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This study was conducted to determine effect of cultivar, inoculation, and sowing date and to yield and yield components of the only cultivated local genotype in comparison to new sweet cultivars in the 2006–2008 vegetation period in Turkey (41° 21′ N, 36° 15′ E). Six varieties (‘Bardo’, ‘Fortuna’, ‘Boruta’, ‘Borlana’, ‘Arabella’, and ‘Sonet’) were obtained from Germany, and three varieties were (‘Amigo’, ‘Lolita’, and a local genotype) obtained from Turkey. In these experiments, seed yield, thousand seed weight, plant height, first pod height, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod were investigated. In terms of these investigated features it was determined that there were differences among varieties. The local genotype in regards to seed yield performed better than the introduced sweet cultivars in each year and each treatment. However, annual environmental conditions that changed with the years, inoculation, sowing date, and genotypic (cultivars) differences may affect yield and some of the yield components. Seed yield from the autumn sowing were higher than spring sowing in both years (1.72, 2.49 t ha−1 in autumn sowing, 1.37, 1.69 t ha-1 in spring sowing, respectively), and inoculation of seed also increased seed yield. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This three-year study (2003-2005) aimed to improve the yield and quality of pastures growing naturally that are colonized by naturally occurring vegetation without agricultural input under hazelnut (Corylus sp.) orchards in the middle and eastern Black Sea regions of Turkey. There were eight treatments: 1) control; 2) fertilizer only (triple superphosphate 44% and calcium ammonium nitrate 26%) (80kg ha-1 P and 60 kg ha-1 N in Samsun; 100 kg ha-1 P and 80 kg ha-1 N in Ordu; 100 kg ha-1 P and 40 kg ha-1 N in Giresun); 3) lime only (calcium carbonate 94%) (3.0 t ha-1 lime in Samsun; 4.5 t ha-1 lime in Ordu and Giresun); 4) early cut only; 5) soil aeration only; 6) fertilizer+lime; 7) fertilizer+lime+early cut; 8) fertilizer+lime+soil aeration, laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates at each location. The highest dry matter (DM) yield of kg ha-1 and crude protein content (%) was obtained from the treatments that included fertilizer. There was no difference in DM production between any of the combination treatments that involved fertilizer and the fertilizer alone treatment. Only lime and aeration applications also increased yield compared to control, but not as much as did any treatment including fertilizer. Crude protein content of the pasture ranged from 13.3 to 18.1% across locations. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer are recommended to improve DM yields and herbage quality for pastures under hazelnut orchards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]