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The Northparkes district, central New South Wales, hosts several economic Cu–Au deposits associated with discrete, thin, porphyry intrusive complexes emplaced in the Late Ordovician during formation of the Macquarie Arc. The recently discovered Two-Thirty Cu–Au–(Mo) prospect is a mineralised magmatic–hydrothermal breccia complex that is hosted by the moderately east-dipping Goonumbla Volcanic Complex on the western limb of the Milpose Syncline ∼15 km south of the Northparkes porphyry district. Generation of the magmatic–hydrothermal breccia complex is interpreted to be related to the 448.0 ± 4.4 Ma emplacement of the Two-Thirty porphyry. However, Re–Os dating of molybdenite from the breccia complex indicates a potential for a ca 440 Ma mineralising event that has similar timing to economic porphyry mineralisation in the Northparkes district. The discovery of the Two-Thirty prospect has important implications for exploration in the Northparkes district and the broader Macquarie Arc. Two-Thirty is only the second known occurrence of magmatic-hydrothermal breccia-hosted mineralisation discovered within the Macquarie Arc, with the other being Cadia Quarry. Mineralisation at Two-Thirty is potentially older than the Northparkes and Cadia deposits, and younger than the epithermal and calc-alkaline deposits at Cowal, Marsden and Ridgeway. The Two-Thirty is a polyphase magmatic–hydrothermal breccia complex that hosts Cu–Au (Mo). The Two-Thirty is the first significant breccia-hosted mineralisation found in the Northparkes district. U–Pb zircon crystallisation ages of the causative intrusion at Two-Thirty pre-date mineralisation at Northparkes. Re–Os dates of molybdenite from the Two-Thirty breccia complex are coeval with syn-mineralisation at Northparkes, supporting the model of periodic release of melts and fluids from underlying magma chambers during the formation of porphyry mineralisation in the Northparkes district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-one alkalic porphyry deposits of Late Ordovician to Early Silurian age occur in two mineral districts in New South Wales. The Cadia and Northparkes districts formed in shoshonitic volcanic centres where a major basement structure (the Lachlan Transverse Zone) cut the Ordovician Macquarie Arc obliquely. Processes of mineralisation in both districts were centred in and around quartz monzonite porphyry complexes that intruded the volcanic centres. These composite intrusive complexes comprise pipes, dykes and stocks. Hydrothermal alteration in and around the intrusions produced a complex sequence of potassic, calc-potassic, sodic, propylitic and late stage, typically fault- and fracture-controlled phyllic assemblages. Hematite dusting was a common alteration product giving the intrusions and the altered volcano-sedimentary host sequences a distinctive pink-orange coloration. Several of the deposits have bornite-rich cores, chalcopyrite-dominant annuli and pyritic outer haloes. Gold is well correlated with bornite in most of the deposits, and with chalcopyrite at Cadia Hill. The mineralising intrusions have Sr and Nd isotopic compositions consistent with derivation from a depleted mantle source regime, although the Nd data are permissive of limited crustal contamination. Epidote peripheral to the porphyry deposits has Sr isotopic compositions indistinguishable from the host intrusions, precluding the involvement of external seawater in the mineralising processes. In contrast, slightly elevated initial Sr values have been detected in epidote from nearby skarn deposits, indicative of incorporation of a minor component of Sr from limestone dissolution or seawater mixing. The alkalic porphyry deposits are difficult exploration targets because intensely developed hydrothermal alteration zones are restricted to within a few hundred metres of the monzonite complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the northern and southern sections of the Junee - Narromine Volcanic Belt of the Ordovician Macquarie Arc in central-western New South Wales are buried beneath the sediment cover of the Great Artesian Basin. Exploration drilling of these aeromagnetically defined blocks has provided important new material to assess the temporal and magmatic affinities of the rocks in the Narromine Igneous Complex (northern end) and the Cowal and Fairholme Igneous Complexes (southern end). Basement rocks are representative of Phase 1 magmatism in the Macquarie Arc, and consist of Lower Ordovician basalts and andesites and common volcaniclastic rocks, all with high-K calc-alkaline affinities. These are very similar compositionally to the Lower Ordovician Nelungaloo Volcanics that outcrop in the central part of the Junee - Narromine Volcanic Belt west of Parkes. Intruding the basement volcanic - volcaniclastic package are three distinct igneous suites. The oldest of these, dated at ca 466 - 460 Ma (Middle Ordovician) and representative of Phase 2 magmatism in the Macquarie Arc, consists of stocks of monzogabbro, monzodiorite and monzonite with high-K calc-alkaline affinities, and is well represented in the Narromine and Cowal Igneous Complexes. Phase 2 suite rocks were, in turn, intruded in the Bolindian (445 ± 5 Ma) by kilometre-size stocks, narrow sheets and dykes made up of hornblende gabbro, diorite and granodiorite, and including quartz + plagioclase + hornblende-phyric dacitic porphyries in the Narromine Igneous Complex. These medium-K calc-alkaline rocks, assigned to the Phase 3 Copper Hill Suite that also occurs in the Molong and Rockley - Gulgong Volcanic Belts further east, crystallised from andesitic or more evolved magmas, probably derived via partial melting of low-K rocks in the arc basement, or amphibolites in the subducting slab. The youngest rocks in these igneous complexes are believed to be the high-level shoshonitic intrusives in the Cowal and Fairholme Igneous Complexes, which are correlated on petrographic and compositional grounds with the Macquarie Arc Phase 4 (Bolindian and Llandovery) magmatic products best represented by the Northparkes Igneous Complex in the central part of the Junee - Narromine Volcanic Belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four economic porphyry Cu - Au deposits occur at Northparkes, New South Wales: Endeavour 22 (E22), E26, E27 and E48. Mineralisation is centred on thin, pipe-like Late Ordovician to Early Silurian quartz monzonite porphyry complexes. Nine intrusive phases have been recognised, with a common sequence of emplacement recognised in all deposits. Pre-mineralisation intrusions include coarse-grained, equigranular monzodiorite and equigranular to weakly porphyritic biotite - quartz monzonite (U - Pb SHRIMP age 444.2 ± 4.7 Ma). Three variably felsic quartz monzonite porphyry phases comprise the mineralised intrusive complexes: (i) volumetrically minor early and late mineralisation biotite-phyric quartz monzonite porphyry dykes; (ii) abundant synmineralisation K-feldspar-phyric quartz monzonite porphyry intrusions; and (iii) less abundant syn- to late mineralisation augite - biotite K-feldspar-phyric quartz monzonite porphyry intrusions. Post-mineralisation basaltic trachyandesite dykes and augite-phyric monzonite porphyry dykes are also present (U - Pb SHRIMP age 436.7 ± 3.3 Ma), as are younger mafic dykes. The regional volcanic and intrusive rocks define systematic geochemical trends consistent with high-temperature magmatic fractionation of basaltic trachyandesite through trachyte. However, the trace-element compositions and REE patterns of the mineralising intrusions cannot be explained by crystal fractionation alone because there is a return to more mafic compositions in the waning stages of intrusive activity. The intrusive complexes are interpreted to have formed due to the emplacement of mafic alkaline melts into the base of a crystallising, zoned, monzodiorite to monzonite magma chamber. Shallow crustal fault ruptures above the magma chamber probably caused instantaneous depressurisation and simultaneous egress of quartz monzonite porphyry and exsolved aqueous fluid into dilatant zones. Localised fracturing and additional volatile exsolution from the quartz monzonite melt is thought to have led to the formation of the quartz monzonite porphyry complexes and associated Cu - Au-bearing stockwork veins and related orthoclase alteration. Volatile-rich aqueous fluid partitioned LREE preferentially to MREE and HREE resulting in the development of distinctive U-shaped REE patterns of the ore-related intrusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a new method for assessing magmatic fertility using the portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) in altered rocks from porphyry terranes. A study of Northparkes and global Cu--Au porphyries highlighted low Zr and Y trends associated with mineralising intrusions. Zircon saturation occurs at low Zr concentrations owing to low-temperature crystallisation depressed by high dissolved H2O in the melt. Yttrium depletion indicates hydrous magmatic conditions that cause hornblende to crystallise early. Previously geochemical differentiation of hydrous, potentially ore-forming (fertile) porphyries has relied on ratios of Sr/Y and Sr/MnO from geochemical and/or pXRF analysis of least altered rocks. Strontium is highly mobile and limits its use in altered terranes. Finding samples in porphyry terranes where Sr can be demonstrated to be retained is difficult given the ubiquity of alteration associated with porphyry emplacement. This precludes the widespread use of pXRF, as quantitative assessment of alteration is beyond the capabilities of pXRF technology. Using immobile elements overcomes issues with alteration and provides more reliable indicators of magmatic fertility. Using a systematic pXRF workflow, plots of Zr vs Y and Zr*Y vs Al2O3/TiO2 were successful in identifying 100% of the mineralising intrusions in the Northparkes intrusive complex and provide an indication of magmatic fertility and a proxy for melt hydration state. The ratios of Zr/Nb vs Y/Nb are insensitive to alteration including weathering and are indicative of evolution and dissolved H2O content of magmatic sources. Moving from bivariate plots to ratio plots shifts the data into a real-number space and provides a linear function to assess against magmatic fertility. Application of the fertility indicators to a regional dataset from New South Wales highlights areas of known porphyry mineralisation indicating that the method has the potential to be a useful indicator of fertility beyond the scope of the pilot study. The fertility of porphyry intrusions is directly related to their dissolved H2O content and oxidation state. High dissolved H2O content in magmas causes early crystallisation of hornblende, and temperature depression. As a result Zr saturation occurs at low Zr concentrations that results in depletion of Y and the MREE in hydrous rocks compared with normal arc rocks. Magmatic fertility can be rapidly and cheaply assessed in the field using Zr and Y concentrations from pXRF analyses. The use of immobile elements facilitates magmatic fertility assessment in altered rock, which was previously impossible owing to the use of mobile elements Sr and MnO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four economic porphyry Cu–Au deposits and several prospects have been investigated in the Northparkes district, part of the Ordovician to early Silurian Junee–Narromine Belt of the Macquarie Arc, New whole-rock geochemical data from the Northparkes porphyry Cu–Au district, NSW, indicate that the mineralising intrusive complexes exhibit distinct arc signatures that are transitional from high-K calc-alkaline to silica-saturated alkalic. Based on ratios of Sr/Y vs Y (e.g. Sr/Y > ∼20 and Y < ∼17 ppm) the mineralising intrusions are interpreted to have crystallised from fractionated hydrous melts indicating the suppression of plagioclase crystallisation in favour of hydrous mineral phases. This interpretation is supported by listric-shaped rare earth element curves and the presence of primary hornblende phenocrysts indicating elevated magmatic water contents. There is an association of mineralising intrusions with a low Zr trend both in the mineralised Northparkes district intrusive rocks and in mineralised porphyry-related intrusive rocks globally. A newly developed fertility indicator ratio Zr/Y ∼10% is more accurate at identifying the mineralised rocks at Northparkes than the conventional Sr/Y vs Y fertility indicator diagram, successfully identifying 92% of the mineralising intrusions, mainly owing to the fact that it is less affected by hydrothermal alteration. The insensitivity of Zr–Y to alteration makes this indicator a useful new tool that may lead to enhanced probabilities for future discoveries in the Northparkes district, broader Macquarie Arc and altered rocks globally. Mineralising intrusions in the Northparkes district have distinct Zr vs Y concentrations. The Zr vs Y indicator of magmatic fertility is less sensitive to alteration than Sr-based indicators. The Zr vs Y magmatic fertility indicator identified at Northparkes is not unique and identifies mineralising intrusions in other porphyry fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Available age data enable the recognition of four groups of porphyries that were emplaced during the ∼50 million year punctuated history of the earliest Ordovician to earliest Silurian intra-oceanic Macquarie Arc in the Eastern subprovince of the Lachlan Orogen. These porphyries were not emplaced during steady-state subduction. Porphyry groups 1 - 3 formed during critical events in the evolution of the arc related to interruptions and resumptions of arc activity. They are pre-accretionary in character, in that they formed in the arc that for most of the Ordovician lay on the Gondwana Plate, above a west-dipping subduction zone, and separated from the Gondwana margin by the Wagga Basin. In contrast, Group 4 porphyries are syn-accretionary and were emplaced into tilted and deformed volcanic and volcaniclastic packages during an extension or relaxation event in the multiphase Early Silurian Benambran Orogeny, attributed to the accretion of the arc and collapse of the former backarc basin. The Lachlan Transverse Zone is a major arc-normal corridor that favoured emplacement of many porphyries commonly, but not exclusively, shoshonitic in chemistry. All porphyry groups are potentially mineralised, with Groups 3 and 4 known to contain world-class Cu - Au deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]