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The wartime shōkokumin discourse of Japan rested on two competing premises, each catenated with a different part of the compound word: the "shō" that emphasized children's immaturity and vulnerability and the "kokumin" that activated them immediately as mobilizable citizens. This paper charts how the tensions innate in shōkokumin discourse became manifest both at home and in the colonial territories abroad, focusing especially on the exceptionally ambiguous category of settler children in Manchuria. By employing settler children's tsuzurikata essays from the late 1930s and early 1940s as a central source of examination, the current study fleshes out the particulars of their lives in Manchuria – the trials and tribulations, as well as the privileges and prestige. Neither metropolitan shōkokumin nor colonial kōmin, the settler children in Manchuria had the double duty of becoming Manchurian and Japanese, embracing their role as the gatekeepers of Japan's Manchuria. Ranging from language acquisition and assimilating into local customs to declaring Japanese ethnic membership, settler children's writings expose how they articulated their relationship to the naichi metropole, and emphasized their identities as Japanese kokumin. Whether these children ever gained legitimate status as imperial shōkokumin during the turmoil and exigencies of war remains an unresolved question; however, what is clear is that the shōkokumin discourse itself operated as an imperial pedagogy, binding settler children to their double duties while not necessarily guaranteeing their rights at war's end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows how wartime conditions transformed the waste business in Japan. Hygiene regulations from 1900 to the 1920s followed by an influx of Korean migrant labour disrupted the traditional waste trade. The conquest of Manchuria opened up new export markets for Japanese waste and increased the demand for munitions, causing scrap metal prices to skyrocket. These new economic conditions created opportunities for Korean-owned waste businesses. In 1938 the Japanese Ministry of Commerce and Industry imposed a control system on kuzuya scrap dealers consciously modelled on Nazi Germany to keep scrap prices as low as possible and to prevent criminal activity through extensive surveillance. These price controls privileged wholesalers and harmed waste-pickers; Koreans remained in the trade because of their cheap labour. Economic mobilization under conditions of total war after 1941 temporarily rehabilitated the marginalized image of kuzuya in government propaganda, but the end of the war shattered that illusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the 1901–1904 discussions about free trade in the Priamur region and the territories in Chinese Manchuria leased to the Russian Empire. The discussions are placed in the contexts of nationalising empire, Russian imperialism, and cosmopolitan society of the globalised free port of Vladivostok. The piece traces the place of ideas about free trade in the social and political imagination of contemporaries in the Priamur region to show how these images were challenged by imperial expansion in Manchuria. It also analyses the rhetorical strategies used by regional actors to re-negotiate the borders of economic and political expansion, as well as the internal and external comparisons they made. The article demonstrates how debates about free trade in the Russian Far East offer deeper insight into how ideas about free trade and free ports as institutions affected not only the economic but social and political transformations in the late imperial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the Japanese living in Manchukuo in August 1945 has generally fostered the assumption that all Japanese there wanted to return to Japan as soon as possible. Yet, some made the conscious and voluntary decision to stay, at least for the short to medium term. Among those who chose to delay repatriation were a number of technicians employed by Mantetsu's (South Manchurian Railroad Company) Chūo Shikenjo. This paper looks at the political and personal realities faced by these technicians when making their decisions as whether to stay or leave in terms of the concepts of voluntary and involuntary repatriation. It shows that the circumstances faced, and consequently the decisions made by the technicians, differed over time. It argues that there were three main reasons behind any decision to stay: pragmatism, a sense of responsibility for Japan's activities during the war and a sense of loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The libraries described and discussed in this article were formed, during the first half of the twentieth century, by readers of Russian in China, and in particular by the Russian-speaking community in Harbin, the centre of Russian settlement and emigration in Manchuria (presently North-east China). The article is a revised and augmented version of a paper presented at the panel on 'Russian Far Eastern Publications in Exile', VII World Congress of the International Council for Central and East European Studies (ICCEES) in Berlin, 29 July 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban village collectives, as one of the stakeholders of land requisition and development in urbanized China, have gradually been driven into real estate development. This transformation has raised an important question regarding how villagers develop their 'property mind'. From 2015 to 2017, guided by an abductive institutional economics approach, which holds both original and new institutional economics in dialogue, we addressed this question by conducting fieldwork in Xiaojia village, Northeast China. In Northeast China, unlike in the southern cities, there was no foreign investment and the population was in decline. Nevertheless, the villagers developed housing, first for their own use and then for the market. The resulting evidence indicates the following: 1) property rights are social relations and constructed socially and institutionally; 2) markets are not independent, they are conditioned by the institutional context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the climatic maps of proper China and Manchuria according to the Thornthwaite 1948 classification. Formula for computing the potential evapotranspiration; Presentation of climatic conditions; Classes of maps presented by Thornthwaite.

Histories of wartime Japan often focus on the Japanese home islands after Japan's surrender to Allied forces on 15 August 1945. Japanese citizens living in Korea, Manchuria, and elsewhere in the far-flung Japanese Empire are usually left out of the historiographical record. In a new book about the evacuees—hikiagesha—from the defunct Empire, Shimokawa Masaharu presents a vivid, harrowing portrait of the suffering of those who had to make their way back to Japan after the end of the Greater East Asia War. In particular, Shimokawa focuses on Izumi Sei'ichi, who established a sanatorium and abortuary in Fukuoka for women who had been raped by enemy soldiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the characteristics, probable source, and potential carcinogenic risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface water of the Liaohe River were investigated. Twelve sampling points were selected, and water samples were collected in both dry and flood periods of 2011. Sample analysis indicated that the concentration of total PAHs varied from 840.50 ng/L to 4274.73 ng/L in the flood period, and from 387.76 ng/L to 1997.83 ng/L in the dry period. The representative PAHs in the flood period were benz[a]anthracene (Baa), naphthalene (Nap), and chrysene (Chr), whereas Phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene (Flu), and pyrene (Pyr) were the representative PAHs in the dry period. The compositional pattern of PAHs indicated that four-ring PAHs were predominant in the flood period, whereas three-ring and four-ring PAHs dominated in the dry period. The different PAH congener ratios indicated that PAHs in surface water of the Liaohe River mainly originated from a mixed source in the flood period, and from combustion in the dry period. Based on the methods of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) and the benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalent (TEQ), the potential cancer risk was quantitatively assessed, and the results suggested that there was a potential cancer risk in surface water of the Liaohe River and more attentions must be paid to the PAHs contamination. The cancer risk in the teenager group was the most, followed by the children group, adult group, and infant group, and toddler group was the least. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) and the Mukden Incident (1931), Japan’s mounting colonial presence manifested itself in the activities of the South Manchuria Railway Company as well as in the Japanese forces’ skirmishes for control of the region. The poet Kitagawa Fuyuhiko (1900-1990) would draw on his memories of Manchuria, where he lived until attending college in Kyoto, to situate hyperobjects and colonial minutiae in counter-hegemonic anticolonial and antiwar prose poems. His subtractive poetic configurations - not Surrealist but certainly building on Dada precedents - isolate incongruous elements (evental traces) in Alain Badiou’s sense of being faithful to a critique of the ethics of a colonial apparatus. Having grown up within the colonial enterprise himself, and subject to high-minded Japanese media representations and instilled imperial affects, Kitagawa positions himself against the machinic drive for colonial profits and the abuse of labour and prostitutes. This article thus situates aesthetic strategies for displacing imperial affect as projected onto spaces of Japanese expansion so as to document radically anticolonial subject possibilities among Japanese nationals themselves. As postcolonial artefacts, these prose poems suggest the contradictions of European modernity writ in the Japanese rhetoric of cosmopolitan East Asian development and liberation as cultural production that aestheticises colonial extraction of labour and raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate gridded climatological temperature data-set can be a reliable basis for studying the issues that concern climate change, natural disasters, among others. In this study, the climate standard value data and annual observed data collected by 104 meteorological sites in Northeast China from 1971 to 2000 are used to interpolate the annual mean air temperature of the region with different spatial interpolation techniques. Efforts have also been made to verify the accuracy of the results generated by each interpolation method with error indicator, temperature characteristic value and temperature variation curves. The results show at the spatial scale, the partial thin-plate smoothing spline (PTPSS) scheme generates the most desirable temperature interpolations with a root-mean-square error at 0.34 °C and an average standard error at 0.52 °C. At the temporal scale, the PTPSS-based 1971–2000 temperature curves agree the best with the gridded temperature curves, with the correlation coefficients of means, minimums and maximums between the two being larger than 0.9. Meanwhile, the PTPSS produce the smallest error approaching zero among all the interpolation schemes tested in the study. In this context, the PTPSS scheme stands out as the most desirable interpolation method for the annual mean temperature in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new family of insects is described from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation in western Liaoning Province, China. Dehiscensicoridae Du, Yao & Ren fam. nov. comprises five new genera and five new species:Dehiscensicoris sanctusDu, Yao & Ren gen. et sp. nov.,Pingquanicoris punctatusDu, Yao & Ren gen. et sp. nov.,Changirostrus maculatusDu, Yao & Ren gen. et sp. nov.,Crassiantenninus minutusDu, Yao & Ren gen. et sp. nov. andMinuticoris brunneusDu, Yao & Ren gen. et sp. nov. A cladistic analysis based on a combination of fossil and extant morphological characters is used to hypothesize the phylogenetic status of the new family, allowing the reconstruction of the interfamily relationships within the Coreoidea (sensu lato) which were found to be: Pyrrhocoroidea + (Dehiscensicoridae fam. nov. + (Coreoidea + (Idiostoloidea + Lygaeoidea))). http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E501B670-AF36-408C-8B9D-466B330BA775 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Experiments were conducted to study the inhibitor factors present in suppressive soil that suppressed the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) in the black soil fields with 21 years continuous cropping of soybean (SSSS) and 3 years continuous cropping of soybean followed by 1 year corn (SSSC). Compared with the SSSC field, the densities of SCN significantly (P < 0.05) declined in SSSS field. In a soil microcosm with suppressive soil, the population of SCN decreased after the addition of pimaricin (fungal inhibitor) and streptomycin (bacterial inhibitor), but the population of SCN declined more significantly by adding streptomycin to the suppressive soil than adding pimaricin.Fusarium equiseti,Pochonia chlamydosporiaandPurpureocillium lilacinumwere isolated from cysts, eggs and J2 of SCN and soil in SSSS and SSC field. The population density of these parasitic fungi was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in SSSS field than in SSSC field. The density ofP. chlamydosporiawas higher than other fungi. Real-time PCR was used to test genomic DNA ofP. chlamydosporiain SSSS and SSC field soil. The mass of genomic DNA and the population density ofP. chlamydosporiawere significantly (P < 0.05) higher in SSSS field than in SSSC field. This study has revealed that fungi, especiallyP. chlamydosporia, may play an important role in the suppression of SCN population in the suppressive soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present zircon U–Pb dating, whole-rock geochemistry, and Sr–Nd isotope results for the Upper Permian–Upper Triassic volcanic rocks to constrain the timing of the final closure of the eastern segment of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean. The volcanic rocks were mainly collected from the Yanbian area in eastern Jilin Province, northeastern China. The zircon U–Pb dating results indicate that the samples can be classified as Upper Permian–Lower Triassic basalts (ca. 262–244 Ma) and Upper Triassic dacites (ca. 216 Ma). The whole-rock geochemical results indicate that the rocks predominately belong to the medium-K and high-K calc-alkaline series. The basalts are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs, e.g. Ba and K) and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs, e.g. Nb and Ta), with weak positive Eu anomalies. The dacites are enriched in LILEs (e.g. Rb, Ba, Th, and K) and light rare earth elements (LREEs) and marked depletion in some HFSEs (e.g. Nb, Ta, and Ti), with significant negative Sr, P, and Eu anomalies. Moreover, the Upper Permian–Lower Triassic basalts have low initial87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7037–0.7048) and highεNdvalues (4.4–5.4). In contrast, the Upper Triassic dacites possess relatively high initial87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7052) compared with their lowεNdvalues (1.4). The basaltic magma likely originated from the partial melting of a depleted mantle wedge metasomatized by subduction-related fluids, and the felsic magmas likely originated from the partial melting of a dominantly juvenile source with a minor component of ancient crust. Taken together, the Upper Permian–Lower Triassic basalts (ca. 262–244 Ma) are arc basalts that formed in an active continental margin setting, and the Upper Triassic dacites (ca. 216 Ma) are A-type granitic rocks that formed in an extensional setting. Therefore, the final closure of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean occurred during the Middle–Late Triassic. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study investigated the aquatic habitats on typical low hills in the Yitong River in Northeast China by applying the River Habitat Survey (RHS) method. The status of river habitats was evaluated on the basis of Habitat Quality Assessment (HQA) and Habitat Modification Score (HMS). The quality of habitats and the spatial distribution pattern of human disturbances were also analyzed. Results demonstrated that the HQA of 51 sites was between 24 and 66. On the basis of HMS, we found that 7.8% of the reaches are kept natural and 19.5%, 41.2%, 27.5%, and 3.9% of the reaches suffer from slight destruction, distinct degradation, serious degradation, and serious damage, respectively. HQA also exhibited a significantly negative correlation with HMS. HQAs did not evidently differ among upstream, midstream, and downstream habitats along the Yitong River. By contrast, HMS varied significantly. The upstream and midstream habitats were mainly influenced by water conservation structures. The downstream habitat was mainly affected by intensive land development for agricultural and construction purposes and by hydraulic structure construction in river embankments, discharge pipe installation, and bridge construction. Therefore, RHS results can intuitively reveal the conditions affecting river habitats and the factors causing river habitat degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil organic matter plays a pronounced role in soil aggregation, showing a wide variation depending upon soil-management practices. This study was conducted to characterize organic-matter changes in aggregate fractions in response to land-use change and long-term fertilization. Two experimental sites were established for this study: Site 1 included grassland (GL) and bare land (BL); site 2 comprised three treatments under cropland: no fertilizer application (NF), nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application (NP), and NP amended with organic manure (NPM). There was significantly increased carbon (C) sequestration (P< 0.001) in particulate organic matter (POM) observed under grassland and NPM relative to other plots, especially in large macroaggregates, attributable to lack of disturbance and organic input. The protected coarse and fine POM-C together accounted for 15% on average of soil organic carbon, ranging from 10.1 to 18.6% for all plots. The enhanced correlation occurred between protected POM-C fractions and soil C stocks and soil aggregation (calculated as mean weight diameter, MWD) (P= 0.000) relative to other C fractions, indicating that the increases in POM fractions resulting from long-term vegetation restoration and organic amendment enhance soil aggregation and C sequestration in this black soil. In contrast, the significantly negative relationship between MWD and fine-to-coarse POM-C ratio implied that this ratio might account for the decreased soil aggregation. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that three PCs accounted for 42.6, 25.7, and 11.8%, respectively, and together more than 80% of the total variance. The protected POMs with significantly greater positive PC1 loadings (>0.8), particularly for large macroaggregates, were highly sensitive to changes induced by land use and fertilizer-management practices, leading to the wide variations in soil properties. The interrelation of organic matter with soil aggregation helps us to better understand the mechanisms of C protection and restoration in this black soil in the context of soil degradation and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wudaogou Group in eastern Yanbian, Northeast China, plays a key role in constraining the timing and eastward termination of the Solonker–Xra Moron River–Changchun Suture, where the Palaeo-Asian Ocean closed. The Wudaogou Group consists of schist, gneiss, amphibolite, metasedimentary, and metavolcanic rocks, all of which underwent greenschist- to epidote–amphibolite-facies regional metamorphism, with some hornfels resulting from contact metamorphism. To determine the age of deposition, the timing and grade of metamorphism, and the tectonic setting of the Wudaogou Group, we investigated the petrography and geochronology of the metamorphic rocks in this group. Zircons from the metasedimentary rocks of this group can be divided into metamorphic zircons and detrital zircons of magmatic origin. U–Pb ages of metamorphic zircons dated by LA-ICP-MS vary from 249 ± 4 to 266 ± 4 Ma, approximating the age of regional metamorphism in the eastern Yanbian area. Detrital zircons yield U–Pb ages ranging from 253 ± 5 to 818 ± 5 Ma, and indicate that the provenance of the Wudaogou Group experienced four tectonic–thermal events between 818 and 253 Ma: Neoproterozoic (ca. 818–580 Ma), Cambro–Ordovician (ca. 500–489 Ma), Devonian–Carboniferous (ca. 422–300 Ma), and middle–late Permian (ca. 269–253 Ma). The youngest detrital zircon, with a U–Pb age of 253 ± 5 Ma, defines the maximum depositional age of the Wudaogou Group. The presence of the Cambro-Ordovician and Neoproterozoic detrital zircons implies that the source of the Wudaogou Group had an affinity with Northeast China, which leads us to conclude that the Solonker–Xra Moron River–Changchun Suture extends from Wangqing to Hunchun in eastern Yanbian, and that the Palaeo-Asian Ocean may have closed at the end of the Permian or Early Triassic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentrations of four essential (Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu) and two nonessential elements (Pb and Cd) in feathers and kidneys, livers, gut walls, and muscles of eight carcasses of migratory red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) from Zhalong Wetland, northeastern China, were examined. The concentrations of Cd in the feathers were between 0.4 mg kg−1dry weight (dw) and 3.1 mg kg−1dw, in the livers between 0.4 and 4.4 mg kg−1dw, the maximum of which exceeded a level considered to be environmental exposure risk (i.e., 3 mg kg−1dw in the liver or kidney). High Pb levels (0.4–3.2 mg kg−1dw, with an average of 1.8 mg kg−1) were also detected in livers, which exceeded a level considered toxicosis in birds (1.7 mg kg−1dw). Pb and Cd had the highest scores in principal component analysis. Relatively high Pb and Cd concentrations in the migratory cranes were thought to be associated with their habitat and prey. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Central Jilin Province lies along the eastern edge of the Xing–Meng orogenic belt of northeast China. At least 10 Mo deposits have been discovered in this area, making it the second-richest concentration of Mo resources in China. To better understand the formation and distribution of porphyry Mo deposits in the area, we investigated the geological characteristics of the deposits and applied zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os isotope dating to constrain the age of mineralization. Our new geochronological data show the following: the Jidetun Mo deposit yields molybdenite Re–Os model ages of 164.6–167.1 Ma, an isochron age of 168 ± 2.5 Ma, and a weighted mean model age of 165.9 ± 1.2 Ma; the Houdaomu Mo deposit yields molybdenite Re–Os model ages of 167.4–167.7 Ma, an isochron age of 168 ± 13 Ma, and a weighted mean model age of 167.5 ± 1.2 Ma; and the Chang’anpu Mo deposit yields a zircon U–Pb age for granodiorite porphyry of 166.9 ± 1.5 Ma (N = 16). These new age data, combined with existing molybdenite Re–Os dates, show that intense porphyry Mo mineralization was coeval with magmatism during the Middle Jurassic (167.8 ± 0.4 Ma,r> 0.999). The geotectonic mechanisms responsible for Mo mineralization were probably related to subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate beneath the Eurasian continent. Combining published molybdenite Re–Os and zircon U–Pb ages for northeast China, the Mo deposits are shown to have been formed during multiple events coinciding with periods of magmatic activity. We identified three phases of mineralization, two of which had several stages: the Caledonian (485–480 Ma); the Indosinian comprising the Early–Middle Triassic (248–236 Ma) and Late Triassic (226–208 Ma) stages; and the Yanshanian phase comprising the Early–Middle Jurassic (202–165 Ma), Late Jurassic–early Early Cretaceous (154–129 Ma), and Early Cretaceous (114–111 Ma) stages. Although Mo deposits formed during each phase/stage, most of the mineralization occurred during the Early–Middle Jurassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant factors affecting crop production in Northeast China are the low amount of rainfall in spring and high loss of soil water through evaporation during summer, both of which contribute to the lower soil water use efficiency (WUE). The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of no-till (NT), reduced tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (CT) on soil water storage (SWS), WUE, and soybean and corn yields in Northeast China from 2009 to 2011. The soil water contents under NT were higher than CT, especially in the 0–30 cm soil. SWS was lower in spring and autumn but higher in summer and it was influenced by both rainfall and tillage practices. NT had the greatest SWS and CT the least, with RT having intermediate values in the 30-cm surface. Leaf area index was higher for CT compared with the RT and NT in corn, but it was higher for RT than CT and NT in soybean. The evapotranspiration in the crop growing seasons was higher for NT and RT than for CT in the two corn years (2009, 2011), but no differences were found in the soybean year (2010). The WUE was greatly affected by weather conditions, (i.e., 64% lower in the wet year), and also affected by tillage; that is, CT and RT were 36 and 15% higher than NT in 2009, but no differences in other years. We conclude that RT was a good compromise for both soybean and corn crops, as it was associated with higher economic returns for farmers. Further research is required to compare the effect of the conservation tillage on the WUE and economic returns for other locations in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The continental margin of Northeast China, an important part of the continental margin-related West Pacific metallogenic belt, hosts numerous types of gold-dominated mineral deposits. Based on ore deposit geology and isotopic dating, we have classified hydrothermal gold–copper ore deposits in this region into four distinct types: (1) gold-rich porphyry copper deposits, (2) gold-rich porphyry-like copper deposits, (3) medium-sulphidation epithermal copper–gold deposits, and (4) high-sulphidation epithermal gold deposits. These ore deposits formed during four distinct metallogenic stages or periods, at 123.6 ± 2.5 Ma, 110–104 Ma, 104–102 Ma, and 95.0 ± 2 Ma, corresponding to periods of Cretaceous intermediate–acid volcanism and late-stage emplacement of hypabyssal magmas along the northern margin of the North China platform. The earliest stage of mineralization (123.6 ± 2.5 Ma) corresponds to the formation of medium-sulphidation epithermal copper – gold deposits and was associated with a continental margin magmatic arc system linked to subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia. This metallogenesis is closely related to high-K calc-alkaline intermediate–acid granite and pyroxene – diorite porphyry magmatism. The second and third stages of mineralization in the study area (110–104 Ma and 104–102 Ma, respectively) correspond to the formation of gold-rich porphyry copper, porphyry-like copper, and high-sulphidation gold deposits, with metallogenesis closely related to sodic or adakitic magmatism. These magmas formed in a continental margin magmatic arc system related to oblique subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia, as well as mixing of crust-derived remelted granitic and mantle-derived adakitic magmas. During the final stage of mineralization (95.0 ± 2 Ma), metallogenesis was closely related to sodic or adakitic magmatism, with diagenesis and metallogenesis related to the disintegration or destruction of the Pacific Plate, which was subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate during the Mesozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-orogenic mafic rocks from Northeast China consist of swarms of dolerite dikes. We report a new U–Pb zircon age, as well as whole-rock geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) U–Pb zircon analysis yielded an age of 210.3 ± 1.5 million years (i.e. Triassic) for these mafic dikes. Most Dalian mafic rocks exhibit low K2O + Na2O contents, and span the border between alkaline and calc-alkaline rock associations in the total alkali–silica diagram. The investigated dikes are also characterized by relatively high (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios (0.7061–0.7067) and negative ϵNd (t) (−4.7 to −4.3) and ϵHf (t) values (−4.1 to −1.1), implying that they were derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle source. The mafic dikes are characterized by relatively low MgO (4.65–5.44 wt.%), Mg# (41–44), and compatible element content [such as Cr (89.9–125 ppm) and Ni (56.7–72.2 ppm)], which are the features of an evolved mafic magma. No evidence supports the idea that the mafic rocks were affected by significant assimilation or crustal contamination during emplacement. We conclude that the dolerites formed in a post-orogenic extensional setting, related to lithospheric delamination or ‘collapse’ of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), also termed the Xingmeng Orogenic Belt in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous molybdenum (Mo) ore deposits have been discovered in the East Xingmeng orogenic belt (East Central Asian orogenic belt), over the past 10 years, and this region is becoming one of the world's most important Mo production areas. It contains 6.18 Mt of proven Mo metal reserves, which accounts for 30% of the total proven Chinese Mo reserves. The ore district includes 37 deposits and 15 occurrences, with three major Mo ore types, that is porphyries, skarns, and hydrothermal veins. The latter can be subdivided into quartz- and volcanic hydrothermal-vein types. With the exception of the Ordovician Duobaoshan porphyry Cu–Mo deposit (477 Ma), all the East Xingmeng Mo deposits formed during the Mesozoic. Re–Os dating of molybdenite has documented three episodes of Mo mineralization: Early Triassic (248–242 Ma), Jurassic (178–146 Ma), and Early Cretaceous (142–131 Ma). Early Triassic Mo deposits are distributed along the northern margin fault of the North China Craton (NCC) and include porphyry and quartz vein types. They are characterized by the association of Mo + Cu. Jurassic Mo deposits are mainly distributed in the eastern area and include porphyry, quartz vein, and skarn types. They are typified by Mo alone and/or the association of Mo, Pb, and Zn. Cretaceous Mo deposits are distributed in all areas and include porphyry and volcanic hydrothermal vein types. Similar to the Jurassic ores, they are simple Mo or Mo + Pb + Zn deposits. Volcanic hydrothermal vein deposits are characterized by an association of molybdenum and uranium. The Triassic Mo deposits formed in a syn-collision setting between the Siberian and North China plates. The Jurassic Mo deposits formed in a compressional setting, which was probably triggered by the westward subduction of the palaeo-Pacific plate. The Early Cretaceous Mo deposits are linked to a tectonic regime of lithosphere thinning, which was caused by delamination of thickened lithosphere. However, the Mo deposits in the Erguna terrane of the northwest Xingmeng orogenic belt may be related to the evolution of the Okhotsk Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the content and first results of implementation of the Program for Cooperation Between Regions of the Far East and Northeast China. It shows that this program is a rather loose document for execution that is only a package of bilateral investment proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the relationship of external events and internal triggers on the leisure experiences of post-retirement women living in a large city in north-eastern China. Analysis of data obtained from semi-structured, in-depth interviews suggested that both external events and internal triggers led to changes in the leisure experiences of the participants. Retirement and socioeconomic changes after the Cultural Revolution provided the catalyst for participating in additional leisure activities that either helped the women to maintain a sense of internal continuity, or provided an opportunity of establishing a new identity. The findings support the importance of innovation in leisure activities in the ageing process, and suggest that for the participants in this study, traditional cultural values are more influential than external triggers in determining participation in new leisure activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil sodification in Northeast China is controlled by many other factors besides groundwater level. This research aims to explore the mechanism of sodium buildup in sodic soil based on in-situ observation and laboratory analysis. Results indicate that water and sodium redistribution process on the soil surface at local scale was an additional factor leading to the rapid soil sodification development in Songnen Plain in recent decades. A field observation was conducted in a 35 × 35 m2 area. Mollisols were distributed in depressions and free of natric horizon, while Halaquepts were found on micro slopes and high flats. A natric horizon was found at a depth of 15-30 cm in high flats, with an exchangeable sodium percent (ESP) value of 70. Fluctuation of groundwater table in the freezing period was related, to some extent, to the formation and development of frozen soil. During the freezing period, groundwater table was gradually lowered as a result of the groundwater moving into the frozen layer, leading to higher moisture content therein. During the thawing period, soil moisture content in the surface layer of Mollisols showed a significant enrichment (p < 0.05) from 0.27 to 0.69 m3 m-3(over-saturated). Salt in the surface of Halaquepts enriched quickly, especially in the micro slope, by about 80%. In comparison, insignificant change was observed in Mollisols. Sodic soil should be leveled fully and adequate drainage should be utilized before farming in order to prevent soil sodification. Blocking the capillary pore channels between topsoil and subsoil by plowing before freezing season would help soil desodification in high-latitude arid and semiarid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sourcing is a bedrock routine of American journalism, but little is known about how it may have evolved over time. This exploratory study combines social scientific and historical methods to examine sourcing in New York Times coverage of two incidents separated by decades: the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, and the Russian invasion of Chechnya in 1994. We find that while official sources have long been a mainstay of American reporting abroad, correspondents in the more recent case also made greater use of local eyewitnesses and media sources. Archival research and interviews reveal the contextual factors shaping these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research on tree line dynamics has primarily been based on field inventory data, and little is known about the potential for using remotely sensed imagery to detect change. The present study developed a new methodology by combining remote sensing and field survey data to examine dynamics of the pristine forest in the tree line area on Changbai Mountain in Northeast China over the past two decades. The new method normalized remote sensing data by using the adjacent old-growth coniferous forest (close to climax) below the tree line as the reference (assuming steady state) to eliminate various potential errors associated with different satellite sensors, atmospheric conditions and seasonal vegetation changes. Specifically, we used a ratio of normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) between the tree line forest (birch) and the referenced old-growth coniferous forest, as well as a ratio between the interface forest against the referenced coniferous forest, to investigate growth dynamics of the tree line forest from 1977 to 1999. The interface forest is distributed between the tree line forest and non-forest zone. Compared with traditional methods using remote sensing data, the new method has higher sensitivity to tree line dynamics. We found that the tree line delineated from satellite imagery had shown no shift in the past decades. However, the NDVI ratio of tree line forest against the reference forest increased from 0.9 to 1.2 from 1977 to 1999, and the ratio of interface forest against the reference forest increased from 0.83 to 0.98, indicating that growth of the tree line forest apparently exceeded that of the reference coniferous forest and had grown denser. Field surveys also supported the conclusion from remote sensing results that the tree line forest on Changbai Mountain has grown denser in the past decades. From 1980 to 2002, basal area of the tree line forest increased 35% (from 18.8 to 25.3 m2 ha-1); at the same time the NDVI ratio increased about 33%. This study suggests that it is possible to monitor growth of the tree line forest based on multi-temporal remote sensing images. We speculate that global warming may have contributed to the observed rapid growth of the tree line forest because temperature is a major limiting factor among climatic variables in the tree line forest and effect from other factors, such as fire, harvesting and snow and wind damage, were not evident in this protected area in the past decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the process of the impact of different policies on agricultural landscape changes and human-induced arable land changes in the Dalinghe river watershed from 1987 to 2002. It deploys categorical stepwise regression analysis method and principal component analysis to study arable land changes from the perspective of the interactions between policy changes and socio-economic factors. The results were that the arable land change has mainly contributed to the changes of three factors: A-POP (agricultural population), T-POP (total population), and TIRE (total income of rural economy), as these parameters together explained 95.1% of the arable land change. A regression analysis suggests that rapid rural economic growth has a direct impact on the arable land change. At the same time, the study showed that the changes of agricultural pattern were mainly the result of the continuous implementation of the Household Responsibility System and Family Planning Policy, and the adoption of a market-directed economic system, as well as the execution of an integrated soil erosion control project and the conversion of sloping farmland into forest or pasture by farmer questionnaires. The changes in agricultural patterns facilitated both ecological and economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the records of Japanese Foreign Ministry police forces, this article describes a failed attempt by Japanese consular police in south Manchuria during the early 1920s to suppress the Korean independence movement in exile through the employment of local collaborators. Implemented because the Chinese government did not recognize the legal legitimacy of Japanese consular police operations on Chinese soil, this counter-insurgency program reveals the lengths to which Japanese consular authorities were willing to go in the search for solutions to their perceived national security threats in Northeast Asia long before the outbreak of full-scale war with China in the 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the efforts of Northeast China towards regionalism. Previous proposals for developing economic cooperation between Siberia and the Russian Far East; Question on the stability of Northeast China's economy for regionalism; Criticisms that China was mishandling border relations; Effect of the collapse of the Soviet Union on the approaches to regionalism.

The Grey-headed Lapwing (Vanellus cinereus) is aVanellusbird belonging to the group Ciconiiformes, which breeds in northeast China and Japan. In this study, we sequenced its complete mitochondrial genome by PCR-based method. The mitochondrial DNA is packaged in a compact 17,135 based pair (bp) circular molecule with A + T content of 55.14%. It contains 37 typical mitochondrial genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs and a non-coding control region (D-loop). All protein-coding genes are initiated by ATG codon, except for the COI gene and ND5 gene starting with GTG codon, and ND3 uses ATC codon. TAA is the most frequent stop codon. All tRNAs possess the classic cloverleaf secondary structure except for tRNASer(AGY)and tRNALeu(CUN), which lack the ‘‘DHU’’ stem. The D-loop is a 1563 bp long A + T-rich region, which is located between tRNAGluand tRNAPhe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]