276 μg kg−1, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the ci-ELISA developed in this study can be used to identify FB1in corn, furthermore, further study is needed to investigate FB1contamination in food and feed to prevent its harmful health effects. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article will outline the politics and pathways of promotion among government officials working in a rural county in Anhui province and their attitudes towards elite status. It will analyze the implications these processes and pathways have for the operation of local government in rural China. Drawing on interviews and relationships spanning a ten-year period (2004–2013), this article primarily relies upon the personal experiences of colleagues and friends who have attempted to rise through the ranks of government and business in Benghai County, with varying degrees of success. While the article will focus on political elites, in Benghai it is impossible to separate business from politics. This article will delineate strategies adopted for career advancement and attaining elite political status, and the effects these strategies have on the relationship between political elites and ordinary cadres. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in soil and various plants were investigated in Xinqiao, the location of one of the largest copper deposits in China. The concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc were determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), and the results suggest that the soil was contaminated by mining activities. Plants grown around the study area accumulated these metals at various concentrations. The concentrations of metals in the plants indicated that the accumulation levels were not consistent with the relative concentrations in the corresponding soils. Almost all plants primarily accumulated heavy metals in above-ground tissues, especiallyCommelina communis. High biological transfer coefficients forBuddleja davidii, Rumex acetosa, Debregeasia edulis, Commelina communis, andRosacfolius smithfor some metals indicate accumulation in stems and leaves and identify these plants as hyperaccumulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine the change in Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) among primary and secondary school students aged 7-18 in Anhui Province between 2005-2010. Subjects and methods: A total of 15 812 primary and secondary school students aged 7-18 were included in two national surveys on students' constitution and health in 2005 and 2010 in Anhui Province. Measurements of height, weight and WC were taken by trained investigators. BMI was calculated for each subject. Results: The mean BMI and WC were significantly increased from 2005 to 2010. For boys, mean increases were 0.85 kg/m2 and 2.01 cm or 0.08 and 0.34 SD score units, while for girls those were 0.39 kg/m2 and 2.10 cm or 0.20 and 0.39 SD score units (all p < 0.001). The standard deviation scores for WC increased much more than for BMI (0.34 units vs 0.08 units for boys and 0.39 units vs 0.20 units for girls). Conclusions: The average value of BMI and WC among primary and secondary school students has increased dramatically from 2005 to 2010 in Anhui, China. Changes in WC have greatly exceeded those in BMI, showing that WC is a good proxy for central fatness rather than BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990s, inter-provincial female migration for marriage has become important in central and eastern rural China. Using survey data from X County in rural Anhui Province, we explore the arrangement of inter-provincial marriages, as well as the characteristics of husbands and wives, marital satisfaction and marital stability for these marriages. We find that inter-provincial marriage is an important option for local men to respond to the marriage squeeze and the increasing expense of marriage. It helps to relieve the shortage of marriageable women in the local marriage market. Because this kind of marriage is based on economic exchange, but not affection, it is often subject to a higher risk of marriage instability, and can lead to such illegal behaviors as marriage fraud and mercenary marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A total of 49 sediment samples from New Bian River near the city of Suzhou in northern Anhui Province, China, were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for As, Cr, Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Ni. Geoaccumulation indices (Igeo) were used to assess the influence of human activities. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were also performed. The geoaccumulation indices were in the order of As > Cu > Cr > Ni > Mn > Zn > Pb > Fe, the first four of which had values above 0.5. We considered New Bian River to be moderately contaminated with As, Cr, Cu, and Ni. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis indicated that the presence of Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn, Zn, and Pb in New Bian River was caused by soil or rock weathering, whereas the elevated levels of As and Cr depended upon urban, agricultural, and industrial factors. The sampling stations around the towns were dominated by Component 2 (As and Cr), and the sampling stations that distributed along New Bian River were dominated by Component 1 (Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn, Zn, and Pb). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid mine drainage (AMD) lake of Xiang Mountain in Anhui Province, China, was characterized by acidic waters (pH around 2.8) containing high concentrations of soluble metals and sulfate. To investigate the function and dynamics of this extreme ecosystem, four water samples were collected from the lake in the fall of 2010. The acidophilic community structure was analyzed by molecular approaches, and bacterial and archaeal clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes were constructed. In contrast to dominance of chemolithotrophic acidophiles in typical AMD environments, autotrophic iron/sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were detected in only one sample with low abundance. Unexpectedly, the Cyanobacteria group was the predominant in all four samples (54.9%−77%). Chemoheterotrophs Acidiphilium and Acidisphaera were also abundant. These two heterotrophic groups contain bacteriochlorophyll that can perform photosynthesis, an advantage to grow and survive in such oligotrophic acidic environments. Only two clone sequences related to Legionella (2.8% of the total clones) were recovered from one sample in sharp contrast to its higher abundance (12.7%) in the summer of 2009. All archaeal sequences were affiliated to the phylum Crenarchaeota. The results of statistical analysis suggested that the water chemistry of the AMD lake controlled microbial composition of the AMD ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ore-forming P-T-X conditions and the nature of gold occurrence in the Shaxi-Changpushan porphyry copper deposit, central Anhui Province, eastern China, were investigated employing a wide range of geological and geochemical methods. Our results document liquid-vapour conditions and show that abundant fluid inclusions occur in quartz veins accompanied by pyrite-chalcopyrite-gold mineralization. Most economic deposits involved coexisting liquid and gas phases, whereas a few formed in equilibrium with a homogeneous aqueous liquid. The ore-forming temperature lies between 230 and 350°C. Isotope studies show that the δ34S values are between -0.20 and 3.00‰ for most of the sulphides; δ34S values of chalcopyrite are somewhat more homogenous than those of pyrite. Ore-forming fluids and materials were mainly derived from magmatic sources. Meteoric water played a small role in the ore-forming process, judging by the oxygen and hydrogen isotope data for fluid inclusions measured by the explosion method (δ18O values ranging from 3.51 to 5.52‰, and δD ranging from -59.8‰ to -82.4‰). In the ore deposit, the gold occurs as micro-inclusions heterogeneously distributed in chalcopyrite and pyrite. Gold mineralization is positively correlated with As in chalcopyrite, pyrite, and some Cu-bearing ores. Igneous rocks and sedimentary rock distributions in the Shaxi-Changpushan ore district were strictly controlled by the regional fault system since the Jurassic period, especially the Tan-Lu fault system in east China. Intrusive bodies comprising porphyritic quartz dioritoid, biotite-quartz dioritoid, and fine-grained dioritoid are ore-bearing, cutting sedimentary rocks of the Upper Jurassic and Middle-Lower Silurian series. Sediments exposed in the ore district consist of Upper Devonian-Middle Silurian clastic rocks, Middle and Lower Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous terrestrial clastic rock series. Petrologic data show that formation of Cu-Au ore bodies was related to adakitic intrusives in the Shaxi-Changpushan area. Based on geochemical exploration and the tectonic background of the southern part of Tan-Lu fault zone, we propose a porphyric copper (gold) ore-forming model for the Lower Yangtze metallogenic belt: ore bodies were controlled by structural shielding in the core of the regional anticline. Combined geological and geochemical evidence suggests that a super-large porphyry (gold) deposit may be present in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species, Sinella hexaseta sp. nov. and Sinella pauciseta sp. nov., collected from East China, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces, respectively, were described. Both are easily discriminated from each other and all known Sinella species by their unique dorsocentral chaetotaxic patterns on Abd. IV. In S. pauciseta sp. nov., postlabial setae H1-4 are ciliate, which are smooth in all other known species of the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The efficacy of osthol, a natural coumarin compound, in controlling powdery mildew was evaluated in 2004-2005 in Anhui and Hebei Provinces of China. In both years, the treatments (osthol 15.0 and 18.0 g ai ha- 1) showed a stable control efficiency of 75.42, 81.24% and 76.36, 84.84%, respectively, at the Institutes of Plant Protection of Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences. In field experiments, osthol was as effective as difenoconazole in controlling powdery mildew and was more effective than triadimefon against Sphaerotheca fuliginea. Protection was expressed as a significant reduction (up to 87% compared with the control) in the mildewed leaf area in young pumpkin plants. Osthol strongly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of S. fuliginea in vitro, damaged the cell wall and the organelles of the pathogen. At 48 h after incubation, 50 μg ml- 1 osthol could completely inhibit spore germination. These findings suggested that the effect of osthol on powdery mildew may be associated with the direct fungitoxic property against the pathogen. We conclude that osthol would be an attractive natural compound for practical agronomic use against powdery mildew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Rhinogobius was widely distributed in East Asia. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Rhinogobius sp., possible a new species of freshwater goby from Anhui province of China, was sequenced for the first time. Sequence analysis showed that it is 16,511 bp in length with A + T content of 52.3%, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs, and a control region (CR). Phylogenetic analyses placed Rhinogobius sp. in a well-supported monophyletic cluster with other Rhinogobius fish and the phylogenetic position of Rhinogobius sp. was closer to Rhinogobius cliffordpopei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of Dabieshan black pig (Sus scrofa) was first determined in this study. The mitogenome is 16,690 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and a control region. In addition, the reconstructed phylogenetic tree indicated that different Chinese pig breeds do not form a monophyletic group, and the tree also confirmed that there is certainly a genetic link between Dabieshan black pig distributed in Southwest Anhui and Huai pig distributed in North Anhui. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Anhui musk deer ( Moschus anhuiensis) is an endangered species which is endemic to a narrow region in two National Nature Reserves in Dabie Mountains, Anhui Province, China. In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of M. anhuiensis. The results showed that the total length of the mitogenome was 16,351 bp as a circular DNA and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 1 control region. Overall base composition of the complete mitochondrial DNA was 34.0% A, 28.1% T, 25.0% C, and 12.9% G. The M. anhuiensis mitochondrial genome had 21 tRNA genes folded in the typical cloverleaf structure, with a unique exception of tRNASer. The mitochondrial genes from M. anhuiensis were overlapped in a total of 72 bp at seven locations, as well as interleaved with a total of 62 bp intergenic spacers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]