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Scientific papers and patents are reliable sources of knowledge carriers for measuring science and technology advances, predicting technological trends, and formulating technology strategies. Although the idea of entirely using the two knowledge carriers is rapidly emerging in academic discussion, a theoretical framing of the comparisons is still not present in literature. This study conducts bibliometrics on 2986 patent families and 4755 scientific papers related to silicon carbide metal–oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (SiC-MOSFET) to identify its technological trends and compare the similarities and differences in knowledge generation and diffusion in science and technology. Our methodological framework consists of a combination of geographic distribution (identifying the research developments and distribution), cooperation networks (analyzing organisation collaboration and individual research cooperation), noun phrase co-occurrence clusters (discovering hot research topics), and the global main path analyses of citation networks (tracking the trajectory of knowledge flows). Ultimately, our results contribute to recent bibliometric paradigms beyond discovering the role of scientific papers and patents in promoting science and technology integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge transfer is considered the efficient way to improve regional innovation, but relatively little is known about how the innovation efficiency of scientific and technological (S&T) talents is affected by knowledge transfer within institutional environment, particularly, limited studies carried out regional differentiation analysis. Using panel data from 30 provinces in China between 2005 and 2017, this article empirically tests the influence of the institutional environment on knowledge transfer and analyses its impact between knowledge transfer and innovation efficiency of S&T talents in China. The results show knowledge transfer can significantly improve both the scientific and the economic innovation efficiency of S&T talents. Moreover, the effects of knowledge transfer on the innovation efficiency of S&T talents in eastern, central and western China had heterogeneity. Formal and informal institutions play mediating roles between knowledge transfer and innovation efficiency of S&T talents. This study contributes to the literature by constructing an econometric model with identified variables to test the impact of knowledge transfer on the innovation efficiency of S&T talents in China, in addition, the equation about knowledge transfer was explored. The research findings are valuable to regional governments and policymakers; our empirical evidence helps to develop more efficient strategy and policy planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies and discusses strategies for enhancing the efficiency of technology transferring from university to the industrial sector, concerning activities carried out by Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs). The study answers two research questions: (i) What barriers hamper academic research transferring to industry? (ii) What are the inbound and outbound strategies for transferring academic research results to industry? Our findings show that the main barriers that hamper technology transfer are related to organisational, technical, human, and cultural factors comprising the academic and industrial environments. Regarding strategies, our findings reveal a comprehensive list of inbound and outbound strategies that might be implemented to cope with the ambidextrous nature of the TTOs and increase technology transfer. Finally, we discuss our findings and the relationship between the main barriers and the boundary-spanning strategies to support a more effective Technology Transfer process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wave of the digital era, Building Information Modelling (BIM) has emerged as the primary tool for intelligent construction and digital transformation in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. China's focus on policy guidance for the dissemination and application of BIM technology has promoted high-quality development and technological innovation in the AEC industry. However, few studies have described the multi-dimensional evolution picture of BIM technology policy in China, and lack of effective grasp and prediction of policy evolution law and future direction. An improved policy quantitative analysis framework is built using natural language processing (NLP) based on deep learning in this paper. The dynamic characteristics of 242 Chinese BIM technology policy documents from 1998 to 2022 in the PKULAW database are quantitatively analyzed by the framework, and the four-stage integrated evolution of Chinese BIM technology policy is quantitatively mapped in a visual form through network analysis and dynamic topic model (DTM). Furthermore, this research conducts a comprehensive discussion from three dimensions, providing valuable insights for policy makers and industry participants in China. The findings contribute to the deep integration of policy optimization and the construction industry, while also aiming to share China's experience in BIM technology governance with other countries and regions. Ultimately, this study seeks to support the global AEC industry in its digital transformation and development by offering valuable knowledge and perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reappraises nature of technology transfer in a colonial context by underlining how the colonised mediated and shaped what was ostensibly an imposition by the imperial administration. This wider point is illustrated by demonstrating the ways in which in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, different groups of Indians used newly introduced railways to reconceptualise meanings of travel by adding new categories of travel while significantly modifying the extant ones. Crucially deviating from both ‘technology as imperialism’ and ‘technology as subversion’ historiographical paradigms, this article argues for a more nuanced appraisal of technology transfer, especially emphasising the role of users in shaping the impact of technology. Examining a diverse range of sources, viz., railway records (Annual Railway Reports and railway passenger statistics), newspaper reports and travelogues and pamphlets written by Indian railway travellers, the article claims Indians not only mediated the impact of trains on travel in late colonial India; but they shaped the outcome of this technology transfer in ways that reveals agency and remarkable involvement with a new mode of transit. In short, the article demonstrates dynamic interaction between imperial policies and responses of the colonised through the lens of technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assistive Technologies encompass a wide array of products, services, healthcare standards, and the systems that support them. Product/market fit is necessary for a technology to be transferred successfully. Current tools lack variables that are key to technology transfer, and current trainings do not have a validated tool to assess the effectiveness of a training, increasing innovators' readiness for technology transfer. The goal was to develop a tool to evaluate the readiness of a technology by incorporating other models and focusing beyond just commercialization. The development involved five stages: 1. Review of current tools used in technology transfer in academic, government, and industry settings; 2. Development of the draft version of the tool with internal review; 3. Alpha version review and refinement, 4. Content validation of the tool's beta version; 5. Assessment of the readiness tool for reliability and preparedness for wide-use dissemination. The tool was revised and validated to 6 subscales and 25 items. The assistive technology subscale was removed from the final version to eliminate repetitive questions and taking into consideration that the tool could be used across technologies. We developed a flexible assessment tool that looked beyond just commercial success and considered the problem being solved, implications on or input from stakeholders, and sustainability of a technology. The resulting product, the Technology Translation Readiness Assessment Tool (TTRAT)TM, has the potential to be used to evaluate a broad range of technologies and assess the success of training programs. Quality of life can be substantially impacted when an assistive technology does not meet the needs of an end-user. Thus, effective Assistive Technology Tech Transfer (ATTT) is needed. The use of the TTRAT may help to inform NIDILRR and other funding agencies that invest in rehabilitation technology development on the overall readiness of a technology, but also the impact of the funding on technology readiness. The TTRAT may help to educate novice rehabilitation technology innovators on appropriate considerations for not only technology readiness, but also general translation best practices like assembling a diverse team with appropriate skillsets, understanding of the market and its size, and sustainability strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative, many studies have analysed Beijing’s geoeconomic diplomacy. However, analysis has principally focused on the investment and financial aspects, ignoring the strategic dimensions of military technology exports and the means of financing them. This paper seeks to fill this scholarship gap by critically exploring Chinese defence countertrade deals, especially barter and offset, as a component of geoeconomic diplomacy. The findings suggest that while China’s geoeconomic diplomacy reflects traditional Western mercantilist goals, it also displays uniquely Chinese characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a Fuzzy-QFD model to support the selection of startups to participate in acceleration programs. It proposes to model the selection process by Startup Selection relating the technology transfer and the innovative business modelling. The study provides a quantitative analysis to identify the best startups for participation in accelerated programs. To achieve such a goal, the model uses a multi-criteria decision-making based on QFD (Quality Function Deployment). This study is a pioneer in presenting a model that prioritises the selection of startups by using technology transfer criteria and business modelling components. The model was applied in an acceleration program in Brazilian, and the results indicate that the model is able to rank the companies by presenting which startups stand out. Therefore, the method can be used in prioritisation problems or in the selection of companies to participate in acceleration programs that hold technology transfer in their activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field study with varying nitrogen (N) rates (0-150 kg N ha-1) was conducted in Ludhiana (Punjab, India) in a randomized complete block design in three consecutive baby corn seasons to quantify and mitigate N losses to the environment. The nitrous oxide (N2O) flux emissions were measured at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 days after each fertilizer N split application. The leachate N losses were estimated by analyzing ammonium and nitrate ion content. Fertilizer N surplus to crop requirement explained 94.1% (spring), 95.9% (summer), and 95.5% (winter) variation in the area-scaled N losses (N2O, leachate). Lower fertilizer N usage by plants at early growth stages (upto V6 stage) resulted in higher N losses within ten days after the first fertilizer application. Carbon equivalent emissions followed the trend summer> spring>winter. Temporal variations during the monitoring seasons influenced the cob and stover yield in response to fertilizer N. On average, 67.9% of the applied fertilizer N was taken up by plants, 4.7% was lost via N leaching, 2.7% escaped as N2O, 3.2% accumulated in the soil profile, and 21.5% remained unaccounted. Sensing-based N application significantly improved N recovery efficiency by 51.2%, mitigated N emissions by 45.4%, and N leaching by 69.3% in comparison with fixed-time blanket fertilizer N topdressings. Fertilizer N management using PAU-LCC provided an economical and farmer-friendly solution to achieve a significant reduction in N losses while sustaining productivity. Further validation and transfer of technology to on-farm locations are needed to benefit from this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this mixed-methods study were to gather survey and interview data about the barriers and facilitators from grantees funded by the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR) and to extract themes that could inform program changes that would increase technology translation (TT) success in assistive technology (AT). We developed a TT Barriers and Facilitators survey consisting of Likert scale and multiple-choice questions about barriers and facilitators to TT. With survey respondents who were willing, we conducting a semi-structured interview and asked pointed questions to expand upon survey response rankings and perceived barriers and facilitators. The questions were framed to explore the grantee's personal experience with ATTT and what helped and hindered their individualised processes. Across survey and interview respondents, the three most common themes when exploring the barriers and facilitators of TT were funding, incentives, and collaboration. Results indicate that there is a need for increased collaboration and access to additional resources such as funding for pilot grants, support to assess technology marketability, help to navigate regulatory and legal aspects, and assistance in establishing goals to help grantees successfully transfer assistive technologies to consumers. A large amount of research and development into assistive technology does not lead to tech transfer which means that these technologies are not getting to the people that need them. Educating tech transfer offices at universities about how to transfer AT would improve outcomes greatly. Creating a community of practice where grantees can find academic or industry partners would also increase the likelihood of tech transfer. Some tools to catalyse these improvements are: mentoring, access to consultants, podcasts, and online training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, many developing countries have launched transfer initiatives to develop their infrastructure, economy, and standard of living because they have not had the knowledge and technical expertise to implement large and complex infrastructure projects. Therefore, scholars have examined the technology transfer process from various perspectives. However, there is still a lack of understating of how access to organisational resources may indirectly relate to the technology transfer process. Thus, the current study aims to address these limitations by examining how firm innovativeness mediates between access to organisational resources and international technology transfer. Based on social exchange theory and using a resource-based view, we aim to assess the potential mediating role of firm innovativeness and the moderating role of cooperative norms. Data were collected from 150 middle and top managers at innovative agricultural companies in Kazakhstan. The results show that firm innovativeness mediates access to organisational resources and technology transfer. Moreover, the moderating role of cooperative norms on the path between firm innovativeness and technology transfer was proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological upgradation is the driving force of social and economic development. Although technological upgradation is extensively needed, it is characterised as high intelligence, high investment, and high risk. In the face of complex market competition patterns, industrial enterprises urgently need to seek external cooperation and achieve sustainable competitive advantage. However, the current digital systems of patents fail to fulfil efficiency improvement from technology transfer to research and development (R&D) cooperation for industrial enterprise. Nor does it provide adequate support for industrial enterprises' technological upgradation. Therefore, this research proposes a systematic framework that combines nautral language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) technologies, including the patent recommendation model, patent transferability evaluation model, and research team detection model. Such a digital system of patents improves the efficiency of technology transactions and R&D cooperation with research institutions for industrial enterprises to identify related authorised patents and locate technology research teams. It is also expected that the developed system will enable research institutions to recommend valuable patents and transfer innovative technologies effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While much attention has been paid to how China's rise as a digital superpower could threaten US hegemony over cyberspace, much less has been written on what the Digital Silk Road, or the presence of Chinese tech firms in developing countries more broadly, means for technological upgrading and development. This article contributes to filling this gap by investigating the technology spillovers emanating from two Chinese tech giants – Huawei and ZTE – in Algeria and Egypt. Using a political economy framework that combines insights from structuralist economic development and techno-politics and drawing on over 70 semi-structured interviews and field-observations, it argues that despite localizing activities that bear the promise of generating significant linkages, the two Chinese tech firms created no meaningful learning opportunities for domestic entities that contribute to technological upgrading. What could at first seem like developmental connections that promote technology transfers are found to be linkages diffusing Chinese infrastructures, hardware, software, processes, and standards that shape distinct digital systems. Without pro-active policies from host governments, the Digital Silk Road risks creating new technological dependencies; locking local ICT actors into activities and relationships captured and defined by Chinese tech giants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States, its Allies, and its partners can adapt to the demands of the emerging strategic context by learning lessons from the tumultuous past five years, i.e. the COVID pandemic and related challenges across Western society, deterioration of relations between China and the West, and Russia's illegal annexation and (re)-invasion of Ukraine. On the one hand, the bridging of alliances should reinforce existing frameworks by widening areas of cooperation across sectors, deepening collaboration in areas like technology transfer and industry, and lengthening the time horizon to plan and execute activities together – with the intent to insulate Western power against the combined strength of Russian and Chinese subversion and aggression. But on the other, policymakers must ruthlessly prioritize the allocation of scarce resources and development of partnerships with like-minded stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policymakers and governments increasingly frame climate protection in terms of green growth, arguing that continued economic growth and climate protection are complementary and mutually beneficial. With such framing, governments hope to overcome the global common goods problem associated with climate change and to enable higher ambition on climate action within and across states. Yet, no empirical evidence to date has been provided on how widespread the support for green growth is in international climate politics. This paper, therefore, investigates which countries employ green growth framings at UNFCCC negotiations, and whether this relates to domestic factors, in particular economic structure, level of development and climate impacts. We conduct panel-data analysis on green growth positions derived from hand-coding a unique dataset of High-level Segment statements at the Convention of the Parties (COPs) from 2010 to 2019 for 151 countries. The results reveal that, to date, green growth proponents are those countries with the most advanced national clean energy technology (CET) capacities – as measured by the Green Complexity Index. The findings highlight that green growth is not promoted by all countries at international climate negotiations. In international climate negotiations, climate protection is increasingly framed as a green growth opportunity to motivate global ambition. Clean Energy Technology (CET) leading countries are more likely to use green growth framings than other less-technologically advanced peers and those with high exposure to climate risks. Mechanisms to support green growth pathways for all countries should be scaled up, including technology transfer and finance to foster local capacities and human capital. Given that green growth framings are not universally endorsed, further emphasis should be placed on additional co-benefits of climate action beyond economic growth, such as food and energy security, adaptation and resilience-building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various social support services to help people with intellectual disabilities (ID) find jobs for their independent social and economic activities in life. With the advancement of virtual reality (VR) technologies, vocational training can take place in a virtual environment (VE) without temporal and spatial limitations. Therefore, opportunities for people with ID to receive professional vocational training in a VE continue to expand. Accordingly, this study proposes that virtual intervention (VI) technology can improve the effects of virtual training and learning transfer from the virtual to the real world. We defined VI as a supportive activity that assists trainees in a VE according to their individual ability and training situation through an instructor's control in the real world. We designed the virtual intervention content (VIC) as intervening virtual objects and applied them to a virtual barista job training program. We developed the virtual intervention interface (VII) for smoothly supporting the interaction between the trainee in the VE and the instructor in the real world, especially for people with ID or beginner trainees. In this study, we derived statistically significant findings that demonstrated the effects of VI technology through two experiments conducted with 39 participants with ID. Firstly, VIC showed an effective intervention function that helped the participants solve problems during virtual vocational training. Also, we observed differences in the intervention effect according to the sensory perception characteristics of the participants. Secondly, trainees' barista job performance rates improved by 37.43% after receiving virtual training. Moreover, the effects of training were largely maintained in the job performance assessment after three weeks in an actual cafe situation. This suggests that the effects of VI-based virtual training are meaningful not only within the VE but also in the real world for the transfer of learning. Furthermore, the VI method was significantly more effective and efficient than the conventional method using the human instructor's verbal and physical intervention in terms of time, frequency, and success rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between international linkages (i.e. exporting, importing, and foreign direct investment) and the share of skilled, unskilled, and total female workers employed in Indonesian manufacturing plants. We utilize plant-level panel data and estimation procedures that account for endogeneity and selection issues to achieve the study objective. Our analysis suggests that foreign ownership and exporting activities lead to a higher share of both skilled and unskilled female employment. However, these effects are more substantial for skilled female workers than for unskilled female workers. The results are robust to the use of different econometric methods and empirical specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging technology plays a crucial role in promoting the development of the industrial economy, and identifying potential emerging technology is significant for innovation strategy. This study aimed to propose an identifying framework that can match the different stages of emerging technology, while most prior studies adopted a static method. Taking high-speed railway track (HSRT) technology as a case study, this paper presents an empirical application based on the growth model of the technology lifecycle, artificial neural network, and ordinal regression. The result indicates that the emerging technology branches of the HSRT technology include B66, C04, B28, and C08 represented by IPC categories, among which B66 is the most prominent. Besides, this study concluded that explosiveness, persistence, breakthrough, and competitive advantage in technology development are the typical characteristics for identifying emerging technology. The contribution of this study is enlightening a dynamic view of technology identification, which promotes the understanding of emerging technology by applying and integrating quantitative methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disruptive technology has profoundly affected the market environment and business patterns. Traditional and emerging industries are willing to adopt it to nurture their innovation activities and achieve competitive advantage. However, traditional technological innovation theory cannot give accurate guidance because of the peculiarities of disruptive technology. Thus, in this study, we explore the diffusion mechanism of radio-frequency identification (RFID) technological innovation from the perspective of disruptive innovation. We implement maximum likelihood fitting methods and the goodness-of-fit test to analyse the network's degree distribution characteristics through evolution. Results illustrate that the connection mechanism changes through the evolution process. In particular periods, preferential attachment does not work. Dominant technologies will lose their position with the emergence of disruptive technologies, hence replaced by them. The findings will provide practical suggestions to firms in facilitating their strategic decision-making when faced with disruptive technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local manufacture of advanced pharmaceutical products has been a long-standing objective of health and industry policy in many developing countries, including in Latin America. This strategy has been applied to fight epidemics such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we still know little about the politics and governance that enable such arrangements, especially when there is no consent from the originator company. This study focuses on the case of Brazil, a country that is well-known for its health-industry policy, which includes the local production of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), a new treatment for hepatitis C. We seek to explain the factors that have contributed to Brazil’s successful production of generic versions of DAAs, and, later, to the decision by the Ministry of Health (MoH) to procure drugs from multinational pharmaceutical companies rather than from local laboratories. A lack of support for domestic production by important stakeholders, the patent holder’s attempt to block domestic production and the MoH’s adoption of more modern treatment guidelines under a different procurement logic all created an unfavourable environment for local production and procurement of DAAs. Our study draws implications for middle-income countries that wish to produce drugs domestically without voluntary license agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores to what extent and under what conditions resilience can be developed to cope with radical innovations in the industrial district context. Based on a comparative analysis of an Italian and Spanish cluster, this paper provides and in-depth examination of the transformation at the firm and cluster levels at the introduction, development, and diffusion of disruptive technologies, that enable clusters to cope with it and thrive. Our findings identify cluster attributes that support resilience and propose different measures of district resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the multiplicity of missions that the Allied governments and armed forces sent to Europe towards the end and after World War II to document and exploit Nazi Germany's wartime scientific and industrial progress was the Australian Scientific and Technical Mission to Germany. Composed of less than a dozen personnel, the Mission was a modest but important component in the Australian Commonwealth Government's post-war foreign policy towards Germany and expansion of scientific and industrial development. Based at Australia House in London, the Mission worked in close cooperation with British Government departments, and was instrumental in the transnational transfer of German science and technology to Australia between 1946 and 1950 – initially under the auspices of the British Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee, and later through the Inter-Allied Reparation Agency and the Employment of Scientific and Technical Enemy Aliens scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the urgency to limit global warming has intensified, negative emissions technology such as direct air capture and carbon sequestration are increasingly considered in climate mitigation scenarios. When Iceland opened the commercial-grade direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) facility in 2021, this marked a breakthrough for DACCS technology as a scalable climate mitigation solution. This study investigates the adoption of DACCS in Iceland and the potential for diffusion into other contexts as a global decarbonization solution. We implement expert interviews to analyze the adoption of technology, and to identify the various requirements of scaling DACCS into local and global contexts. Using inductive thematic analysis, we characterize the diverging perspectives on the role of carbon dioxide removal as a climate mitigation solution and also identify pathways toward technology upscaling at national, regional, and global scales. Despite the successful technology demonstration of DACCS, we find that experts hold different mental models of climate mitigation generally, characterized as "nature vs. technology." We also find that experts clearly articulate the necessary conditions for the diffusion of DACCS more broadly, including explicit regulatory measures as guardrails against a "license to pollute" as well as bilateral governance structures that include financial investment. Finally, we find that the importance of public acceptance of the technology was noted among all expert groups. Limited data exist on the acceptance of DACCS paired with renewable energy and this is a future research recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union defence sector is not only crucial for the EU's security, but it is also a major industrial asset for EU member states, as it may foster innovation and greater integration among member states, as well as facilitate technology transfer. The understanding of and inferences about the sector, however, are laborious since data on the defence industry in Europe is often contradictory and confused and it is mostly compared at the national not at the European level. As a contribution to address such shortcomings and as opening piece for this Special Issue, this article focuses on the finding, collecting, cleaning, and organizing data on the geographical concentration/location of EU defence industries. This is a fully original descriptive analysis of the current situation, and it provides a reliable basis on the concentration/location of defence companies. This paper represents a firm basis from which to explore (in future research) how defence companies contribute to the technological integration of the EU and it should help the reader to better understand the following articles in this Special Issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important role of technological learning in the success of enterprises, especially in developing countries, is undeniable. Besides that, the complex nature of learning requires a comprehensive framework. So, developing countries need to have a learning strategy that can help them to increase learning through collaboration. In this research, a mixed method study, after reviewing the literature and previous research, the theoretical framework of the research was extracted and the protocol for the interview was formed. Then the dimensions and factors of technological learning were derived from interviews with managers and experts who were in the Iranian oil agreement writing and document reviewing teams. To form the framework presented in this study, it is necessary for developing countries to implement a transition from the control and prescription phase to the incentive and technology support phase. Motivational regulation can also lead to better results in industry. The results of this paper show that the realization of technological learning in the oil industry of developing countries depends on increasing the absorptive capacity of domestic enterprises as well as governments creating the necessary infrastructure. The results also show the dependency of technological learning on the cultural, social, and international relations of country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) and its country-of-origin in technology transfer. Using data of 95 countries from 2008 to 2019, results indicate that net inflows of the FDI are positively related to technological transfer especially in developing countries. This is consistent with the findings that show fewer resources endowed countries benefited from advanced technologies and management know-how. Furthermore, results suggest different country-of-origin affects the technology transfer of the host economy differently. These results are consistent with studies that suggest the FDI origins are crucial to expose firms with variety of technologies and management practices. Results from quantile analysis prove that there is an existence of a threshold for the developed and developing countries to gain from the country-of-origin of the FDI. Therefore, we need to relook at the investment policies of the host countries to maximize the benefits from different sources of FDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online financial systems like electronic funds transfers (EFT) are heavily dependent on the public Internet. A diverse set of Internet traffic is generated from the use of different online financial platforms. The analysis of raw Internet traffic fails to identify any anomalous behavior in financial transactions. A similar result is obtained when we apply application layer anomaly detection in financial transactions. In this article, we propose a machine learning-based multi-layer framework which will detect and classify anomalous financial transactions. The proposed framework can help a financial service provider to avoid incidents like intrusions and online frauds. It also provides a secure mechanism to detect network anomalies in financial transactions to augment the credibility of such online financial platforms or gateways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SINCE MEDIEVAL TIMES, the impact of sugar production and consumption on European social, cultural, and economic development has been huge. The introduction of sugar cultivation entailed knowledge transfer and new technological requirements, such as the manufacture of sugar pots used to crystallise sugar, which is often the only archaeological evidence of its production and consumption. Sicily was one of the major sugar producers in medieval and post-medieval times, and many studies based on written sources are devoted to this phenomenon. However, the archaeological evidence seems comparatively scarce. This paper reviews the contexts and materials already known in Sicily, as well as research conducted under the EU-funded Marie Skłodowska-Curie SPotEU project. A typological classification based on sugar-pot shape and size is proposed here. This study allows the reconsideration of the archaeological evidence on the island and discusses changes in the design of sugar pots over phases, contexts and sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows how R&D resources improve firm performance, taking advantage of open innovation activities in SMEs. It focuses on the mediating effect of R&D openness on the relationship between R&D resources and firm performance in SMEs. We employ secondary data of 1,046 SMEs located in South Korea's innovation clusters wherein scientific knowledge and technologies are efficiently created, transferred and utilised. The findings show that R&D resources (technological, human and financial resources) and R&D openness in SMEs positively affect firm performance. On the one hand, only SMEs with more financial resources (R&D investment) achieve better firm performance via a higher degree of external R&D collaboration. Fewer technological resources or more financial resources in SMEs can be a motivation for external collaboration. Differentiated open innovation strategies are required depending on the characteristics of R&D resources in SMEs in order to improve firm performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 19 June 2023, member States of the United Nations adopted, by consensus, the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement). The BBNJ Agreement seeks to address one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century—managing our deep ocean environment, including its ecosystems and resources, in a way that does not lead to its long-term decline and maintains its potential to meet the needs of present and future generations. This article assesses the BBNJ Agreement through an analysis of its application to deep-sea vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs). As VMEs represent a key component of marine biodiversity and are particularly susceptible to anthropogenic disturbance, they provide a useful medium for undertaking a legal analysis of the provisions, rules, and procedures of the recently adopted instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities are relevant actors in research and development (R&D) and, increasingly, in innovation. These institutions play a significant role in the generation and transfer of scientific and technical knowledge. They may also adopt an orchestration role, in order to combine diverse national and international sources of knowledge through collaboration networks that can enhance their ability to transfer it to industry and society. In this paper, we seek to demonstrate that, if this pattern is confirmed, larger benefits can be achieved and translated into better performance and greater impacts on the development of local innovation ecosystems. Using data on patents granted to universities by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) from 1990 to 2017, we study the technological performance of Spanish universities to illustrate how collaboration patterns affect the relative impact on their innovative activities. Our contribution identifies a dual complementary and geographically dispersed pattern of collaboration in the evolution of universities' technological performance, while the existence of public-private partnerships and the generation of international linkages are found to be prevalent factors (even dominant over R&D). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the history of bicycles – one of the most common technologies – in Acholiland, northern Uganda. Bicycles are among the most common means of transportation in this region, where people are recovering from a brutal armed conflict between the Ugandan government and the rebels of the Lord's Resistance Army (1987–2006). People who own bicycles in Acholiland often speak of them as local objects. Some owners have even given their bicycles indigenous names. Others have modified their bicycles to fit their worldviews, radically changing the appearance of the bicycles. Examining the history of this ubiquitous technology in northern Uganda unlocks stories of everyday peoples previously unknown to scholars. This article recounts stories of the diffusion of technology in the region, the spread of Christianity and colonial rule, and, most importantly, the domestication of foreign technologies – making them uniquely African. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two unconnected crises in the 1970s, a crisis of profitability of global capitalism and a deep crisis of political legitimacy in China, led to creation of a formidable alliance between corporate/financial-led US capital and the Chinese state that sought to resolve both crises by opening China for corporate exploitation. The solution, however, masked different objectives. Transnational corporations moved to China in search of cheap labour to counter falling profits and Beijing sought to use foreign capital to develop the Chinese economy and gain access to technology. Over time China's interests and those of the USA diverged, as US deindustrialisation became the obverse of China's dynamic industrialisation. Factions within the US elite began to promote a different approach towards China than that of alliance and accommodation and were able to grab the upper hand during Donald Trump's presidency, advocating an aggressive approach towards China. This posture consolidated under the Biden administration. These developments set up a struggle for hegemony to which China and the USA bring differing advantages and disadvantages. While a hegemonic transition is one possible outcome of this conflict, the possibility of a hegemonic stalemate or hegemonic vacuum cannot be discounted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The market versus state debate still shapes teaching and scholarly work on how latecomer firms acquire capabilities to become internationally competitive in industries new to their country. However, the developmental state approach underestimates the importance of firms as key actors in the articulation of economies into global markets and overestimates the role of the government. Industry studies filled this gap by showing how firms responded to government industrial policies, by identifying the mechanisms of technology leverage, and by underscoring the importance of aligned interests between foreign and domestic firms. Yet, we do not know under which conditions technology leverage happens and how the absorptive capacity of latecomer firms to leverage technology is generated in the first place. This article presents an explanation of the origins of absorptive capacity of latecomer firms based on a systematic analysis of the experience of domestic firms in East Asia. The framework emphasizes the role of transnational networks linking foreign and domestic firms as well as foreign firms' business strategies. The article then applies this framework to explain the emergence of an apparel export industry in Mauritius in the 1970s, an exceptional success case in the African region, drawing on original empirical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The university-industry contractual research collaborations to solve complex problems jointly and create social and economic impact have long existed. Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) constitute formal technology intermediaries established to strengthen university-industry collaborations. However, the differences in needs and capabilities, individual and organizational backgrounds, and innovative learning modes inhibit effective partnerships. We develop a conceptual framework that explains how TTOs can catalyze these collaborations in Botswana. We use the grounded theory approach to examine the TTOs' challenges and opportunities in strengthening university-industry linkages. Notably, we employ inductive analysis to synthesize interview data and analyze it using domain analysis and componential analysis. Data were extracted from the university and industry policies and documents and interviews with 102 participants from two universities (42.2%) and three industry firms (57.8%) involved in technology transfer. We found 71.6% had excellent knowledge and experience and 28.4% had varying degrees of experience. While individual or independent consultancies (44.1%) lead, TTOs facilitate collaboration through contractual research agreements (32.4%), technology licensing (22.5%), and joint ventures (10.8%). This demonstrates entities' significant access to each other's financial and technological resources. This allows entities to generate new knowledge, equip each other with tools and competencies required to produce commercial products and new revenue streams. Most significantly, while Botswana has displayed remarkable progress toward strengthening its institutional support systems for technology transfer and commercialization, there is a shortage of IP expertise at universities and industries, possibly leading to low levels of IP awareness. Also, most institutions have incomplete IP strategies, and there is inadequate administration and enforcement of intellectual property rights systems at the national level, possibly contributing to low national IP filings. Therefore, we recommend entities fully engage in vigorous IP activities, review and finalize their IP policies and make them flexible yet equitably based on the needs of the collaborating industry firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pair state transfer was introduced very recently, and there are only few results on the existence of pair state transfer in graphs. In this paper, we mainly study the existence of Laplacian pair state transfer in vertex coronas. We give sufficient conditions for vertex corona to have or to not have Laplacian perfect pair state transfer. We also give a sufficient condition for vertex corona to have Laplacian pretty good pair state transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the signing of the JCPOA nuclear deal between Iran and the 5+1 countries in June 2015 and the subsequent lifting of international sanctions, many observers predicted that Chinese carmakers would be squeezed out of the Iranian market by European and South Korean manufacturers. In 2018 however, after the Trump administration withdrew the United States from the agreement and reinstated sanctions, the situation moved in favour of the Chinese car industry. China has now become the biggest overseas player in Iran's automobile market. This article argues that the abandonment of the JCPOA by Washington led to the 'China-ization' of the car industry in Iran and shows how Iranian carmakers played an instrumental role in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research integrates Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) (Performance Expectancy [PE], Effort Expectancy [EE], and Social Influence) with Diffusion of Innovation Theory (TRialability [TR] and OBservability [OB]) as well as Perceived Risk (PR) to identify a wider set of latent factors affecting acceptance of fully automated AVs. Although research on AVs acceptance has been conducted in developed countries, it is a rather new topic in developing countries, where it has only been introduced as a promising technology to come. Structural equation modeling on stated preference surveys data of 641 Tehran residents in 2019 justifies the proposed integration of two theories and PR. Only PR shows an expected negative sign (−0.2); Among UTAUT variables, PE (0.33) and EE (0.25) were the most and least influential factors, respectively. Regression weights o DOI-related variables show that TR (0.17) and OB (0.16) have almost equal effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawn inspiration from phenomenal attributes and translating them into heuristic model tools is one of the effective means to promote architectural form innovation. However, over-reliance on perception indicates greater risks in decision-making. Nowadays, AI-generated Content (AIGC) technology combines the advantages of information comprehensiveness and modelling efficiency, providing new possibilities for the translation of architectural attributes. Based on attribute study, this paper proposes a new approach to spatial translation that uses the Generative Adversarial Network (VQGAN + CLIP) to realize the visualization of abstract concepts and then adds multi-dimensional influence through the Keyframe Style Transfer technology. The eclectic attribute is used as an example for the 2D and virtual 3D translation feasibility experiments. The article aims to improve the scientificity and influence of spatial translation through a technical organization from the perspective of architects. While providing an innovative, democratic and efficient aided-design tool also highlights a new angle for AIGC-involved pre-design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transfer of technical artifacts from industrialized countries to other parts of the world is nowadays a common and everyday occurrence. But the differences in the cultural backgrounds of societies, and the cultural and social consequences of technological incursion on destination societies have led to conflicts and dichotomies that have sometimes destroyed the cultural infrastructure of these destination societies. Therefore, making changes to imported technologies and the possibility of developing technology based on the needs of the native culture have been indispensable necessities for destination communities. In this article, we explore the possibilities surrounding this issue and look for a solution to be implemented. To this end, we first review and critique the views of scholars of science and technology studies and also of the philosophy of technology, and in particular look at the work of Ihde and Feenberg. We found their answers to these questions to be constructive but lacking a holistic approach that is also practicable. Finally, by presenting a three-step solution of our own, we try to bridge the gap and link the ideas of thinkers and the real issues of technology and culture in non-industrial societies. We believe these three steps offer a way to indigenize various forms of imported technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the importance of advanced heat transfer technologies in addressing energy shortage, global warming, environmental issues, clean energy, energy storage, and sustainable development. It emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of heat transfer research and its applications in various engineering disciplines. The article also highlights the recent progress in advanced heat transfer research, including topics such as high temperature and high-pressure heat exchangers, heat transfer of supercritical fluids, numerical investigations on heat transfer, and flow characteristics of different substances. The authors express their gratitude to the contributors and reviewers of the special issue, and they hope that readers can benefit from the state-of-the-art research presented. [Extracted from the article]

Free access to scientific data, knowledge and technology transfer has become more and more important in science, at universities, governmental institutes, and in our society in general. In an interdisciplinary project initialised by palynologists at the University of Vienna and the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Ltd (AGES), the world's most comprehensive database PalDat has been expanded by more than 2000 datasets from the PONET database, comprising high resolution light microscopy (LM) micrographs of hydrated pollen. The main aim of this fusion of knowledge was to share digital data in a secure way and to ensure users of various disciplines free access to reliable pollen data. The project was finally completed in 2021. In the course of the expansion, additional data entry fields regarding LM description have been added, and new features, such as a search function for orders and families, have been implemented in the new version 3.4 of PalDat. A global online submission and publication tool for palynological data to PalDat, including review and editorial process, assures easy knowledge transfer and facilitates a continually increasing number of datasets and taxa contributed from scientists all over the world. The free accessible online pollen database PalDat is maintained by members of the Division of Structural and Functional Botany (University of Vienna). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts with the Cobb Douglas function, introduces financial development as an influencing factor of technological innovation in strategic emerging industries into the production function, and then incorporates the transfer function into the linear model, further deepens the linear model into a nonlinear model, and chooses to use financial development scale and financial development efficiency as conversion variables. The panel smooth conversion model (PSTR) is used to study the nonlinear effects of financial development and technological innovation and find the best interval for financial development to promote technological innovation in strategic emerging industries. We introduce the economic and human capital spatial weight matrix in the spatial lag, spatial error, and spatial Durbin model. Finally, we verify the spatial spillover effect of financial development in promoting technological innovation in strategic emerging industries. The research results provide empirical evidence for the government to formulate policies for the long-term development of strategic emerging industries and technological innovation in strategic emerging industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extinction of the Chinese paddlefish Psephurus gladius is examined in the context of transnationalism, technology transfer, and the compressing timescape of human activity, not just from the perspective of Psephurus, but also sturgeons and other long-lived, ancient and not-so-ancient declining fish species. Information is presented and questions raised as to why the extinction of Psephurus occurred, what broader transnational and technological trends may have led to it, and what can be learned and done to save the remaining Acipenseriform and other vulnerable species. Despite Psephurus (and its close relatives) surviving through millions of years of evolutionary time, its rapid descent to extinction, a result of a combination of overharvest, dam construction blocking spawning migrations, and pollution, is best understood in a broader geopolitical context of transfer of technologies for river development and use without adequate concurrent introduction of ecological knowledge needed for species persistence. The slowly developing life histories of Psephurus and many other fishes in a rapidly compressing timescape had led to their formerly adaptive life histories becoming maladaptive in the wild. Biologists and managers must start thinking more about what measures must be implemented immediately to maintain biodiversity of these long-lived but now ill-adapted species in the wild in an increasingly human-dominated, timescape-compressed world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DC microgrid over the last decade has gained a global paradigm in the power system field. Through the effective integration of distributed energy resources, significant researchers have improved its advantages over conventional power systems. The new state-of-the-art infrastructure despite its numerous advantages possess challenges in implementing an appropriate protection system. Impact of selecting a definite threshold for voltage and current compromises with the accuracy and speed of detection in conventional fault detection methods. Although many machine learning methods are successful in fault detection and classification for DC microgrid they still suffer from overfitting problems and exhaustively time-consuming. This article intends to provide an Online fault protection method for a LVDC microgrid system based on a transfer learning-based convolution neural network (TCNN). With the help of transient voltages and currents at different buses, image data for faults at different buses serves as input to the convolution neural network layer. First, the pre-trained Alex-Net CNN initializes the weights and biases for the targeted offline CNN's. Secondly, the transferred layers from the offline CNN's, initializes the online convolution neural network for real-time fault detection and classification. This work aims to accurately identify and locate the faults without complex dataset and multiple thresholds while improving accuracy of fault detection and classification. To ensure reliability of the system the recognized faulty bus reconnects to the healthy bus via sectionalizing circuit breakers through the detected signals. The proposed TCNN framework has an accuracy of 99.78%. The proposed method results when compared with state-of-the-art machine learning techniques such as SVM, LSTM, RNN, multilayer perceptron, and wavelet-based ANN showed better results in terms of accuracy and has significantly reduced data abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns itself with the events surrounding the 'Americanisation' of social work education in India and aims to evaluate if this was an outcome of entanglements with imperialism—cultural, professional or moral. It looks at actors, within and beyond academic spaces, including missionaries and cold war politics as key contours in organizing the 'American' turn in social work education in India. Subsequent to the import of the 'modern social work' discipline to India, the episteme of social work was inferred to be more clinicalized and neo-liberal in its approach to social development. The article is a humble effort to understand if this 'technology transfer' of social work education, its models and methods, was a plain and simple emancipatory event or was also organized by the imperial interests? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the Sino–Soviet Alliance of the 1950s and the subsequent split have received increasing attention in research. Most studies, however, focus on (geo)political questions, with the economic side of alliance and split regarded as an appendix. Thus, this special issue turns to the economic dimensions of the Sino–Soviet Alliance and split. The introduction puts the topics of the special issue into the larger context of global post-war economic expansion and the moving international order. It highlights how the contributions to the special issue show that economic dimensions of East–East interactions are misunderstood if seen only through a narrative of failure or as secondary to Cold War geopolitics. Sino–Soviet exchanges were part of global circulations of knowledge, commodities and resources. The economic residues of the Sino–Soviet Alliance lasted longer than the dozen years before the split. The participation of the Eastern European countries in the technology transfer was considerable, as were the repercussions of these transfers on the Eastern European societies. The different economic bureaucracies' varying reactions to the Sino–Soviet split are also an important point in the contributions. These actors' rationales went beyond geopolitics, security and autarky, and did include economic considerations, blurring the clarity of a socialist, Stalinist or Soviet development model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based mainly on Albanian primary sources, this article explores the implications of Albania's economic cooperation with China during the late 1950s and early 1960s. It shows that in Albania's shifting alliances, the role of economic calculations has been as important as that of political convenience. The article argues that China's emphasis on industrialization, mass mobilization and the principle of self-reliance was appealing to Albanian leaders' long-term economic plans. This was even more so after the Comecon division of labour left Albania at the margin of the economic integration of the European Soviet bloc, relegating it to an agriculture-based development. The article also argues that although there was no substantial technological transfer between China and Albania during the 1950s, those years served for Albania as a period of study of the Chinese socialist system, which ultimately suited Albanian leaders' political and economic aims more than the Soviet one. Economic relations with China opened new trade routes for Albania, potentially linking Albania's economy with new markets and the international flows of goods. These opportunities, however, remained fully unexploited due to Albania's own economic shortcomings, limited industrial capacity and poor infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sino–Soviet alliance paved the way for the implementation of a vast and systematic programme of industrial and military construction, as well as one of technology transfer. One of the earliest projects regarded a car-production complex in Changchun, situated in Northeast China's Jilin province. While this factory was built following the highly verticalized model that the Soviets had derived from Fordism, car component clusters proliferated in other areas of China, cooperating with the big industrial complex and eventually surviving as an alternative model until Deng Xiaoping's reforms. Scholars have so far identified the inventive indigenous use of technology during the Great Leap Forward (1958–60) as the main reason for the success of China's dualistic industrialization process. The present article contends that the case of the car industry should be predated and better contextualized. Multi-archival research shows that from 1950 Chinese leaders had already seen the need to keep a foot in the global developments of technology and placed a bet on the pre-1949 Western European, Japanese and Republican legacy. These findings also add to the narrative of the Soviet-led industrialization process by integrating into the picture a strong transnational dimension and by recasting the debate on the Sino–Soviet alliance by placing high-quality technology, materials and human resources centre stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a significant body of research has emphasized the contribution of knowledge spillover to the economic growth of a region, the distinction between knowledge types has not received the attention it deserves. Market-mediated technology transfer, compared with pure knowledge spillover, is mediated by market mechanisms that stimulate chances to identify potential partners, alleviating the spatial restraints between them. This research explores the mutual uncertainties of licensor and licensee in transferring market-mediated technology and seeks to capture the geographic incidence at prefecture-levels across China. It also tests whether the intensity of market competition imposes constraints on the licensor's decision concerning technology transfer. The results corroborate that geographical distance still serves as a heavy toll between licensor and licensee. However, spatial proximity does not always support technology diffusion in cases where the licensors are associated with the dissipation effect among the proximate partners. The results challenge the common notion in the literature that an agglomeration effect is associated with knowledge spillover, reflecting the dynamic nature of market-oriented knowledge transfer. The contribution of this work will broaden understanding of the relationship between international/local technology diffusion and regional innovative capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]