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Alternative, renewable and carbon-neutral fuels are an urgent requirement. Pyrolysis has received the most attention in the conversion of biomass into fuel. The main disadvantages of chemical and physical properties of pyrolysis crude bio-oil include its high oxygen content and acidity. Catalytic fast pyrolysis can overcome this problem. Rice straw is an abundant biomass residual that can be of environmental negative impact and is not of proper use. Therefore, this research work introduces the use of this residual in the production of fuel sources by one-step catalytic pyrolysis with the reusability of the employed catalyst. A waste extraction catalyst modified with acidic and nickel sites has been prepared and was utilised for the proposed target in this study. The removal of silica, lignin and minerals by treatment of the rice straw with KOH and then HNO3 in a green terminated process improved the catalytic biomass conversion from 83% to 96% at a catalyst dose of 5%, at 250°C. The pre-treatment of the rice straw enables the reusability of the catalyst in direct catalytic pyrolysis where the employed catalyst exhibits good stability in four consecutive runs. The used KOH and HNO3 were neutralised by mixing to produce KNO3 as a valuable fertiliser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, one of the most important problems for humans is disease and mortality due to air pollutants, especially in large and industrial cities. This research is to evaluate the health risk of children and adults' exposure to heavy metals and PAHs in the air of cities of Arak, Isfahan, Ahvaz, Tabriz, Shiraz, Karaj and Mashhad and identifying the factors affecting pollution, based on sampling data from 120 stations, was done during 2019–2020. ICP OES and GC/MS were used to determine the amount of heavy metals and PAHs, respectively. US-EPA models were used for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment and Factor analysis models, PCA, CFA with SPSS and LISREL software were used to identify factors affecting contamination. The risk index for children and adults, except in the cities of Arak and Isfahan, was obtained within the allowable range and the carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity risk of all metals, except Mn in Arak and Isfahan for children and adults was seen below the threshold. The carcinogenic risk of all PAHs was also obtained to an acceptable extent. During the statistical analysis, combustion of fuels, vehicle exhaust, tyre wear and industrial activities were identified as the most important factors in causing pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of hydroplaning poses a risk when landing an aircraft on a wet runway. This study developed a finite element (FE) framework comprising a dual-tyre model, water film models, a runway model, and an interaction model to investigate wet runway landings. The dual-tyre model was created with a geometric description and material properties. Water film models for even and uneven water depths were constructed based on a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian algorithm. The runway model was obtained through surface scanning and 3D reconstruction. The interaction model was calculated using the power spectrum density and viscoelastic property of rubber. Based on the FE approach, the effect of the slip ratio on the hydroplaning phenomenon was discussed. The results indicated that hydroplaning speed generally increases with the slip ratio. Furthermore, single- and dual-tyre wet runway landings with an even water film depth were simulated, and the results revealed similar accuracy between the two landing types. Next, the study of dual-tyre landings indicated that landings in varying depths of water face the risks of hydroplaning and veering off simultaneously. The FE approach was further used to analyse dual-tyre landings on runways with a yaw angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the performance and economy of asphalt mixture with waste tire rubber (WTR)/ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) compound-modified asphalt. In this paper, five kinds of WTR/EVA asphalt mixture were selected as research targets, 70# base asphalt mixture and 5% styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) asphalt mixture were compared. Laboratory test results showed that WTR and EVA could significantly improve the performance of the asphalt mixture. The rutting resistance and anti-ageing ability of 15%WTR + 4%EVA asphalt mixture were superior to the 5% SBS asphalt mixture, and the anti-cracking ability and water stability were extremely close between them. Furthermore, the analysis of variance results revealed that WTR and EVA had a significant effect on asphalt mixture performance, the effect of EVA was more obvious than WTR. According to the economy analysis, the application of WTR/EVA-modified asphalt could significantly reduce construction costs, the material cost of 15%WTR + 4%EVA asphalt mixture was about 9.3% lower than 5% SBS asphalt mixture. As summarised above, WTR/EVA compound-modified asphalt mixture was an economical and environmentally pavement construction material due to its superior performance and lower cost, and 15%WTR + 4%EVA was the optimal combination dosage for asphalt mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of hydroplaning poses a risk when landing an aircraft on a wet runway. This study developed a finite element (FE) framework comprising a dual-tyre model, water film models, a runway model, and an interaction model to investigate wet runway landings. The dual-tyre model was created with a geometric description and material properties. Water film models for even and uneven water depths were constructed based on a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian algorithm. The runway model was obtained through surface scanning and 3D reconstruction. The interaction model was calculated using the power spectrum density and viscoelastic property of rubber. Based on the FE approach, the effect of the slip ratio on the hydroplaning phenomenon was discussed. The results indicated that hydroplaning speed generally increases with the slip ratio. Furthermore, single- and dual-tyre wet runway landings with an even water film depth were simulated, and the results revealed similar accuracy between the two landing types. Next, the study of dual-tyre landings indicated that landings in varying depths of water face the risks of hydroplaning and veering off simultaneously. The FE approach was further used to analyse dual-tyre landings on runways with a yaw angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the performance and economy of asphalt mixture with waste tire rubber (WTR)/ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) compound-modified asphalt. In this paper, five kinds of WTR/EVA asphalt mixture were selected as research targets, 70# base asphalt mixture and 5% styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) asphalt mixture were compared. Laboratory test results showed that WTR and EVA could significantly improve the performance of the asphalt mixture. The rutting resistance and anti-ageing ability of 15%WTR + 4%EVA asphalt mixture were superior to the 5% SBS asphalt mixture, and the anti-cracking ability and water stability were extremely close between them. Furthermore, the analysis of variance results revealed that WTR and EVA had a significant effect on asphalt mixture performance, the effect of EVA was more obvious than WTR. According to the economy analysis, the application of WTR/EVA-modified asphalt could significantly reduce construction costs, the material cost of 15%WTR + 4%EVA asphalt mixture was about 9.3% lower than 5% SBS asphalt mixture. As summarised above, WTR/EVA compound-modified asphalt mixture was an economical and environmentally pavement construction material due to its superior performance and lower cost, and 15%WTR + 4%EVA was the optimal combination dosage for asphalt mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to research the implications of rubber powder utilisation, from tires recycling, in the deformability and strength properties of CPB. In the end, it will be concluded that mine paste backfill with recycled rubber materials contributes to the decrease of waste tire pollution and improve some mechanical properties of the filling body. For that purpose, tests were carried out to determine the uniaxial compressive strength, the elastic energy of deformation, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio in specimens made up of mine tailings, Portland cement, wastewater, rubber powder, and plasticisers. The analysis of experimental data determines that recycled rubber makes fresh slurry have better performance in flow characteristics. In the hardened state, recycled rubber reduces the uniaxial compressive strength of the specimens and Poisson's ratio, but other features like deformability increase (Young's modulus decrease) that enhance the ability to absorb elastic strain energy of the filling body. As a result, the study indicates that recycled rubber is applicable to rockburst prevention. The findings of this study provide both invaluable information and industrial applications for the efficient management of solid waste, based on sustainable development and circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the potential of Zn-solubilizing Pseudomonas strains to release Zn from tire waste powder (TWP) in a liquid medium and soil. A pot experiment was also conducted to investigate the effects of TWP (as a Zn source) at four rates of 0, 9, 18 and 27 g TWP kg−1 soil and Pseudomonas strains (Ctrl: without bacterial inoculation, or inoculated with B1: A5, B2: K5, B3: A2, B4: A11 or B5: D12 strain) on growth and Zn nutrition of maize. Fourteen bacterial strains were grown in liquid Pikovskayas (PVK) medium supplemented with TWP, and ten superior Pseudomonas strains with high Zn solubilization activities were selected for the subsequent Zn kinetics study. In the TWP-treated soil, the concentrations of DTPA-extractable Zn were significantly higher in inoculated treatments than those in the control treatment in all incubation times. Individual application of Pseudomonas strains or TWP treatments significantly increased the shoot biomass of maize plants. Furthermore, the combined application of Pseudomonas strains and TWP led to higher shoot Zn concentration of plants as compared to the individual applications. The highest shoot Zn concentration was observed with the use of 18 g TWP kg−1 soil in treatment inoculated with B4 strain, which was 16.5-fold higher than that in the control. These findings indicate that co-application of effective Pseudomonas strains with TWP in soils can lead to higher Zn bioavailability for plants, i.e. indicating the potential of TWP as a slow-release Zn fertilizer for crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste tires are also known as "black pollution", and pose significant risks to human health and ecosystems. The pyrolysis process can recover valuable products such as natural gas, oil, and pyrolysis carbon black (CBp), with CBp being the most important one. However, CBp from waste tires has a high degree of particle aggregation and low oil absorption value, making it difficult to further utilize. In this work, we propose a novel method to activate CBp by simulated fuel gas, which fully utilizes exhaust gas resources and enables the reuse of resources. The simulated fuel gas, composed of a mixture of N2 and CO2, was used to investigate the effects of activation temperature (700–1000 °C), activation time (2–5 h), flow rates (30–50 mL·min−1), and the content of CO2 in the simulated fuel gas (10%-90% (volume)) on increasing the specific surface area. The samples were analyzed using XRD, SEM, N2 adsorption/desorption, and Raman shift. The results indicate that the hybrid atoms and carbon atoms in CBp can absorb enough energy to open the closed pores, allowing the activator to fully react with CBp. This work demonstrates a feasible approach to improve the high value-added utilization of cracked carbon black. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, one of the environmental issues for human society has been discarded scrap tires. Environmental sustainability demands a solution to resolve the problem of this undesirable waste material; in addition, recycling scrap tires is another controversial issue. Utilizing scrap tires in either civil or geotechnical activities is increasingly recognized as a topic of interest among researchers. This paper investigates a series of large-scale pullout tests (i.e., 1.4 m × 0.8 m × 0.8 m) to evaluate the performance of the innovative suggested reinforcement of ladder geo scrap tire (LGST). The LGST reinforcement has been compared with double geo scrap tire (DGST), double steel strip (DSS), and double geosynthetic strip (DGS); moreover, it has been validated with theoretical values. The experimental pullout results revealed that LGST for a ratio of S/H = 11(S and H are space and height of transverse members) has the highest pullout resistance and the least interference. LGST with a ratio of S/H = 11 increased pullout resistance by more than 190, 377 and 217% compared to DGST, DSS, and DGS, respectively. Therefore, the use of LGST in addition to opening a new window to solve the problem of scrap tires, leads geotechnical engineers to achieve more economical designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As vehicles are on the rise globally, so is tire disposal when out of service. One potential recycling process is turning the waste tire into a useful composite by incorporating it with thermoplastic materials. In the present work, composite based on waste tire rubber (WTR) and polypropylene (PP) were developed using a single screw filament extruder for various concentrations of WTR (20, 40, 60, and 80% wt.). Physical and morphological characterization of WTR (425 µm) and WTR-PP composite was performed; furthermore, mechanical characterization of WTR-PP composites was also carried out under the tensile load. Morphological observation reveals that WTR-PP with low WTR content shows comparatively better distribution, maintaining the necessary strength and thermoplasticity of the composite compared to the higher WTR content in the composite. The tensile study shows that incorporating WTR with polypropylene decreased tensile strength but improved elongation at break. The macrofractography is carried out to study the failure origin and crack propagation in the WTR-PP composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper according to the requirements of the unique production process of the "Tangshan bone china" geographic indication products, specified 315 pieces of bone china 8 inch flat produced by 15 different enterprises as the experimental samples. By measuring the tricalcium phosphate content in the prime tyres and the bibulous rate value of white bone china, map out a series of C3P-ω detection data points accumulation line chart. Verified by analysis of the qualitative and quantitative relationship between tricalcium phosphate content and bibulous rate of "Tangshan bone china", derived the following conclusions: with the increase of tricalcium phosphate content of "Tangshan bone china", its bibulous rate value increases accordingly, they have approximate linear positive correlation; with 36%∼42% of C3P levels corresponding to the bibulous rate numerical range of 0.10%∼0.30%.The research results can provide scientific reference to the manufacturing enterprise for improving the production process and the quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the biomass of rubber seed pericarp was first treated with sulfuric acid and then its activated carbon was formed by the pyrolysis process. As produced acid-treated activated carbon of chosen biomass was then used for the adsorption of crystal violet (CV) and methylene green (MG) from the colored aqueous solution. The adsorbent was exposed to several characterization methods to know its structural and morphological behaviors before and after CV and MG adsorption. The adsorbent was found to be mesoporous having a surface area of 59.517 m2/g. The effect of pH, time, and concentration was assessed while various isotherm and kinetics models were employed to know the adsorption insight. The optimum conditions were at pH 8, within 30 min, 50 mg/L concentration, and 0.06 gm dose. The adsorption data (the maximum adsorption capacity for CV and MG were found to be 302.7 and 567.6 mg/g, respectively) was validated by fitting in a response surface statistical methodology and the positive interactions between the studied factors were found. The adsorption was mainly belonging to the electrostatic attraction of the dye molecules. The study proves that the used adsorbent is economical and an excellent source of treating wastewater. The novelty of this research work comes from the conversion of the abundant biomass waste namely rubber seed pericarp into sulfonated-rich carbon material by pyrolysis process to be an efficient adsorbent for two structurally different cationic dyes. Furthermore, statistical optimization by using response surface methodology was applied to optimize the adsorption key parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of waste tires on open fields or households creates an ideal breeding ground for disease-carrying vermin, threatening human well-being. There are various technologies studied for efficient use of waste tires, such as pyrolysis, which results in char, oil, and non-condensable gases. Tire pyrolytic oil (TPO) has been reported to be similar to commercial diesel fuel. The current hurdle for using TPO in commercial diesel engines is the available sulfur content (>1.0 wt%). The disadvantages of sulfur in liquid fuels are its ability to reduce the engine's life due to corrosion and the undesirable emission of SOx that subsequently damages public health and property. There is a rising need to develop efficient technologies for the desulfurization of such liquid fuels. Besides conventional hydrodesulfurization, other emerging technologies include adsorption, oxidation, photocatalytic degradation, and biological desulfurization. This paper reviews the status of pyrolysis of waste tires and desulfurization technologies for TPO. Implications: The nature of tires makes them extremely challenging to recycle due to the available chemically cross-linked polymer and, therefore, they are neither fusible nor soluble and, consequently, cannot be remolded into other shapes without serious degradation. The presence of tire waste on open fields or households creates an ideal breeding ground for disease-carrying vermin which pose a threat to humans. Also, disposal in landfills can lead to groundwater pollution by heavy metals and cause hazardous and uncontrolled fires. Owing to the growing environmental concerns, the exploration of economically viable and environmentally friendly techniques for the management of waste tires has been intensified in the recent past. Thermochemical routes such as combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis are important in the management of waste tires, reducing the environmental impacts of tire volarization, and allowing for the recovery of products. Given the depletion of fossil fuels and to meet the ever-growing demand for fuel energy, several initiatives to find alternative fuel sources are currently being taken. Fuel oil obtained from the pyrolysis of waste tires is becoming a promising alternative source of energy given its availability and higher heating value. Pyrolysis, an eco-friendly process, is the heating of matter in the absence of oxygen and is normally practiced for the thermochemical decomposition of different types of feedstock including biomass, coal, tires, and municipal solid waste. This paper reviews the current studies for pyrolysis of waste tires and multiple desulfurization technologies used for treating TPO globally. The detailed specification on operating conditions for the pyrolysis reactor in achieving desirable products in terms of composition and ratios are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-pyrolysis of waste tires (WT) with waste lubricating oil (WLO) can significantly improve the quality of products. The co-pyrolysis behavior of WT and WLO was investigated by using thermogravimetric analyzer. Three isoconversional methods, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Friedman and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, were used to calculate the activation energy of the mixture at the heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20K/min. The obtained data were used to determine the kinetic model and thermodynamic parameters. The results showed that WLO promoted the pyrolysis of WT. The synergistic effect was shown in the reduction of the activation energy of the mixture by 10%. The mean activation energy of the main decomposition stage is 90.8 kJ/mol. Moreover, the thermodynamic stability of reaction was determined by the calculation of change in entropy, Gibbs free energy, and enthalpy. The value of pre-exponential factor is 2.48 × 107/min, which means that the co-pyrolysis reaction is not a complex interface reaction. Among all the models, the 3D diffusion model best fits the co-pyrolysis mechanism judging by Malek master plot method. The reaction function was also determined. This study will provide basic knowledge into the co-processing of WT and WLO for predicting the performance of reactor and simulating the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the remarkable increase in the number of vehicles worldwide, the disposal of scrap tire is a pressing issue. Pyrolysis is one treatment option to recover resources from the scrap tire, by which pyrolytic char with a high ash and sulfur content is generated, restricting its utilization value. The focus of this study was to improve the quality of the solid product obtained from scrap tire pyrolysis. In this paper, a feasible and effective approach is presented to remove ash from the char using a bench-scale unit. Unlike direct co-pyrolysis of the mixture of scrap tire and other materials, in the study, prior to pyrolysis, the scrap tire was soaked in waste coal tar for a few hours, and then, char was obtained from pyrolysis of the as-prepared scrap tire. According to the comparative analysis of thermogravimetric kinetics of the scrap tire and the as-prepared scrap tire, it revealed that the as-prepared scrap tire was more easily pyrolyzed under relatively low temperature with activation energy of 45.65 kJ/mol and at higher temperature with activation energy of 142.12 kJ/mol. With three kinds of acid (HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4) as the demineralization agent, comparative experiments on the removal of ash from the chars arising from pyrolysis of the as-prepared scrap tire (Char1) and the scrap tire (Char2) were carried out. The results showed that there were the highest efficiencies of ash removal from chars soaked in HCl solution, at 84.9% for Char1 and 59.6% for Char2. With HCl as the demineralization agent, a series of experiments on the removal of ash from Char1 and Char2 was conducted in which the effects of parameters, such as the mass ratio of the acid to the char (L/S), acid concentration, heating temperature, reaction time, stirring rate, particle size of the char, and the number of filtrate cycles, were systematically performed. Under the optimum conditions, the ash removal efficiencies for Char1 and Char2 reached 87.5% and 77.2%, respectively. The kinetics of the char demineralization process was also performed, conforming to a quasi-first-order rate equation. The results obtained indicated that the process of soaking scrap tire in waste coal tar is very useful for removing ash from the char. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological evolution of electronic equipment in the field of computers and household appliances, along with shorter life of most items, is creating a great concern for managing this waste stream. The main aim of the present investigation was to convert waste keyboard keys into high-quality pyrolysis oil using a microwave catalytic pyrolysis process. Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), were doped in different ratios on Biochar (BC) by wet impregnation method, and it was used as a green catalyst for clean fuel production. Initially, a non-catalytic pyrolysis process was conducted and found a maximum pyrolysis oil yield of 49.6 wt.%. Further, microwave catalytic pyrolysis was conducted with variable amount of metal loading and found that highest oil yield of 61.33 wt.% was achieved using 15%Fe-5%Ni/BC catalyst due to the presence of a higher quantity of iron. The produced pyrolysis oil at this condition consists of 45.07% single-ring compounds and reduced the undesirable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the pyrolysis oil. This work provides a pathway for preparing green catalysts and safe disposal of electrical and electronic plastic waste with better resource recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, the role of a pyrolitic oil (PO) produced by pyrolysis of used car tires in coal flotation was evaluated using an extended full factorial design. Effects of operating parameters including pulp solid content and the concentration of pine oil, diesel oil, and pyrolitic oil on ash content and yield of final concentrate as process responses were assessed using experimental and statistical analyses. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique revealed that PO consists of hydrocarbons and their hydrophilic oxides. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results indicated that the main effect of all parameters on flotation responses was significant. Experimental results showed that pyrolitic oil increased both the ash content and total yield through a nonlinear trend in ranges of 5% and 40%, respectively. Nonselective interaction between pyrolitic oil and pine oil molecules, and competitive adsorption of PO and diesel oil on the surface of coal particles were found to be the chief reasons behind the observed curved behavior of flotation measures. The negative effect of PO on ash content of final concentrate was also ascribed to the interaction between hydrophilic groups in PO structure and the oxide nature of noncombustible materials in coal particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing disposal of industrial waste materials and high CO2 emission of cementitious materials production are serious concerns since they can globally pose critical environmental problems. Therefore, the environmental impacts besides the mechanical properties of materials are one of the major factors that should be considered. This study aims to investigate the mechanical, microstructural, environmental and economic impacts of red mud (RM)- and fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) containing waste tire rubber. The mechanical characteristics of rubberized GPC were evaluated by destructive and nondestructive tests. The scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used for microstructural investigations. The response surface method was adopted to determine the optimum concrete mixture based on desirable goals. The results indicate that the low content of rubber did not significantly change the mechanical properties of rubberized GPC. A slight enhancement in strength was observed by increasing the RM from 20% to 30% at 60% and 90% of rubber. Based on this study, rubberized GPC can be considered to be suitable and beneficial as a medium to low and controlled low strength material, since the incorporation of wastes led to the reduction of both CO2 emission and cost with desirable mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a stainless steel semi-batch reactor to produce a diesel-like fuel from waste polypropylene (PP). Aiming to maximize the liquid oil yield, the optimal reactor operating conditions (e. g. heating rate, batch time, degradation temperature, and N2 flow rate) was obtained by the investigation of the thermal behavior of the waste PP using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The waste PP pyrolysis oil was successfully purified by adsorption onto activated carbon, resulting in a colorant removal percentage of 49.56% as well as in the removal of the particle matter. The functional groups of purified waste PP pyrolysis oil (PWPO) and the Brazilian commercial S-10 diesel fuel were obtained and compared using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). According to the experimental results, the proposed thermal pyrolysis process has shown a very high liquid oil yield of about 94 wt%, and fuel heavy and light hydrocarbons were identified in PWPO. It was observed that PWPO has physico-chemistry properties similar to those of commercial S-10 diesel fuel, enhancing the high lower heating value (LHV) of about 43.06 MJ/kg. The work findings pointed out the synthetic diesel-like fuel as a promising alternative for cycle diesel engines, dropping the use of fossil fuels without reducing energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the scope of end-of-life tires (ELTs) management, recovery of tires considering circular economy approach is becoming increasingly important. This study aims to examine the sorptive behavior of methylene blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RB) dyes from synthetic textile industry discharge with a carbon-based sorbent (CBM) recycled from ELTs as a novel patented method and used for the first time for organic dye removal in the literature. The CBM was characterized by using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for structural and morphological properties. XRD (X-ray diffraction) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analysis were used for phase composition and surface chemistry of CBM. The maximum adsorption capacity of MB and RB on CBM is 681.14 and 85.26 mg/g, respectively. For the reusability of the CBM, the regeneration experiment was carried out and MB and RB removal performance of CBM gradually decreased with increasing adsorption cycles. The results show that it is possible to utilize CBM which in terms of ensuring the reuse of wastes within the scope of industrial symbiosis, as an effective adsorbent in dye removal. This study reduces environmental pollution by converting the end-of-life tires into carbon-based material for water/wastewater treatment provides a "win-win" solution to improve waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tire hydroplaning is a phenomenon that occurs when the tire is no longer able to evacuate water from the road due to excessive speed. A water layer will then be interposed between the tire and the road, reducing their contact surface and decreasing the tire''s ability to transmit forces. The purpose of this work is to analyse this loss of contact surface through the experimental point of view with real scale tests, which are perfectly suitable to understand the mechanisms. These tests consist in observing and then measuring the contact area of the tire with the ground in hydroplaning conditions through a measurement window. An investigation of the main factors engaged in hydroplaning situation is performed and the key parameters involved are identified. For a given tire, these surface losses are measured as a function of speed under different experimental conditions (inflation pressure, water level, tire wear, etc.). These results are then partially extended to the study of three other tires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huge quantities of different dyes are generated by various industries such as cosmetic, leather, printing and textile and food. This study aimed to generate and apply tire-derived activated carbon magnetised with the Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MAC) for the removal of reactive blue 19 (RB19) dye from aquatic solutions. FE-SEM, VSM, XRD, FTIR and BET analyses were used to determine MAC properties. Under optimal conditions of pH 3, the initial concentration of dye 100 mg/L, the composite dose 1 g/L and the reaction time of 45 min, the removal efficiency for RB19 was 93.22%. Isotherm findings illustrated that RB19 adsorption onto the MAC followed the Langmuir model. Moreover, the absorption kinetics is well interpreted by the pseudo-second-order model in low scrutinised concentrations. The SBET and total pure volume for the MAC were 421.11 m2 g−1 and 0.467 cm3 g−1. Under the optimum conditions, maximum adsorption capacity of the MAC in Langmuir model enhanced to the amount of 119.05 mg/g. Also, the reusability (with NaOH) of the MAC revealed about 21% decreases in the removal efficiency within five consecutive runs. It is concluded that the application of the magnetised activated carbon due to its high efficiency in removing RB19 from laboratory and actual samples can be evaluated in future studies to be utilised in real scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the volume of scrap tires has led to environmental concerns in different locations of the world, particularly in the coastlines. Managing this solid waste, including reuse in civil engineering applications (e.g. geotechnical projects) can be an effective solution to solve the problem. A series of drained triaxial tests was performed on Qeshm calcareous soil obtained from Qeshm Island. Specimens were prepared at loose and dense relative densities and mixed with different percentages of tire crumbs (TCs), including 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50%. The variation ratio parameter was introduced to evaluate the effect of TCs on the engineering properties of the soil-tire mixture. Based on the results, the stress–strain behavior of the calcareous soil was strongly influenced by TCs contents. As the tire content (TC) increases, the stress transfer mechanism changes from particle-particle to tire-tire, which results in a shear strength reduction. For an example, the addition of 50% of TCs to the calcareous soil resulted in a 64% reduction in the maximum deviatoric stress under a confining pressure of 600 kPa. In addition, the secant modulus at maximum deviatoric strength of the soil-tire mixture with 50% of TCs decreased about 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current research, effort has been made to gain a deeper understanding regarding the parameters affecting the dynamic behaviour of a sandy soil reinforced by Waste Tire Textile Fibres (WTTFs) that are produced during the recycling process of the End of Life Tires (ELTs). Such parameters as loading duration, rest time, and aspect ratio of fibres have been investigated by cyclic triaxial tests considering 3 different confining pressures and 21 different Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) levels. It is concluded that the aspect ratio of the fibres is a more prominent parameter than loading state and fibres with an optimum aspect ratio of 37.5 can improve the dynamic characteristics of the soil reinforced by WTTFs. Generally, the influences of fibre aspect ratio and loading characteristics on resilient modulus, damping ratio and phase angle of the reinforced specimens are diminished as CSR increases, while the permanent strain and energy absorption capability are directly related to the CSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste tyre generation in South Africa is one of the issues that have not found a sustainable solution. Approximately 1.5 billion tyres are produced annually around the world, and South Africa contributes about 11 million tyres accounting to about 177 835 tons of waste annually. Numerous technologies have been used as possible pathways to recycle waste tyres. This review analyzes the main advances in waste tyre pyrolysis and gasification technologies and lists challenges and successes. For waste tyre pyrolysis, recovering high-value products such as limonene, benzene, xylene, and activated carbon can make the process profitable. For gasification, the objective of new studies is for the producer gas to have a desirable composition for further application in the production of chemicals, heat and power and synthesis of liquid fuels. Also, more research is required to fill the gap in the optimum conditions for solar integrated pyrolysis and gasification of waste tyres. A comprehensive comparative techno-economic analysis of chemicals production from waste tyre via gasification is required to determine the most commercially viable route for tyres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the evidence of numerous advantages of earthen buildings, there is an increasing interest to study adobe elements for sustainable development. This paper presents experimental investigation alongside numerical simulation of several adobe elements under compression, direct tension, three-point bending and indirect shear tests to have a better understanding of their basic mechanical properties. Two different mix-design of clay adobes including plain and short tire fibers reinforced adobes with unique soil type, water content and compacting level are provided. The tire fibers are the waste production of tire factories which are hazardous to the green environment. Numerical simulations are conducted in ABAQUS software for further analysis. In this direction, the material constitutive model and the damage indices are defined based on the experimental stress-strain relations which are achieved during this study and the model of concrete damage plasticity was considered in the software. Furthermore, the experimental observations for direct tensile and indirect shear tests were documented by means of a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique from a 2-D DIC system. The effectiveness of the added short fibers on the mechanical properties of the reinforced adobe were thoroughly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, waste engine oil (WEO) was used as catalyst for co-pyrolysis with waste tires (WT) to increase the heat transfer efficiency between tire particles. The synergetic effects during co-pyrolysis process of WT and WEO were investigated via thermogravimetric analyzer. Co-pyrolysis of different mixing ratios blends were performed in a self-made tube furnace at 500℃ to explore the effect on product distribution. The compositions of products were determined by FTIR, Py-GC/MS, and BET. TG and DTG curves of mixture demonstrate that WEO could change the pyrolysis process of WT significantly. The main pyrolysis temperature is reduced by 50℃. The conversion of pyrolysis oil increased, and the conversion of char decreased with the addition of WEO. The yield of H2 and D-limonene increased by 5.6% and 1.85%, respectively, when 20% WEO was added. Our work gives insight into the co-pyrolysis of WT and WEO, and provides a novel route of WT pyrolysis with high efficiency and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population increases everyday which yields to usage of more vehicles for transportation of people and goods which causes increased amount of produced and scrap tires. Storage of scrap tires requires large areas which can be a problem. Scrap tires can also damage environmental, susceptible to fire and may cause health problems for people. Civil engineering applications such as construction of embankments and retaining walls can be a good option for using scrap tires in an environmental friendly way. Mixing some amount of scrap tire with soil to construct embankment and retaining wall can serve as a safe deposition of scrap tires and meet deformation requirements. Therefore, strength properties of scrap tires and soil mixtures should be investigated and determined. In this study, tire crumbs are mixed with sand, fine soil and sand-fine soil's various mixtures. Mixtures are prepared by adding 10%, 20% and 30% tire crumbs by weight of mixtures. Maximum unit weight and optimum water content are determined. Direct shear test is conducted to determine shear strength properties, shear modulus and dilatancy behaviour of mixtures. Tire crumbs decreases unit weight of soil, increases angle of friction of soil. Optimum amount of tire crumb is found 20% of the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water contamination by pathogens and diseases induced by these pathogens is a major water quality issue all over the world. Poor public health has been linked to tap water polluted with DNA harboring antibiotic resistance genes sequence. According to HSAB concept, surface modification of rubber seed shell waste with alumina (AIRSS) as novel agro-waste adsorbent creates more active surface constituents for DNA adsorption. The proximate, ultimate and EDAX analysis provides the percentage levels of ash concentration, volatile, moisture and fixed carbon content, elemental composition present in the adsorbent. The structural features of AIRSS were determined using FT-IR, SEM and XRD. In order to improve reaction conditions, the effect of pH, temperature, adsorbent amount, and reaction time is also examined. The highest percent of DNA removal (92.5%) was achieved at the optimum conditions: 2 g/L at pH 4, contact time 120 minutes as compared to the conventional methods. The DNA adsorbs onto the surface of AIRSS through physical (vander Waals force) and chemical interactions, as demonstrated by kinetics and spectroscopic analyses. Changes in enthalpy (H), free energy (G), and entropy (S) indicate that adsorption is a spontaneous and exothermic process, according to thermodynamic parameters. The results of the experiments showed that the prepared AIRSP adsorbent could be used to remove DNA from water. The efficacy of AIRSS for the removal of DNA has decreased after nine months of storage and use. Low pH and the presence of AIRSS improved DNA-AIRSS adsorption, according to our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two-stage technology of porous carbonaceous material obtained via pyrolysis in inert medium with subsequent activation by steam is well known. While steam could be a suitable substance for pyrolysis as well, single-staged technology for waste tire recycling is yet to be developed. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the carbonaceous materials obtained by the single-staged steam pyrolysis of waste tires was carried out, which could provide a theoretical background for the development of such technology. The steam pyrolysis was performed in a tubular reactor in an overheated steam medium (500°C with 5 kg/h mass flow rate). The technical characteristics of the obtained samples were evaluated in the context of their potential for further application as absorbent and raw material for rubber production according to Chemical Abstracts Service No. 1333–86-4. The composition and physico-chemical properties of the obtained samples were studied using BET and thermogravimetric analysis, atomic emission, transmission and scanning electron microscopies, Raman, X-ray diffraction, and photoelectron spectroscopies. The results revealed that the structure and properties of all obtained carbonaceous material samples were similar. The samples consisted of amorphous carbon (with a disordered graphite lattice) and contained a significant amount of metal oxides. According to experimental data, zinc was present in the form of ZnO with a binding energy of 1022.4 eV, while sulfur was observed in the form of sulfide and oxysulfide with binding energies of 161.8 and 163.2 eV, respectively. According to electron microscopy, the morphology of samples was represented by a set of spherical agglomerates comprising nanosized particles. According to the BET analysis of the samples, the specific surface area varied in the range between 52.0 and 66.0 m2/g and the pore volume values were within a range of 0.53–0.87 cm3/g, while the average pore size varied from 412 to 527 Å. Implications: Our paper presents original research in the field of characterization of solid material obtained by single-staged steam gasification of waste tires, which were produced and exploited in conditions of Russia. Modern technology allows thermal utilization of waste tires by obtaining powders of carbonaceous material, which could be used as fuel, adsorbent, etc., but this process usually consists of two stages – pyrolysis in inert medium and activation in steam or carbon dioxide. One of the most promising directions of technological development is simplifying this process into single step, ensuring that the obtained material could be used as carbon black or adsorbent for gas steam cleansing. No data on suitability of carbonaceous material obtained by single-step steam pyrolysis of all-season waste tires to be adsorbent and/or carbon black is present in the literature. In order to evaluate the suitability of the obtained material to be adsorbent, the high specific surface area should be determined, while CAS technical standards specify many chemical and physical properties of industrial carbon black. The aim of the current article is to study the properties of carbonaceous material obtained during single-staged steam gasification of four different all-season tires (due to their widespread application worldwide) and evaluate its fitness as industrial-scale carbon black or adsorbent. The additional problem addressed was the evaluation of the variation in characteristics of carbonaceous material obtained due to different origins of tires. Experiments were conducted in a tubular lab reactor in order to simplify the experimental procedure while ensuring the applicability of the obtained results to practical conditions. The obtained results could be used for the development of the technology for closed-cycle tire processing (because black carbon is used for tire production) and adsorbent production. The characteristics of the materials obtained allow us to choose optimal parameters for such treatment and develop special policies and programs, which will integrate and regulate waste tire utilization via steam gasification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims at the ways and means of decreasing environmental pollution using spent tyre waste as an acid-based catalyst intended for the synthesis of biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata, a year-round crop that costs roughly 1300 $/tonne, whereas coal costs around 50 $/tonne. Heterogeneous catalysts were developed as a successful replacement for homogeneous catalysts because they have unique benefits over homogeneous catalysts, especially the ability to separate and reuse the solid catalyst used. The characteristics of the produced waste tyre acid-catalyst were studied using instrumental analysis such as EDX, scanning electron microscope and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Operating parameters studied for the catalyst were methanol-to-oil molar ratio (12:1 to 24:1), catalyst loading (1–5 weight %), reaction temperature (30–70°C), and reaction duration (1–4 h) were tuned upon the steady stirring rate of 400 rpm. At optimal conditions, the spent tyre waste activated by pyrolysis gives maximum conversion of biodiesel (82.1%). The pseudo-first-order model with a rate constant of 0.0269 min−1 (at 60°C) and activation energy of 21.53 kJ/mol was found to be the best match for demonstrating the methanolysis kinetics of Pongamia pinnata oil. When compared to other solid base catalysts reported in the literature, the catalytic activity of the waste tyre acid-catalyst provided a high yield of biodiesel under relatively mild reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the availability of waste rubber tires and bearing capacity of sand foundation, a new composite foundation transforms the tensile strength of a discarded rubber tire into a hoop-tightening force on granular sand soil, i.e. hoop capacity, is introduced and investigated. Considering the characteristics of the circular enclosed structure of the tire, the tensile strength of the tire strips was obtained by carrying out a tension test of tire strips, and the relationships between earth pressure, settlement and vertical load were discovered by the results of loading tests under the conditions of confined and unconfined. The distribution of circumferential stress at each position of the tire cross section was monitored to evaluate the contribution of each part of the tire to the integral hoop capacity. Based on the theory of annular elasticity, Airy stress-state function is introduced to determine the solutions of stress, strain and displacement in the sand and tire regions based on the stress boundary condition and displacement continuity condition. The results show that the theory prediction curve has a high precision approaching the measured data, which indicates the rationality of the proposed theoretical model in predicting the circumferential stress of this type of waste rubber tire composite foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disposal of waste tyres is a major concern today. Among the various recycling techniques available, pyrolysis is one of the eco-friendly processes that transforms waste tyres into oil and gas with carbon-rich residue. The aim of the study is to determine the influence of nano catalyst derived from eggshells on the yield and composition of the products from pyrolysis. The nano catalyst is prepared by size reduction and calcination of waste eggshells which is further characterized and used to catalyze pyrolysis process. It is observed that the yield of liquid fuel from the resultant product increases with a considerable decrease in sulfur content which is because of its entrapment and entrainment in solid and gaseous products. Similarly, a considerable decrease in the process temperature is also observed in which a maximum oil yield of 95 wt% was obtained at 455ºC when compared to the total oil recovered at 550°C. On the other hand, the same recovery was obtained at 496ºC in thermal pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to further explore the performance of mixture with waste tire rubber (WTR) and amorphous poly alpha olefin (APAO) modified asphalt, the 12%WTR+4%APAO and 15%WTR+4%APAO modified asphalt mixtures were selected as research objectives. The asphalt mixtures with matrix asphalt, WTR modified asphalt, and SBS modified asphalt were prepared for comparative analysis. Through the mixture design, the optimum asphalt-aggregate ratio of five asphalt mixtures was determined respectively. The volumetric parameters and resilient modulus were studied. The laboratory performances were studied by standard Marshall stability test, wheel tracking test, immersion Marshall test, freeze–thaw splitting test, indirect tensile strength test, indirect tensile fatigue test, and Marshall stability after long-term aging test. Compared with the other three asphalt mixtures, the results showed that the 12% WTR+4%APAO modified asphalt mixture had the highest Marshall stability and high-temperature performance. While the 15% WTR+4%APAO modified asphalt mixture had better permanent deformation resistance at high temperatures, moisture stability, aging resistance, and relatively good fatigue performance. The statistical hypothesis test results also confirmed that WTR/APAO modified asphalt has a significant effect on mechanical properties. Based on the results of various performance, the 15% WTR+4% APAO was the optimal content for asphalt mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste tire rubber has been incorporated into asphalt modification for decades due to its various benefits. There are two main mechanisms during bitumen–rubber interaction: rubber swelling and chemical degradation. This study surveys these two processes from the viewpoint of polymer science. The kinetics of rubber dissolution and thermodynamics of rubber swelling are discussed to provide a fundamental understanding of the interaction process and to demonstrate how optimisation of material selection and processing procedures can lead to the desired binder properties. Factors including the interaction conditions and raw material characteristics are analysed based on the previous theories and compared with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays sustainability is a key topic and waste should be considered a resource. For this reason, a large body of literature is being developed on the management of the large quantity of post-consumer tires with sustainable approaches. The ongoing research activity on tires is focused on providing eco-sustainable solutions aimed, on one hand, at reducing the amount of waste and, on the other hand, at optimizing and improving the technologies and methodologies to obtain 'green' products to be recycled on large scale. This review examines the solutions for the reuse of waste from post-consumer tires proposed in the literature during the last five years (2015–2019) with a focus on advantages, drawbacks and future research developments of each end-of-life tires (ELTs) recovery technology. The final aim is to provide a comparison of different fields of application for the recovery of post- consumer tires, particularly for those researchers who want to start an activity in this field. The results show that the most investigated field of application is the civil engineering area. However, it could be environmentally and socially useful to further investigate solutions suitable for recovery in sanitary applications such as water purification. Porous carbon, obtained from ELTs by pyrolysis and subsequent activation, can be successfully used as adsorbent to remove contaminants that could be harmful to the environment and human health. The latter application seems to be particularly advisable in less economically developed areas as it would represent a possible solution to the problem of environmental reclamation of water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrodynamic characteristics (wave transmission, reflection, and dissipation) of nine different scrap-tire floating breakwater configurations are studied in a wave flume for a wide range of input wave conditions. The breakwater has 3 different configurations: a) four and b) eight rows of tires as well as c) four rows in two levels. The effect of these configurations is assessed on the hydrodynamic performance as determined by wave transmission and reflection. Wave transmission coefficients > 0.75 were obtained for relatively longer wavelengths. For relatively shorter wavelengths (d/L > 0.4, where d is the water depth and L the wavelength), the wave transmission coefficients decreased to ≤ 0.25. Increasing the number of rows, from four to eight, reduced the coefficients of transmission and prevented resonance for both the longer and shorter wavelengths. Furthermore, increasing the number of layers, from one to two, increased the coefficient of reflection from 0.4 to 0.5. To predict the wave transmission coefficients for all configurations, multiple regression analysis was implemented to produce empirical equations. Based on the performance of all tested configurations with regular waves, an optimal configuration was selected to delay beach erosion under the influence of moderate wave climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the flexural fatigue tests of self-compacting rubberized concrete (SCRC) with different waste tire rubber contents were done to study the fatigue mechanical behavior. The result shows that the monotonic curve can well describe the fatigue failure strain. What's more, both the secondary strain rate per cycle and secondary stiffness rate per cycle can describe the flexural fatigue life of SCRC, and relationships are independent of the rubber content. Finally, the fatigue damage evolution model was proposed based on Weibull function, and it can be used to predict the fatigue damage evolution of SCRC accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research described in the present work investigated the effect of thermal and photoaging and rubber waste content on the properties of acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber modified with montmorillonite (MMT). The MMT was mixed with plasticizer before the compounding in two roll mills. The modulus at 300% strain of samples without scrap maximally increased by 50% and 30% after thermal and photoaging, respectively, most probably due to an increase in the crosslink density. The maximum increases of the modulus, measured at 300% strain, of the unaged and aged rubber nanocomposite were exhibited by samples which each contained 10 wt.% of rubber waste. The MMT nanoparticles, well dispersed in the matrix, combined with good interfacial interaction between the different components, led to relative retention of the thermal and photo-oxidation aging coefficients and the large shape retention coefficient of the tested samples. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that the crosslinking of the rubber nanocomposites containing waste occurred through the nitrile groups and C = C double bonds under the influence of aging. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs indicated that the MMT nanoparticles were uniformly embedded and well dispersed in the matrix. The rough and homogeneous fracture surfaces of the nanocomposite samples were not affected by incorporated waste. As a result of UV irradiation and thermal heating, aggregates were less visible and the fracture surfaces more homogeneous and compact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four model tests were performed to examine the load-displacement behavior of a mechanically stabilised earth wall, where uniaxial geogrids and waste tires were adopted as the reinforcement materials. The effects of reinforcement length, reinforcement layer spacing and material type of reinforcement on the load-displacement response of the earth wall were investigated. The experimental results suggest that the vertical earth pressures measured at the observation points are location-dependent and generally increase with the increasing load applied at the top of the wall; the horizontal displacement of the wall also has an increasing trend for the applied load less than a critical value, beyond which the trend can be reversed. Besides, increasing the layers and length of reinforcement can reduce the vertical earth pressure, decrease the horizontal displacement of earth wall, and alleviate the strain of the reinforcement. The results also indicate that waste tires are desirable reinforcement materials to be applied to a mechanically stabilised earth wall, which is beneficial to the recycling of rubber resources and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) in the near-roadway environment is associated with multiple adverse health effects. To characterize the relative contribution of tailpipe and non-tailpipe TRAP sources to particulate matter (PM) in the quasi-ultrafine (PM0.2), fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5–10) size fractions and identify their spatial determinants in southern California (CA). Month-long integrated PM0.2, PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 samples (n = 461, 265 and 298, respectively) were collected across cool and warm seasons in 8 southern CA communities (2008–9). Concentrations of PM mass, elements, carbons and major ions were obtained. Enrichment ratios (ER) in PM0.2 and PM10 relative to PM2.5 were calculated for each element. The Positive Matrix Factorization model was used to resolve and estimate the relative contribution of TRAP sources to PM in three size fractions. Generalized additive models (GAMs) with bivariate loess smooths were used to understand the geographic variation of TRAP sources and identify their spatial determinants. EC, OC, and B had the highest median ER in PM0.2 relative to PM2.5. Six, seven and five sources (with characteristic species) were resolved in PM0.2, PM2.5 and PM2.5–10, respectively. Combined tailpipe and non-tailpipe traffic sources contributed 66%, 32% and 18% of PM0.2, PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 mass, respectively. Tailpipe traffic emissions (EC, OC, B) were the largest contributor to PM0.2 mass (58%). Distinct gasoline and diesel tailpipe traffic sources were resolved in PM2.5. Others included fuel oil, biomass burning, secondary inorganic aerosol, sea salt, and crustal/soil. CALINE4 dispersion model nitrogen oxides, trucks and intersections were most correlated with TRAP sources. The influence of smaller roadways and intersections became more apparent once Long Beach was excluded. Non-tailpipe emissions constituted ~8%, 11% and 18% of PM0.2, PM2.5 and PM2.5–10, respectively, with important exposure and health implications. Future efforts should consider non-linear relationships amongst predictors when modeling exposures. Implications: Vehicle emissions result in a complex mix of air pollutants with both tailpipe and non-tailpipe components. As mobile source regulations lead to decreased tailpipe emissions, the relative contribution of non-tailpipe traffic emissions to near-roadway exposures is increasing. This study documents the presence of non-tailpipe abrasive vehicular emissions (AVE) from brake and tire wear, catalyst degradation and resuspended road dust in the quasi-ultrafine (PM0.2), fine and coarse particulate matter size fractions, with contributions reaching up to 30% in PM0.2 in some southern California communities. These findings have important exposure and policy implications given the high metal content of AVE and the efficiency of PM0.2 at reaching the alveolar region of the lungs and other organ systems once inhaled. This work also highlights important considerations for building models that can accurately predict tailpipe and non-tailpipe exposures for population health studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The virgin CBp produced from scrap truck tires pyrolysis was analyzed both under N2 and under air flow with thermogravimetric analysis coupled with differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA). Complementary information was derived from the two analysis. The rubber pyrolytic residues present on virgin CBp are better determined quantitatively by TGA-DTA under N2 flow. On the other hand, for the quantification of pure CBp and moreover of the ashes, the TGA-DTA under air flow is a necessary approach. It was also found that the rubber pyrolytic residues coating the virgin CBp surface can be determined quantitatively by a DSC scan under O2 flow up to 450 °C integrating the exothermal peak at about 340 °C and using as reference the thermo-oxidative enthalpy measured on a reference sample of natural rubber or selected model compounds. It is shown that the light pyrolysis process to clean CBp from the rubber pyrolytic deposits is completely satisfactory when conducted in a DSC scan under oxygen flow rather than under nitrogen flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depletion of conventional fossil fuels due to their increased consumption and the stringent emission norms, urge us to search alternative fuels for automotive engines. Alongside, serious challenge posed to the environment by the waste plastic in terms of its nondegradability is threatening the human sustainability. Both these issues can be addressed by converting the waste plastic into useful energy. In the present article, blends of diesel and oils derived from waste plastic and waste tire were used in a diesel engine, without any engine modifications to study the effect of blending waste plastic oil and waste tire oil to diesel up to 10% on the performance and combustion characteristics of the engine. Blending the pyrolysis oils to 10% with diesel could not improve the thermal efficiency but the change in the brake specific fuel consumption was to significant level. However, plastic oil-diesel blend yielded almost same brake specific fuel consumption which conveys that it is better to blend plastic oil rather than tire oil. But, the engine operation in case of P10 would not be as smooth as that in case of T10 and diesel owing to the higher rate of pressure rise of P10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cyclic utilization of waste tires has been a major problem that plagued the industry. In this paper, we explore a novel method of resource integration and application to solve this problem by using waste tires as the electrode materials. The waste tires were carbonized and coated with sucrose to prepare nano sulfur-carbon (NSC) and carbon-coated nano sulfur-carbon (NSC/C) materials. The results of the microstructures and morphologies showed that the NSC was composed of hexagonal ZnS nanoparticles and amorphous carbon. Electrochemical tests showed that the uncoated NSC composite had a high capacity of 426.6 mAh g-1, but it also presented a low initial efficiency with poor rate and cycling performance. After coating, the NSC/C exhibited an acceptable specific capacity of 374 mAh g-1 with lower capacity fading and superior cycling performance than NSC. Materials obtained from carbonized waste tires have great potential for use as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A commercially available pyrolytic carbon black (CBp) produced from the pyrolysis of used tires was analysed by TGA-DTA showing that the effective carbon black content about 70% by weight, while about 14% are ashes and about 16% rubber pyrolysis residues adsorbed on the surface. GC-MS analysis of the latter fraction has permitted to identify at least 34 different molecules, some of them under the form of alkylated benzenes and alkylated naphthalenes and higher PAHs. Two simple procedures are shown to be effective in the quantitative determination of zinc and sulphur content of CBp. The surface area of CBp should be evaluated with both the ASTM D6559-19 and the ASTM D4607 test methods. CBp was also analysed with SEM-EDX and with FT-IR and Raman Spectroscopy. The latter spectroscopical technique was employed both on pristine and thermally annealed CBp, demonstrating that also CBp is a partially graphitizable carbon black similar to the N774 ASTM grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-pyrolysis of Enteromorpha prolifera (EP) (seaweeds) with waste plastics (high density polyethylene (HDPE)) for maximum yield of enhanced biofuels has been investigated. Main and interaction effects of three effective co-pyrolysis parameters (pyrolysis temperature, feedstock blending ratio and heating rate) on bio-oil, char and gas yields were also modeled and simulated, respectively. Optimization studies using central composite rotatable experimental design were performed in Design Expert® Version 8.0.6 software to predict the optimal conditions of co-pyrolysis parameters for maximum yield of enhanced biofuels. Analysis of variance was carried out to determine whether the fit of multiple regressions was significant for second order models. Compositions of bio-oils and chars from the pyrolysis of EP, HDPE and their mixtures at different blending ratios were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis technique. Other important properties of oils and chars such as heating values, water contents, and specific gravity were also determined. Results of products' analysis revealed that synergistic effect exists between EP and HDPE during co-pyrolysis which led to enhanced seaweed biofuels. Statistical analysis' results unveiled that feedstock blending ratio, pyrolysis temperature and heating rate significantly influenced bio-oil and char yield rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persian Gulf coasts are subjected to different sources of petroleum pollution. This paper enhanced fingerprinting method of applying biomarkers polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes in identifying the distribution of oil spills and petroleum products. A total of 18 samples were collected from the northern coasts of Persian Gulf. PAH concentrations in the coastal sediments ranged from 184.49 to 2771.88 ng g−1. Distribution of three-ring PAHs was much higher than the others. PAHs concentration can be categorized as low to moderate comparing the global scale. Applying principal component analysis and data clustering revealed two major groups. The first group, including alkylated phenanthrenes, belongs to the low molecular weight PAHs with two and three rings, which are abundant in petrogenic sources mostly caused by petroleum spills. The second group consists of four- and five-ring PAHs. This group is frequently detected in pyrogenic source, such as combustion of coal, wood, vehicle fuel, and waste tire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the basic properties of waste plastic oil (WPO), mixed plastics & tire oil, desulphurized WPO, distilled WPO and blends of WPO with diesel. The comparative analyses of various properties were done between all the categories of waste plastic fuels and diesel (ASTM D7467) standard fuels. Also, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) was employed to find the functional groups of tested fuels. The waste plastics were utilized for pyrolysis under 350–450°C with atmospheric pressure conditions. After obtaining oil from pyrolysis, it was processed with both desulphurization and distillation processes for removing sulfur and refining purpose. The results showed that the distilled products and their blends were more suitable for engine operations than raw oils. Moreover, the engine can run without modification using WPO, blends of WPO & its distilled products. But the engine performance and the emission were highly affected with virgin raw WPO & distilled WPO. This was because of higher density and viscosity, lower cetane number, larger sulfur content, and acid value. Also, FTIR spectra displayed similar peaks found from both diesel and other WPO samples which confirmed the similar functional groups being present in various WPOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to investigate the process of biodrying of municipal solid waste from the old landfill to preparing it for pyrolysis or gasification. New aspect of this research is biodrying of waste from old landfill. Biodrying of wastes was carried out at different aeration rates (7, 35, and 175 dm3/kg dry matter/d) at two temperatures (23 and 50 °C). The research was carried out in the laboratory bioreactors of special design (lysimeters), which simulated the conditions prevailing in the landfill. The optimal conditions for reduction of moisture in waste (63.2%) has been attained for the highest aeration rate (175 dm3/kg dry matter/d) and temperature equal to 50 °C. The final moisture content of the obtained biodried product was 23% w/w. In the bioreactor, in which the greatest reduction of moisture was obtained, the total amount of produced CO2 was 44.9 gC/kg dry matter, and the biodrying efficiency was equal to 0.89. During biodrying of wastes in optimal conditions, higher heating value of waste increased from 4.3 to 11.0 MJ/kg. As a result of the performed pyrolysis of biodried waste at 900 °C, char, oil, and gas were obtained the respective yields of 47, 32, and 21% w/w. The gas emerging in the gasification process was characterized by higher heating value equal to 11.3 MJ/m3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]