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The study calls for greater scholarly engagement with the generational experiences of the socialist working class in China. Through an analysis of collective actions in response to the reform of state-owned enterprises at the turn of the century, the paper divides the Chinese socialist working class into the Revolution Generation and the Transition Generation. Amid the restructuring of the state sector, workers from the Revolution Generation exhibited a proclivity for civic activism and petitions, while the Transition Generation, though grappling with unemployment, largely refrained from public dissent, instead expressing sentiments of bewilderment and resignation. The study illustrates how the differing lived experiences of two working-class generations played a pivotal role in shaping their interpretation of grievances and contention repertoire. The article underscores the significance of generational perspectives in gaining insight into the destiny of the Chinese working class, advocating for the integration of such perspectives into the broader fields of deindustrialization and labor studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper unpacks the multi-level efforts to establish, promote and implement China standards in overseas contexts through an examination of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Africa. Drawing upon document analysis of government policies, institutional guidelines and corporate reports from four case companies, as well as field research in Ethiopia, it identifies ways that Chinese corporate actors interpret, incorporate and initiate CSR standards through strategic planning and during overseas business activities. Analysis of both first-hand and secondary data shows the development of Chinese CSR standards is a co-production of international, national and local standards, which involves diverse actors and institutions and is driven by multiple considerations to fulfill commercial, political, social and diplomatic objectives for overseas companies and Chinese government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been a pervasive phenomenon that a firm constructs multiple collaborations with universities and research institutes from diverse geographic regions. This study examines whether and under what conditions university-industry (UI) collaboration portfolio concentration, the geographical concentration of UI collaboration partners, influence focal firms' innovation performance. The results suggest that UI collaboration portfolio concentration is negatively associated with focal firms' innovation performance. Besides, the negative relationship between UI collaboration portfolio concentration and firm innovation performance is stronger for state-owned enterprises (SOEs) than non-SOEs. Moreover, the negative relationship between UI collaboration portfolio concentration and firm innovation performance is stronger for politically connected firms than non-politically connected firms. This study contributes to previous research on alliance portfolios and UI collaborations, and provides some meaningful inspiration for practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the effect of a place-based policy in China, the Northeastern Revitalization Program. In 2003 the State Council of the People's Republic of China initiated the program in northeastern China by removing an agricultural tax, enhancing the urban social security system, facilitating foreign investment, and restructuring state-owned enterprises in the region. Using the synthetic control method, we find that the program had no significant effect on GDP per capita in all three regions. Liaoning had slightly worse GDP per capita post-treatment, as did Heilongjiang (albeit to a lesser extent). While the multiple synthetic control analysis shows that economic outcomes were worse post-treatment, the impact of this program was heterogeneous across the three regions. We argue the lackluster performance likely comes from the continuing dominance of inefficient state-owned enterprises in the provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of tightening resource and environmental constraints globally, it is urgent to promote enterprise's green technological innovation through environmental regulation. This paper uses the panel data of Chinese listed companies from 2009 to 2019 to empirically test the relationship between environmental regulation and green technological innovation, and it also explores the transmission mechanism of executive compensation between these two. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) environmental regulation can promote enterprise green technological innovation. (2) Environmental regulation negatively influences the enterprise green technological innovation by reducing executive compensation. (3) The effect of environmental regulation on the promotion of green technological innovation of enterprise is higher in coastal areas than inland areas of China; while the effect of environmental regulation on the promotion of green technological innovation of enterprise is higher in state-owned enterprises than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital misallocation is a main obstacle to China's economic development. This paper deploys a quasi-natural experiment formed by the 'Revitalization Plan for Ten Industries' (RPTI) and examines the impacts that selective industrial policies have on capital misallocation. It is found that the RPTI significantly exacerbates capital misallocation and that the effect does not disappear when the RPTI ends. Mechanism analysis indicates that the RPTI significantly increases the capital productivity of firm groups with high capital productivity but significantly reduces the capital productivity of firm groups with low capital productivity. This can be further interpreted by a decrease or an increase of inefficient investment and financial constraints faced by the corresponding firm groups. The documented relationship is stronger in state-owned enterprises and in firms located in areas of high marketization. Our findings advance the understanding of governmental policy intervention in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of the government enterprise and empowerment program (GEEP) on women's performance in entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. Results from the use of difference-in-difference (DiD) quasi-experimental design indicate that GEEP intervention has significant impacts on enterprise turnover, reduction in per unit cost of production, and increase in profitability and return on investment (ROI). The results also show unequal access to resources and opportunities available in GEEP, between rural and urban residents. The findings suggest that, if the rural women had equal access to the resources and opportunities available to their urban counterparts in GEEP, they would participate in traditional industries and build livelihoods in rural economies. This implies that embracing increased GEEP interventions with rural dwellers will enhance women's entrepreneurship development, raise women's economic status, and deter aggression in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines continuity and change in the lives of rural migrant gay men working in China's state-owned enterprises (SOE) from an everyday life perspective. By examining their sexuality, migration histories, and heterosexual marriage experiences, this study contributes to sexuality and migration literature by exploring how rural-to-urban migrant gay men maintain their everyday homosexual intimacies in post-socialist China. It adds to the perspective that gay men's perceptions, interpretations, and reactions to marriage and sexuality vary, due to their personal migration experiences. These findings also contribute to scholarly discussions of everyday life by providing a nuanced analysis of how spatial tactics are employed as forms of everyday resistance by gay men for maintaining their sexualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the role of patronage in Indonesian State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) by analyzing board appointments between 2004 and 2019 under two different presidential administrations—those of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo. The study is based on a content analysis of board members and their political affiliations in fifteen of the largest Indonesian SOEs and in-depth, semi-structured interviews with a former minister, high-ranking officials in the government, political party members, CEOs, and SOE board members. The study identifies how key patrons influence board appointments and how the sitting president, a pivotal patron in the post-authoritarian context, strategically uses patronage for power consolidation and political stability. Given the financial significance and power of SOEs, placing loyalists on boards serves the interests of ruling political parties and elites. This also enables elites to produce even more patronage, which is beneficial for their personal political machinery. This intricate interplay sustains the presence of patronage in Indonesia's democratic landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea that China is the supreme overseas capital accumulator is part of a discourse of China as colonialist or neocolonialist. The discourse exists not because Chinese behaviour aligns with scholarly understandings of colonialism or neocolonialism, but as a rhetorical device to discredit China as the US's 'strategic rival'. In this paper we show that China does not practice colonialism or neocolonialism and examine the question of how China's activities fit into modes of globalised capital accumulation abroad. We argue that China's mode overlaps, but is also distinct from, the East Asian developmental states' approach. It is even more dissimilar to the US's archetypal neoliberalism. Two areas in which China most diverges are its deployment of state-owned enterprises and Communist Party of China leadership, and the concomitant alignment of Chinese firms overseas with home and host-state policies. In analysing Chinese capital accumulation abroad, we adumbrate a Chinese mode that reflects 'two semis': China's semi-peripheral status and its semi-neoliberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the micro-foundations of failed market insertion in Romania's chemical sector. During the EU pre-accession period, transnational integration regimes (TIRs) induced FDI-dependence. In turn, mass-privatization policies in conjunction with weak state capacities—evidenced by domestic development policies with limited operational use—caused failed market insertion. Two former state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are analyzed in this manner, and two pathways to failed integration emerge: via domestic mismanagement and multi-national corporations' (MNCs) rent-seeking practices. The findings extend the diversity of the TIR framework and provide a nuanced account of downturn scenarios during EU integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are over 5,000 Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in the world. About 75 percent of developing economies and almost all transition economies use SEZs in their early stages of industrialization. Why have SEZs traveled so far and fast globally? How does this policy vary when it enters different national contexts? I develop an SEZ policy adoption framework for developing or transitioning countries. I then apply the framework to compare how Ethiopia and Vietnam have learned from mainland China and Taiwan's SEZ policies. Drawing on field interviews with 53 key stakeholders, I argue that the recent wave of SEZ adoption among late industrializers is rooted in their desires to catch up, just as China and other Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs) did. A coalition between the NIEs' governments, private investors, and state-owned companies actively promoting their model become the key policy ambassadors in the globalization of SEZ while expanding NIE capital to emerging markets. The localization of SEZs in national contexts, however, is constrained by their extant institutional settings. My case studies demonstrate the importance of policy transfer as a driver of SEZ policy and highlight the critical role that emulation plays in late industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an analysis of 2671 outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) deals completed by Chinese enterprises from 2009 to 2018, this study evaluated the role of the OFDI regulatory policies on Chinese heterogeneity enterprises' OFDI. The difference-in-differences model is applied with the OFDI data to control the influence of endogeneity resulting from missing variables. The results show that the regulatory policies' effect on Chinese enterprises' OFDI varies with the ownership structure of the home country's enterprises. The implementation of OFDI regulatory policies significantly reduces the OFDI of state-owned enterprises but does not significantly impact that of privately owned enterprises. Interestingly, the policies significantly reduce the OFDI of central state-owned enterprises but do not significantly impact that of local ones. The former benefit from central government institutional support, and their main purpose is to comply with national strategy. By contrast, local governments administer the local state-owned enterprises, whose main purpose is to promote local economic development. In terms of seeking profits, their investment choices are similar to those of privately owned enterprises. This study also examines China's OFDI policy responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1973, four cows and one bull were shipped to Guangming Farm, an agricultural production base for China to supply fresh produce to British Hong Kong. The cattle's human caretakers included Malayan, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Chinese expelled from Southeast Asia due to local ethnonationalist policies. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Guangming was a state-directed productive space with prominent features of the planned economy, ironically installed when the rest of Shenzhen and China was embarking on market reform. The reform of Guangming Farm lagged the marketization in Shenzhen and did not begin in earnest until the early 2000s. This essay explains how the delay in reform ultimately served the state's interests. The People's Republic of China mobilized Southeast Asian refugee labor to grow international trade and expand state capital. In this process, the diasporic Chinese became, simultaneously, the agents and targets of Deng Xiaoping's reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to verify the use of organisational culture and strategic management in the public sector, specifically in school management. To do this, a systematic literature was used. As a result, we presented a survey of the papers on the state of the art of the subject and analysed the heterogeneity of the returned papers. In addition, we analysed 348 papers presenting the search strings on the Web of Science and Scopus, the increase in the theme in recent years, the number of authors, the countries of the researchers, the research approaches, and the word cloud of returned themes. We also made a preliminary bibliometric analysis. We concluded the importance of a systematic review to point out a research gap and provided a systematic review protocol for the area and related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper performs a case study analysis of a deal (snowball swap) conducted by a state-owned transportation firm in Portugal. This deal lowered immediately the financing costs by 3 percentage points in the first 2 years and then it would cost an additive spread (snowball) if the Euribor interest rate crossed the barrier of 2% to 6%. The Euribor interest rate dropped to levels well below 2% and these contracts, which had a notional value of 80 million euros, had a cost of around 700 million euros. From the analysis of the contours of this business, it is possible to conclude that the corporate governance model of state-owned companies does not prevent situations of lack of independence of managers from the political power and this leads to a very short-term vision of these managers and creates adverse incentives for these managers. The paper concludes with a discussion of this case study implications for public policy on state-owned firms' governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study user behavior to support the management of Station-based Bikesharing Systems (SBS), Free-floating Bikesharing Systems (FBS), and the whole public bikesharing system, this study scrutinized factors that influence bikeshare-user patterns of one-way trips or round trips and examined the use frequency characteristics including both systems. Based on the data collected by questionnaires, descriptive analysis shows that the user profile of education background, private vehicle ownership, riding days during a week, departure time of day, trip type, mode transfer and service satisfaction for both systems is similar. To detect the factors associated with cycling for a round-trip versus one-way, this study uses step-wise logistic regression analysis to compare the difference between the targeted users. Putting samples of the two systems together and applying an ordinal logistic regression model, the outcomes show that as the increase of use frequency, trips are more likely to be one-way trips, generated by SBS users. They are likely to work at state-owned enterprises, having travel purposes more likely related to family or personal affairs rather than work affairs and owning cars. Finally, recommendations are given for operators of both schemes as well as government organizations responsible for supervising these schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Third regionalism explains the liberalization of trade centered around the Asia-Pacific region in the 21st century. Under regionalism, domestic agricultural markets that formerly enjoyed national food-security policies have loosened. This caused traditional domestic farmers' organizations to become more regionally interconnected, forming a food sovereignty movement under the auspices of La Via Campesina. Localized food-production chains are promoted to mitigate the impact of regionalism on the Asia-Pacific agricultural sector. The Taiwan Rural Front (TRF) joined La Via Campesina and the food sovereignty movement in the 2010s. During the process of adopting regionalism, Taiwanese agricultural trade and technologies were protected by public agencies and state-owned enterprises. This context differs from that of Southeast Asia, where the food sovereignty movement has thrived. Therefore, the following question is raised: Why was it possible for the food sovereignty movement to originate in Taiwan? This paper describes the developmental characteristics of Taiwan's food-security governance mechanism as a state-guided corporate food regime amid third regionalism. Further, the TRF does not advocate for localized food-production chains. Due to the formation of a state-guided corporate food regime, the food sovereignty movement has become connected with farmland protection movements that set the Taiwanese sovereignty movement apart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: This article investigates the interaction effects among government subsidies, research and development (R&D) input and innovation performance of the Chinese energy industry. This article establishes a panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) model and uses the impulse response function (IRF) tool and variance decomposition of all variables to reveal the evolution process of variables' relationship in different time periods based on the data of 95 listed energy companies in China from 2010 to 2018. : The results show that R&D input and innovation performance promote government subsidies; government subsidies and innovation performance promote R&D input; R&D input substantially promote innovation performance; and the dynamic interaction of the three variables differs for state-owned and non-state-owned companies. : This article focuses on the Chinese energy industry and considers the ownership of companies. The PVAR model is used to establish a dynamic interactive system of variables, which considers the dynamic interaction relationship among government subsidies, R&D input and innovation performance in this specific industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) established schools to reduce the burdens of the government to the provision of public education to its citizens since the 1950s. They spend billions of Chinese yuan each year to educate the children of their employees by creating and operating a variety of early years centers, schools, vocational institutes, and universities. However, the Chinese SOEs schools are required to transfer to local education bureaus under the modern enterprise system. This article utilizes network governance theory to explore the process of handover of Civil Aviation Guangzhou Children's School from the Civil Aviation Department to the local education bureau. It traces the historical development of SOEs schools under the Civil Aviation industry. By drawing on policy document analysis and semi-constructed interviews of different stakeholders, this article reports the detailed process of transferring. By applying Asia as method lens of network governance, Mohe involves various stakeholders to work together to solve the problems and achieve win-win results. This article argues that education governance in the Chinese administrative system has entered a new phase, from a central hierarchical approach to the approach of central steering with local diversity. The central government drove its core policy objective, and the local governments were able to achieve the objective by their own means in ways that reflected local characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I turn my attention to two hydropower plants, HPP Dabar and HPP Nevesinje, part of the massive Upper Horizons scheme, which is currently the largest infrastructural project in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Built by the China Energy Gezhouba and financed through a large loan from the Export–Import Bank of China, the enterprise forms a part of China's Belt and Road Initiative, an unprecedented global development programme that involves nearly half of the world's countries. The project is being built on the Zalomka, one of the largest sinking rivers in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the world, and its potential impacts are hotly debated and may be extremely far reaching. As Rob Nixon has argued, the mega-dam projects in many postcolonial nations have 'depended' on both physical structure and metaphorical discourse on 'submergence': of 'disposable people and ecosystems, but also on the submerged structures of dependence that lay beneath the flamboyant engineering miracles' (2011: 167). Drawing on these reflections and insights from the energy humanities, blue humanities and infrastructure studies, I consider dams as concretizations that 'harness, produce, materialise, and symbolise' (neo)colonial power relations (Max Haiven (2013) 'The dammed of the Earth: Reading the mega-dam for the political unconscious of globalization', in Cecilia Chen, Janine MacLeod and Astrida Neimanis (eds) Thinking with Water, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press). Thus, from this perspective, this infrastructural project could be seen not only as 'Chinese invasion' through the Belt and Road Initiative, but also an invasion of nature by the nation state, often constituted as the necessary means to pursue a view of national and regional integration towards globalized modernity. Finally, I discuss an invasion of the dominant narrative by resistance, turning attention to the anti-damming intersectional and coalitional work in the Balkans, which includes protests, marches, forums, artistic interventions, and legal pressure aimed at stopping both local and the Chinese state-owned companies from dredging and blocking the rivers. Intervening in the normalized view of the extractive zone – the article argues – these acts of resistance form part of a broad struggle against what the anthropologist Anne Spice calls 'invasive infrastructures' (2018) that numerous communities are fighting against in the region ('Fighting invasive infrastructures', Environment and Society 9: 40–56). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces political competition into a vertical model with successive duopolies. The upstream consists of a home state-owned enterprise (SOE) and foreign private intermediate-input producer while the downstream consists of home and foreign private final-good producers. The SOE manager lobbies for a better weight configuration comprised of profits and sales, the downstream domestic firm lobbies for more subsidies to enhance its profits and industrial policy, and the policymaker, as one agency, maximizes a weighted sum of the lobbyists' contributions and social welfare, sets policies for the two firms. The paper shows that it is in the interest of the SOE's manager to promote sales at the expense of profits. The upshot on the effects of lobbying is that the government will set too high a weight on sales for the SOE and will confer excessive subsidy to the downstream firm beyond the respective social optimal levels. Lobbying is therefore socially harmful. This paper further shows that if only one lobbyist contributes, which results in lower social welfare than when only its rival contributes, it must be that the lobbyist contributes more than its rival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a detailed analysis of the policy design of the current fourth round of state-owned enterprise (SOE) corporate restructuring in China. This time, the state's efforts to improve SOE performance hinged on attracting private capital to take ownership shares in state firms—or so-called mixed-ownership reforms. The article relies on an analysis of policy documents, interviews with policy experts in China, and a case study of local mixed-ownership reform implementation in the city of Nanjing. It discusses implications of mixed ownership for corporate governance amid changing state–Party–business relations in China. It concludes that the reform agenda consolidates a hybrid political-economic system that organically blends planning and market modes of economic coordination, as well as public and private modes of ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A few years after the fall of the Berlin wall, the World Bank published Bureaucrats in Business, an influential report on State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) that provided a road-map on how to reform - or privatize - those "loss making state-owned-enterprises that are a significant burden on government budgets and [...] hinder growth, impede market liberalization and thus both directly and indirectly limit efforts to reduce poverty" (World Bank, 1995, p. ix). Some 25 years later SOEs are still pervasive. This special issue follows up on Bureaucrats in Business, and sheds light on the continued important phenomena of SOEs and attempts to understand what the perception is about the role that SOEs should play both in tranquil and in turbulent times. We firstly set out an overview of the presence of SOEs over time and across sectors and country groups). Because the topic of the role SOEs should play in the economy is influenced by politics, second, we summarize the results of a Delphi study that presents new consensus on SOEs according to experts. Third, we then review the linkages between ownership and performance in the infrastructure and financial sectors. Fourth, we shed light on the new phenomenon of SOEs abroad, and then conclude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though State-Owned Multinational Enterprises (SOMNEs) make up around 15% of the world´s largest non-financial Multinational Enterprises (MNEs), little is known about why State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) internationalize and how they behave once abroad. Whilst some scholars have claimed SOMNEs tend to behave as their private MNE counterparts, other scholars state SOMNEs transfer their "public mission" abroad. This article presents a novel, multi-dimensional framework designed to facilitate comparing the behaviour of SOEs and private enterprises abroad in the field of infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to identify whether there is a contemporary consensus on the role of SOEs in different countries on selected issues, through the view of experts around the globe. We conducted a survey to formulate prospective forecasts of the evolution of the role of SOE and to summarize the state of knowledge. Here we present a selection of the results obtained, with an emphasis on identifying consensus on SOE governance and conflicting goals. Because of that, the qualitative approach adopted in this paper is a natural complement to the more quantitative ones. We find that guaranteeing autonomy from state authorities and transparency in SOEs management are the most important challenges that public firms currently face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents and discusses theoretical and conceptual models to measure the effectiveness of a state grant-funded programme. The models were used to formulate the perspectives and strategic objectives a state programme can consider to implement and evaluate performance. The behavioural experiments method was adopted to test the validity of the study assumptions. The methodological contribution of the study is the development and application of balanced scorecard perspectives broken down into key performance objectives and key performance indicators evaluated in terms of an effective level scale. The lowest effectiveness level implies that the overall performance is very low while the highest effectiveness level implies that the performance of the programme is optimised. The study contributes to the current debate and a deviation from previous research. The fact that there is a direct link between expectations of performance, effectiveness and the objectives of publicly-funded programmes is another empirical contribution worth pursuing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our ability to generate genomic data is currently well ahead of our ability to understand what they mean, raising challenges about how best to engage with them. This article considers ethical aspects of work with such data, focussing on research contexts that are intertwined with clinical care. We discuss the identifying nature of genomic data, the medical information intrinsic within them, and their linking of people within a biological family. We go on to consider what this means for consent, the importance of thoughtful sharing of genomic data, the challenge of constructing meaningful findings, and the legacy of unequal representation in genomic datasets. We argue that the ongoing success of genomic data research relies on public trust in the enterprise: to justify this trust, we need to ensure robust stewarding, and wide engagement about the ethical issues inherent in such practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessments of large-scale water resources projects in two regions of the United States provide lessons about long-term outcomes. In the humid East, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) serves multiple objectives and is the largest public power enterprise in the nation. In the West, California's State Water Project serves nearly 27 million people and some 750,000 acres of farmland with extensive infrastructure. Assessing the outcomes of such large-scale projects requires integrated analysis and involves different value propositions. The major lessons are about government actions in river basin and public power systems development and their impacts on agriculture, urban development, and a vulnerable and changing delta ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a number of years now, the South African Airways limped from one turnaround strategy to another, with little or no success. While there is a body of knowledge on turnaround strategies, little is known about the implementation of turnaround strategies in developing economies such as South Africa and of state-owned enterprises at that. The aim of this article was to explore some constraints experienced by SAA in the implementation of its Long-Term Turnaround Strategy. Purposive sampling was used to select participants to be interviewed for this study. Data were collected primarily through semi-structured interviews from 37 participants. Using thematic analysis, the following six themes emerged from the data analysis: shareholder's slow decision making, undercapitalisation of the airline, unstable political leadership, unhealthy board dynamics, leadership instability, and lack of management skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although China is the world's largest investor in renewable energy, its overseas energy investments are primarily in fossil fuels. This is a cause of major concern as countries across the globe need to transition toward low-carbon development trajectories to meet the 1.5-degree warming target of the Paris Agreement. In this paper, we present data up until and including 2019 showing that power generation investment in renewables domestically (excluding medium and large hydro) is 77% while only 22% overseas. We add to the literature on the institutional environment surrounding Chinese overseas investment by finding that in addition to general barriers to renewables, such as higher up-front costs and different income cycles, Chinese renewable firms face significant structural financing disadvantages vis-à-vis conventional energy firms. We find that the underlying reason is that Chinese fossil fuel companies are largely state-owned while renewable companies are largely private-owned. The disadvantage then materializes through the Chinese financial system's preference for state-owned enterprises. Lastly, we identify concrete policy options to overcome the disadvantage by addressing five types of actors: 1) policy banks that can emphasize their development focused mandate, 2) state-owned commercial banks currently financing the majority of Chinese overseas energy projects, 3) smaller financial institutions currently not involved in this type of financing overseas, 4) Sinosure, currently focusing on insuring fossil fuel projects, and 5) Chinese energy, utility, and construction companies that would benefit from further diversifying into renewables. Key policy insights The proportion of renewables in Chinese power generation investment is 77% domestically while only 22% overseas. Chinese fossil fuel companies are largely state-owned, while renewable companies are largely private-owned. The key barrier for Chinese renewable energy companies going overseas is their lack of access to finance. Chinese financial institutions favor state-owned over privately-owned organizations, both domestically and overseas. Consequently, a key reason for renewable/fossil disproportions is that Chinese renewable energy companies are largely private-owned. The favoritism can be overcome through policies targeting 1) policy banks, 2) state-owned commercial banks, 3) smaller financial institutions, 4) Sinosure, or 5) Chinese energy, utility, and construction companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japan's rapid post-war economic growth prompted Chinese leaders to look to their neighbour as they initiated market reforms from the late 1970s. How did movements of people and ideas between China and Japan occur, and what were their effects on Chinese enterprise policies? From the 1970s through the 1990s, Chinese officials, scholars, and enterprise representatives invited Japanese advisors to China, conducted myriad exchanges through associations like the Sino-Japanese Economic Knowledge Exchange and the Japan-China Economic Association, and actively studied Japan's economy and companies. Chinese policy-makers gained insights from Japan about market-responsive forms of corporate structure, organisational solutions to state ownership dilemmas, evidence that consolidation could aid economic performance and technological upgrading, and strategic commitment to building large state-owned enterprise groups. However, this episode of intense engagement between China and Japan generated neither unilateral 'diffusion' nor unitary influence. Instead, it reveals how China has developed its own path of economic development through what I term 'policy collaging': seeking, selecting, and creatively combining policy ideas and practices from international sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-apartheid South Africa created opportunities for black and marginalized entrepreneurs to venture into township tourism and to contribute towards the growth of the mainstream economy. However, a number of challenges threaten the long-term survival, profitability and growth of businesses, due to some distinct characteristics of the business environment. This study explored the typologies of challenges faced by micro-tour operators in the South West Townships, officially referred to as Soweto, South Africa. The qualitative study design used in-depth interviews to collect data from ten (10) micro-tour operators. Data analysis utilised content and thematic analysis to identify the typologies of the business characteristics and challenges. The original contribution of the research is the discovery of a distinct typology of challenges affecting micro township-based tour operators categorized by three levels of challenges: macro, meso, and micro. These challenges range from the transformation of the tourism industry, discord in entrepreneurship policy intentions and intervention approaches, historic infrastructural challenges, perception of townships' general economy, and background based on the negative political impact of the apartheid system. The study concludes that the state of micro-tourism enterprises in townships is still underdeveloped as a result of the challenges confronted by these enterprises that hinder their growth and sustainability. The study recommends an inclusive policy framework, consisting of plans for township tourism development in Soweto and South Africa in general. Furthermore, township micro-tour operators in Soweto should formulate a formal sustainable business strategy that outlines the business objectives and its purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We sought to investigate employee motivation mediation of the relationship between servant leadership, employee motivation, job satisfaction, and affective organisation commitment in a public sector enterprise. Participants (n = 128; male = 73; female = 55; age range = 31–40 years = 43; working more than 10 years = 49) where from a South African state-owned enterprise. They completed measures of perceptions of servant leadership, employee motivation, job satisfaction, and affective organisation commitment. Following mediation analysis, results indicated that intrinsic and extrinsic work motivation mediated the relationship between servant leadership, job satisfaction, and affective organisation commitment. These findings suggest that motivation is an important intervening condition to enhance the relationship between servant leadership and employee attitudes such as extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction and affective commitment. Therefore, managers who display servant leadership behaviour are more likely to instil motivation, job satisfaction, and affective organisation commitment in their followers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the relationship between China's Communist Party (CCP) and its state-owned enterprises (SOEs) has tightened. However, the impact this has had on SOE international subsidiaries remains unclear, especially vis-à-vis human resource management (HRM). This article examines recruitment and selection in Western subsidiaries of China's largest SOEs: national oil companies (NOCs). It does so with particular attention to the experience of Chinese and Western talent. Such issues are important as scholarship increasingly suggests government involvement in SOEs serves to enhance their meritocratic, market-led conduct. However, this article argues tightening CCP-SOE subsidiary relations have neither delivered nor pursued such an end. Instead, they have carried a more opportunistic-political impetus that is: undervaluing competencies outside Party loyalty, prioritizing CCP-loyal SOE cadre development, and favoring Party or SOE-insiders. Consequently, this has weakened the subsidiaries' business orientations and HRM practices. These insights, then, help advance understandings of political over-embeddedness within the present Chinese SOE context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study argues that the current Chinese administration has attempted to institutionalize center-local relations by reforming key party-state entities, with the aim of mitigating the centralization-decentralization cycle driven by ad hoc political mobilization. On the fiscal front, these reforms aim to consolidate budget management, merging national and local tax agencies, limiting local government borrowing, and centralizing expenditure planning. On the rule-enforcement front, the reforms try to empower the judiciary and the disciplinary inspection systems by isolating them from local influences. These changes have systematically strengthened the center's fiscal control and enhanced local compliance with national policies and rules. However, it remains to be seen whether the new structure will eventually be weighed down by local resistance, incentive issues, or changes in the center's factional dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contends that increasing centralisation of decision-making in China will undermine the country's future economic growth. It highlights the declining role of private enterprises and the increasing role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the economy, and the extension of Communist Party influence in both SOEs and the private sector through the Party's Organization Department and United Front Work Department. It argues that the increasing role of the state in the economy over the past decade has stifled growth through a decline in 'total factor productivity' because of increasing misallocation of resources. Centralisation, with associated losses in efficiency, objectivity, agility, speed and finesse regarding allocations of risks and investment, has debilitated decentralised decision-making and reduced the incentives for undertaking risks and innovation. The article argues that increasing Party control over the SOEs and the private sector will negatively impact the corporate structure and management decisions, exacerbate the fundamental problems of corporate governance and limit or hamper innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using executive resume data of China's listed companies between 2006 and 2016, we investigated the relationship between pay disparities within top management teams (TMT) and firms' innovation performance. Specifically, we assessed two dimensions of pay disparities: vertical pay disparity between CEOs and non-CEO managers, and horizontal pay disparity among non-CEO managers. Considering the difference in regional marketization progress, we also explored the moderating effect of marketization degree on this relation. It is found that: with vertical pay disparity increasing by 1%, firms' innovation performance is improved by 2.3%; with horizontal pay disparity increasing, firms' innovation performance is promoted first and then restrained; higher marketization degree strengthens the incentive effects of both vertical and horizontal pay disparity. But the grouped regression results show that, in state-owned enterprises, horizontal pay disparity is only negatively associated with innovation. The theoretical and practical significance of the research is discussed at the end of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is no secret that the modernisation process in Russia via state-owned companies has run into a dead end. A full understanding of this stagnation requires an investigation of the governance systems and the changes going on behind them. Using the example of the two most important state-owned companies of the aviation sector, the JSC United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) and the non-profit organisation (state corporation—Gosudarstvennaya Korporatsiya) Rostec, this article shows the main differences in state corporate governance systems, identifying a presidential and a governmental governance system. In the context of this work, the term governmental is limited only to the federal cabinet and its administrations, thereby creating an awareness that different executive state bodies can exercise different forms of state governance. Overall, the sector is characterised by growing informalisation and industrial incorporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iscor Vanderbijlpark, now ArcelorMittal South Africa (AMSA), is a former state-owned enterprise that was used by the Afrikaner nationalists to advance the political, economic and social interests of poor white Afrikaners. However, since 1994, there has been wide debate about why black empowerment has not happened under post-apartheid South Africa. This article compares the role of various types of social capital in the empowerment of poor whites during apartheid and black people under post-apartheid. The perceived relationship was measured by various networks, trust and the relationship between family members, neighbours and colleagues, as well as with governmental, private sector and civil society organisations (CSOs). The sample of 26 participants, comprising former and current employees of Iscor/AMSA, trade union representatives and members of the community, were assembled using purposive random sampling for the study. My doctoral study found that there was a strong connection and positive relationship between the state, business and CSOs under Afrikaner Economic Empowerment (AEE), and that social capital played a role of bonding and linking communities while under Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) the connection between the state and CSOs was weak and social capital did not contribute to empowerment. This paper attempts to address the current gap in the post-apartheid BEE literature—that is, the role of networks and CSOs in BEE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergent literature on 'new state capitalism' has offered little in terms of class analysis so far. This stands in contrast with prior twentieth-century writings which had sought to retool Marxist class theory to highlight the ambivalent position of the 'state class' in settings where the state owned large concentrations of productive capital. This article sets out a novel conceptual framework for analyzing the class situation of officials and executives embedded in government and state-owned enterprises. Overseers and managers of state-owned capital should be understood as Janus-faced actors, participating simultaneously in political and economic fields, articulating political hierarchy with power over capital. Furthermore, fractions inside the state can be identified in so far as the authority to operate, and to allocate, capital is distributed unevenly within the state's ruling stratum. As an illustration, an examination of the class ramifications of central-level SOEs in China is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Trade Organization (WTO) faces an existential crisis. Nominations to the Appellate Body (AB) are deadlocked; tariffs are being raised and retaliated against; and substantive negotiations are stalled. A number of Members, including European Union (EU or the Union) and its Member States, are convinced that the WTO is in need of profound reform, inter alia, with a view to integrating developing countries further, addressing unfair subsidies and state-owned enterprises (SoEs), and optimizing the dispute settlement mechanism (DSM). The EU has recently presented several reform proposals. It has also tightened its domestic tools for enforcing trade obligations and is cooperating with like-minded partners outside the institutional framework of the WTO. The present article looks into the WTO's challenges from a European perspective, with a critical analysis of the EU's proposals for reform, while also highlighting its approach on tackling issues that affect the international economic order outside the WTO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historic villages in China have dramatically changed in recent years, particularly those in poor areas where local culture and a lagging economy constitute the socio-economic framework. The critical relationship between preservation and commodification has become the focus of debate, but little attention has been paid to how different historic villages have been changed through heritage-led development processes and different patterns of stakeholders involved. In this paper, a case study is presented, which focuses on three historic villages in Tongren, China. The findings confirm the idea that heritage preservation as a governance technique is vulnerable to changing socio-economic circumstances. Three transformational approaches with different patterns of stakeholder engagement are identified. In addition, the coalition between the government and real-estate development enterprises played a dominant role in the government-led approach. In the case where the government and enterprises are not strongly present, village elites and village cadres are the power holders in leading to the heritage-led development despite their dual position in heritage preservation and profit-making. This paper suggests that the rigorous, scientific investigation in the planning and project-making involving a shared platform of stakeholders should be developed to address a shared future for the historic villages in China. Abbreviations: VRP: Village Rectification Plan; VEMC: Villages with Ethnic Minority Characteristics; HCTVs: Historical and Cultural Towns and Villages; CTVs: Chinese Traditional Villages; COEs: County-owned enterprises; ESMV: Ethnic Solidarity Model Village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the interplay between economics and the politics of state-owned enterprises confronted with changes concerning the value of environment under post-1990 transformations. It examines the value of the environment as a result of state-public firm relations grounded on the multiple and often conflicting demands within the changing context and requirements of the EU environmental policy. By process-tracing two Romanian SOEs in the coal energy industry, the paper looks into: i) the hierarchical coordination and negotiation systems of state and SOEs in relation to the environment; ii) how the economic and political elites deal with the competition on free markets and use various mechanisms to empower the survival of SOEs that eventually translate into economic performance and environmental behavior. The findings suggest the salient decapitalization of SOEs due to the state behavior embedded in confusing procedures and actions that made room for political maneuvering. Also, the organizational culture of working in a "closed circle" may have strengthened the liabilities accrued to SOEs and undermined their capacity to deal with environmental requirements. Hence, a double-layered "dissonant" environment stems from the opposition between the requirements of the EU environmental policy and the commitment of domestic economic and political elites to support the survival of energy SOEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article centers on the question of whether state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are instruments of China's foreign strategy. A simplistic answer of yes or no is far from sufficient, as the positive view suffers from ignorance of SOEs' agency, while the negative view is blind to the entrenched connections between SOEs and the government. It is obvious that SOEs have close connections with the Chinese government. However, whether these connections can be regarded as making SOEs a strategic instrument in China's foreign policies remains to be further studied. This article starts with the various SOE-government relationship models in the 'going out', i.e. globalizing, endeavours of SOEs in Southeast Asia and examines the fitness and priorities of the two parties' interests under each relationship model. The article concludes that under the government + SOE model, SOEs have long been the instruments of China's foreign strategy. Under the SOE + government model, SOEs can be regarded as weak instruments of foreign strategy, while under the independent SOE model, SOEs are likely to function as profit-driven economic players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the power source of Chinese state-owned enterprise (SOE) leaders by sorting out the unique selection and appointment mechanism of SOE cadres in China and the organizational structure behind this mechanism. Empirical research finds when local core officials are investigated for corruption, it has a major impact on the top leaders of local SOEs due to 'top to bottom' personnel changes, which would in turn have a strong impact on corporate investment behavior. However, the magnitude of such impact would differ between local versus central SOEs, as well as among commercial competition versus public welfare SOEs. This study provides an analytical framework for Western scholars to study corporate governance of SOEs in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite constitutional aspirations for good (impartial) governance since 1996, partisan governance nearly brought South Africa to the brink of economic, social, and political implosion. For the duration of his tenure (2009–2018), President Zuma spent public funds for private ends with impunity and enabled the creation of a shadow state, which effectively siphoned millions out of the public purse into private hands and hollowed out the country's state-owned enterprises. The question posed here is: How did the Zuma administration manage to 'capture the state' in a context where the 1996 Constitution enshrines impartial governance? Using the analytical framework of good governance, this article aims to understand the governance approach of the African National Congress (ANC) in terms of its overarching national plan, the National Democratic Revolution (NDR) and its strategy of cadre deployment. Using document and conceptual content analysis of ANC policy documents it is noted that the ANC's governance approach is inherently partisan, with historical roots. In line with the Marxist tradition, governance based on partisanship was established together with the blurring of lines between party, government and state. This framework of partisanship, justified with the language of transformation, allowed for repurposing the state for private ends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sought to answer questions concerning the aspects that are changing and those that remains unchanged regarding football in China during Xi's authoritarian era by comparing the governance of Chinese professional football during this era and during a previously examined former era to provide a point of departure for empirical studies concerning the recent ascent of football in China. At the league-governance level, the Chinese Football Association (CFA) has prioritized the salience of professional football clubs (PFCs). At the club-governance level, the CFA has adopted a gradualist approach to institutional reform by proceeding through a process of introducing private or state-owned enterprises. The actual goal setting remains unchanged, and underachievement of the national football team persists. Comprehensive document analysis that included international peer-reviewed journal articles, books or book chapters, academic reports, policy documents, and influential media in China was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does foreign direct investment increase cooperation among states? This study uses new data on Chinese investment as well as measures of political relations based on United Nations voting data to estimate the international political effect of the Chinese overseas investment boom. Contrary to predictions based on previous "commercial peace" literature, our results show that Chinese overseas investment has a negative effect on bilateral relationships in developed countries, and its influence on those with developing ones is statistically insignificant. We complemented our empirical tests by investigating the mechanisms based on the heterogeneity of ownership status of investors and sectors. The results indicate that the effect is mainly driven by state-owned enterprise investors and investment in natural resource sectors. Our findings offer valuable insights into whether and how economic interdependence affects political relations with a rising power in the current era. In so doing, this paper contributes to the existing literature, bringing a broader perspective to bear on the foreign policy consequences of China's economic rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the tax avoidance behaviour of German state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Based on firm-specific data of state-owned and private firms from the period between 2004 and 2013 obtained from the Orbis database and public share reports (Beteiligungsberichte), it employs propensity score matching to analyse whether SOEs differ from private firms in their use of aggressive tax planning. Furthermore, a range of theories stemming from the Political Science and Economics literature that could explain SOEs' tax planning behaviour are tested using fixed and random effects regressions. Results suggest that German SOEs engage in aggressive tax avoidance. This tax avoidance is positively affected by the total public share, the number of public shareholders and the relative power of the biggest private shareholder within the SOE. Market competition as well as the governing party coalition of the public owner cannot explain SOEs' aggressive tax planning behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]