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The discourse of ‘rights defence’ (weiquan), referring to the grassroots’ struggle for legal redress after their lawful interests are encroached upon, has gained increasing popularity in China in the last two decades. Given the ubiquity of the Internet nowadays, rights defence activities also take place online; in a small number of cases, they develop into a form of online activism. But what determines or contributes to the online visibility of some rights defence cases and the invisibility of others? In this paper, we investigate this by examining three highly visible workers’ rights defence campaigns in comparison with three similar cases that received almost no attention. Analysing the variousactorsinvolved, we argue that online rights defence tends to become visible and develop into online activism when one key actor, thestate,which ought to be an impartial source of justice, is perceived to be collusive or to be playing an active role in the encroachment of people's rights and interests. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study examined the ways in which perceived constraints and self-efficacies associated with participation in active recreation influenced Hong Kong and Australian university students' interest, intention, and participation in regular active recreation. The study indicated that perceived constraints have weak negative effects whereas self-efficacies have stronger positive effects on students' interest, intention, and participation in regular active recreation. Time efficacy, persistence efficacy, and activity efficacy emerged as important indirect motivators of active recreation engagement. The influences of constraints and self-efficacies on active recreation participation mainly occurred indirectly through adjustments in participation interest and intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample survey is made of the overall state of existence of casual workers in hangzhou municipality. emphasis is placed on describing such aspects as the demographic characteristics, work circumstances, state of existence, labor and social guarantees, social relationships, plans for the future, inner feelings, and opinions and appeals of casual workers. casual workers are a special product of the period of transformation of chinese society-one that possesses fairly unique features and formational boundaries. the "casual worker" phenomenon should become a new focus of attention for the government and society. attention should be paid to their social circumstances, their marginalization, their lack of social guarantees, and to solving their specific difficulties so as to lay a broad social foundation for realizing the objective of building a harmonious society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]