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Animal fats and shortenings are frequently used in the preparation of different food formulations. However, these fat ingredients are rich in saturated fatty acids, and partially hydrogenated shortening contains trans fats, which have been associated to an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Consequently, nutritionists recommend a reduction in the content of saturated and trans fatty acids in the human diet. At the same time, eliminating solid fats from the food industry is a difficult endeavor because they are necessary for many food products to have the desired quality attributes. As a result, food scientists and technologists are working together to develop healthy fat substitutes for saturated and trans fats. Structuring edible oils into solid-like oleogels has attracted increasing interest from scientists, and many types of oleogels have been developed. Although some oleogels have shown potential applicability, the application of oleogels in the food industry at a commercial scale is limited because of some technological challenges. Therefore, this article aimed to explore recent advances in research performed to study the suitability of oleogels for the application in different food products. Challenges facing the application of oleogels in the food industry and future perspectives are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate changes, soil fertility decline, water scarcity, and desertification are expected to generate a great threat to crop production and food security worldwide. Additionally, more food is needed to meet the demand of the world's growing population. Therefore, scientists are searching for innovative strategies to reduce food loss and enhance food security. Utilization of food processing by-products as food or food ingredients is one of the proposed strategies that can contribute to food security. Rice is a major food crop worldwide and there is a great amount of rice bran is produced as a byproduct of rice milling. Bran constitutes about 10% of the rough rice grain and it is rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds. Rice bran protein (RBP) has shown good nutritional and biological values. Therefore, many studies have been carried out to investigate the suitability of RBP for the application in preparing nutritional and healthy foods. Also, hydrolysates and peptides with various biological activities were isolated from RBP and identified. Therefore, this article aimed to review the research advances in extraction, potential health benefits, and food applications of RBP and its derived hydrolysates. Challenges facing the application of RBP in the food industry are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate university students' understanding of referencing conventions and terminological denotations associated with the ethical use of information. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data from the final year undergraduate and master's students at a public university in Bangladesh. In addition to demographic and academic information, students were asked to respond to 13 task-based statements to indicate whether referencing are required for them. They were also asked to write down the definitions for 10 terms related to ethical practices of information use. For referencing and definitional tasks, each correct answer or definition was given a score of 1, while each incorrect answer was given a score of 0. The item difficulty index was used for analyzing the correctness score for each referencing and definitional answer. Finally, a negative binomial regression model was used on the total referencing and definitional scores to predict the students' correctness scores. A total of 189 students participated in the survey. It was found that the majority of students never attended library orientations, information literacy instructions and academic writing workshops. The findings showed that students' correctness score for the referencing tasks was relatively high, but their correctness score was poor for the definitional answers. It appeared that students from the engineering and technology faculty and those who were enrolled in the master's programs had significantly higher correctness score. The most common form of unethical practices by students included allowing assignments to be copied by their peers or vice versa. While academic pressure was regarded as one of the main reasons for unethical practices, the majority of students felt guilty for such wrongdoings and committed to be more careful in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research paper handles a 2D deformation in a homogeneous thermoelastic photothermal semiconducting medium subjected to a magnetic field and initial stress with an internal heat source. The problem is framed in the dimensionless form and resolved utilizing the normal mode analysis method. Based on a numerical study using the parameters of silicon as a target, the physical data were attained and tested. They presented the magnetic field and initial stress. It is observed that the magnetic field and initial stress exert some influence in the P-waves in a photothermal semiconducting medium due to internal heat source. The distribution of these quantities was represented graphically with and without the internal heat source, as well as the magnetic field and the initial stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to three-phase-lag theory of thermo-elasticity to study the effects of rotation, ramp parameter and magnetic field in a micropolar generalized thermo-viscoelastic medium. By employing normal mode analysis and Lame's potential theory, the analytical expressions for the displacement components, stresses components, couple stress and temperature field are obtained in the physical domain. Numerical examples are displayed to illustrate the effects of magnetic field, rotation and ramp parameter on the results. When there is no phase-lag effects, the results of the current paper are reduced to exactly the same results available in the literature. However, the magnetic field and rotation have no effect on the non-dimensional temperature. The results indicate that the effect of magnetic field, rotation, ramp parameter, viscous and Phase-lag on the micropolar thermo-viscoelastic medium are very pronounced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the current status of IT facilities, access to online resources in the universities and the level of faculty satisfaction with university subscribed e-resources in Bangladesh. It employed two structured questionnaires for collecting data. The first questionnaire was sent to the library heads to obtain data about the current IT facilities, access to the online resources and the constraints faced by them in accessing e-resources. The second questionnaire was distributed to faculty member at public and private universities to assess their satisfaction and the difficulties that they encountered while accessing university's online resources. Descriptive statistics were obtained with regard to university IT facilities, access to digital resources and the difficulties faced by the university libraries. Non-parametric statistical tests, such as Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis were carried out to identify the significant differences between and among faculty groups. Finally, an ordinal regression model was used to analyze the effects of demographic variables and computer experience level on faculty satisfaction. The library survey found that large university libraries had adequate IT facilities but the majority of the library heads stated they had problems such as inadequate financial support and lack of trained manpower. On the other hand, the faculty survey revealed that faculty members were not satisfied with the current level of e-resources that were subscribed by the libraries. Faculty members had difficulties in finding relevant information, access to e-resources from home and limited number of titles. There were no significant differences in the level of faculty satisfaction in terms of gender and designation but significant differences were found in case of university type. Few significant differences were found in terms of faculty age and teaching experience. However, significant differences were found in faculty satisfaction with regard to computer proficiency levels for several variables. The results of ordinal regression also showed university type and computer proficiency level do affect faculty satisfaction with university e-resources. This current study is significant as universities in Bangladesh are provided with better ICT facilities with access to new online resources and services. The paper proposes ways of enhancing access to e-resources and recommends appropriate corrective or regulatory measures to be taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatic oxidative polymerization of phenol and Bisphenol A (BPA) catalyzed by Laccase enzyme immobilized into poly (Acrylonitrile-co-Styrene/Pyrrole) nanofibers (AN-co-ST/Py) in an aqueous solution was investigated in a batch adsorption mode. The prepared poly (AN-co-ST/Py) copolymeric material was electrospun to nanofibers via electrospinning technique. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect the residual phenol and BPA in the aqueous medium after the removal process. Optimization of solution's pH, temperature, initial concentration of phenolic pollutants, and amount of adsorbent and agitation speed was investigated. The results showed that the removal of phenol and BPA by Laccase in the immobilized form was higher than that in the free form.The optimum removal by the immobilized form was achieved at these conditions (Temp: 50°C, pH: 5, Agitation rate: 120 rpm, Contact time: 120 min). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prime objective of the present article is to analyze the effects of rotation and initial stress on the propagation of Rayleigh surface waves in a homogeneous, orthotropic magneto-thermoelastic half space subjected to gravity field. The frequency equations in closed form are derived and the amplitude ratios of surface displacements, temperature change during the Rayleigh wave propagation on the surface of half space have been computed analytically. The highlights of this study are the effects of different parameters (rotation, magnetic field, initial stress, and gravity) on the velocity of Rayleigh waves. Variation in phase velocity of Rayleigh waves against a wave number is shown graphically. Some particular cases have been deduced. Also, the classical Rayleigh wave equation is obtained as a special case of the present study. Numerical example has been carried out and represented by the means of graphs. Impacts of various involved parameters appearing in the solutions are carefully analyzed. In fact, in the absence of various parameters, these equations are in agreement with the results for isotropic medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to empirically examine the information skills of public university librarians and whether attending a short training on navigation to e-resources results in improvements in their knowledge base. A group of 33 librarians working at different public university libraries participated in this study. They were participants in a 90-min long training program on navigation to e-resources conducted at University Grants Commission of Bangladesh. The survey questionnaire, consisted of 12 information tasks, was distributed and answered before the training. The same tasks were repeated at the end of the training session to see the improvement of information skills. It was found that librarians did not have adequate knowledge of information skills; in fact, a major proportion of university librarians demonstrated inappropriate and insufficient knowledge before the training. The training helped improve their performance score significantly in six out of 12 tasks. The study concluded that the provision of systematic and regular training will improve the skills of librarians and it will positively affect their service outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cereal grains are a major source of human food and their production has steadily been increased during the last several decades to meet the demand of our increasing world population. The modernized society and the expansion of the cereal food industry created a need for highly efficient processing technologies, especially flour production. Earlier scientific research efforts have led to the invention of the modern steel roller mill, and the refined flour of wheat has become a basic component in most of cereal-based foods such as breads and pastries because of the unique functionality of wheat protein. On the other hand, epidemiological studies have found that consumption of whole cereal grains was health beneficial. The health benefit of whole cereal grain is attributed to the combined effects of micronutrients, phytochemicals, and dietary fibre, which are mainly located in the outer bran layer and the germ. However, the removal of bran and germ from cereal grains during polishing and milling results in refined flour and food products with lower bioactive compounds and dietary fibre contents than those from whole grain. Also, the level of bioactive compounds in cereal food is influenced by other food preparation procedures such as baking, cooking, extrusion, and puffing. Therefore, food scientists and nutritionists are searching for strategies and processing technologies to enhance the content and bioavailability of nutrients, bioactive compounds, and dietary fibre of cereal foods. The objective of this article was to review the research advances on technologies for the enhancement of bioactive compounds and dietary fibre contents of cereal and cereal-based foods. Bioactivities or biological effects of enhanced cereal and cereal-based foods are presented. Challenges facing the application of the proposed technologies in the food industry are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Year to year obesity prevalence, reduced physical activities, bad habits/or stressful lifestyle, and other environmental and physiological impacts lead to increase in diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension worldwide. Hypertension is considered as one of the most common serious chronic diseases; however, discovery of medications with high efficacy and without side effects for treatment of patients remains a challenge for scientists. Recent trends in functional foods have evidenced that food bioactive proteins play a major role in the concepts of illness and curing; therefore, nutritionists, biomedical scientists, and food scientists are working together to develop improved systems for the discovery of peptides with increased potency and therapeutic benefits. This review presents a recent research carried out to date for the purpose of isolation and identification of bioactive hydrolyzates and peptides with angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity and antihypertensive effect from animal, marine, microbial, and plant food proteins. Effects of food processing and hydrolyzation conditions as well as some other impacts on formation, activity, and stability of these hydrolyzates and peptides are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the expectations and perceptions of library service quality from university students in Bangladesh. A modified version of the five dimensional SERVQUAL instrument was used to collect data from the universities. Respondents were asked to indicate their opinion on three columns, i.e., desired, minimum, and perception of service performance using 28 service items. It was found that the students' desired expectation for services is unreasonably high. The study, therefore, made an effort to examine the sources of their expectation to develop and validate an alternative item-scale for service quality assessment. The results indicate that the students' expectation sources had a significant impact on their opinion on service quality. A large proportion of students felt that their expectation for quality services is their right. This led them to rate higher desired expectation score for services. It suggests that user's desired service expectation is unrealistic and is not reliable for quality measurement. Based on this, the study argues that the prior scales of service quality assessment, particularly the calculation of the gap difference between perception of service performance and desired service expectation cannot produce a realistic result. An alternative item-scale, called real service expectation, was developed to calculate the gap score between perception of service performance and real service expectations. The computation of real service expectation, and the corresponding gap analysis could provide a new strategic direction for service quality assessment in academic libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal degradation kinetics of solid-state D-sucrose and D-glucose were studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The melting and decomposition process of the two sugars were displayed as endothermic peaks on the DTA curve under nonisothermal conditions. It was noticed that the melting peak temperature of D-glucose was lower than that of the other sugar. For the decomposition processes, the opposite occurred. The decomposition kinetic parameters, such as the decomposition activation energy (Ed) and the frequency factor (Ko), were calculated by employing different approximations. The relative stability of the studied sugars was determined. Molecular mechanics (MM) calculations showed that the optimal geometric structure (OMG) of D-sucrose was at least three orders of magnitude more stable than the molecular geometric (MG) structure. These calculations indicate that the potential energy (PE (kcal mol-1)) of the OMG is about three (1.142 × 103) orders of magnitude lower than the MG structure of the same sugar. So, optimizing the geometry of the molecular structure (OMG) is very important for understanding the stability of this sugar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new hybrid two-stage electrocardiogram (ECG) signal compression method based on the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is proposed. The ECG signal is partitioned into blocks and the MDCT is applied to each block to decorrelate the spectral information. Then, the DWT is applied to the resulting MDCT coefficients. Removing spectral redundancy is achieved by compressing the subordinate components more than the dominant components. The resulting wavelet coefficients are then thresholded and compressed using energy packing and binary-significant map coding technique for storage space saving. Experiments on ECG records from the MIT-BIH database are performed with various combinations of MDCT and wavelet filters at different transformation levels, and quantization intervals. The decompressed signals are evaluated using percentage rms error (PRD) and zero-mean rms error (PRD1) measures. The results showed that the proposed method provides low bit-rate and high quality of the reconstructed signal. It offers average compression ratio (CR) of 21.5 and PRD of 5.89%, which would be suitable for most monitoring and diagnoses applications. Simulation results show that the proposed method compares favourably with various state-of-the-art ECG compressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression of electrocardiography (ECG) is necessary for efficient storage and transmission of the digitized ECG signals. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has recently emerged as a powerful technique for ECG signal compression due to its multi-resolution signal decomposition and locality properties. This paper presents an ECG compressor based on the selection of optimum threshold levels of DWT coefficients in different subbands that achieve maximum data volume reduction while preserving the significant signal morphology features upon reconstruction. First, the ECG is wavelet transformed into m subbands and the wavelet coefficients of each subband are thresholded using an optimal threshold level. Thresholding removes excessively small features and replaces them with zeroes. The threshold levels are defined for each signal so that the bit rate is minimized for a target distortion or, alternatively, the distortion is minimized for a target compression ratio. After thresholding, the resulting significant wavelet coefficients are coded using multi embedded zero tree (MEZW) coding technique. In order to assess the performance of the proposed compressor, records from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database were compressed at different distortion levels, measured by the percentage rms difference (PRD), and compression ratios (CR). The method achieves good CR values with excellent reconstruction quality that compares favourably with various classical and state-of-the-art ECG compressors. Finally, it should be noted that the proposed method is flexible in controlling the quality of the reconstructed signals and the volume of the compressed signals by establishing a target PRD and a target CR a priori, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface tension, sedimentation, and turbidity experiments were conducted in order to study the synergism behavior of some surfactants with ethyl xanthat mixtures on the reduction of surface tension of their aqueous solutions and on the hydrophilicity of clay surface for using it as absorbent to oil in wastewater treatment. The following systems were studied: 1) potassium ethyl xanthat (KEX) with sodium cetyl sulphate (SCS); 2) potassium ethyl xanthat with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB); and 3) potassium ethyl xanthat with ethoxylated palmetic acid (EPA). A synergistic effect of the combined reagents was found to enhance the hydrophilicity of clay and also to reduce the surface tension depending mainly on the surface properties of the mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five bis-[5-(4'-R-phenylazo)-8-hydroxyquinoline] ruthenium complexes [RuLn · Cl2 · OH2]; where Ln = 5-(4'-R-phenylazo)-8-hydroxyquinolinol, R = OCH3 (n = 1), CH3(2), H(3), Cl(4), NO2(5), have been prepared and characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, ESR, thermal analysis and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The data show that these complexes exist in trans-isomeric solid form. Two inversion-related ligands and two Ru3+ atoms form a cage-like dimer. Both ligands of the dimer are bridged by a pair of inversion-related Ru-N (azodye) bonds. The octahedral coordination geometry of Ru3+ is made up of an N of pyridine, the deprotonated quinoline O atom, one of the azodye N atoms, two chlorides and one water. The ligands in the dimer are stacked over one another. In the solid state of azo-8-hydroxyquinoline, the dimers have inter-and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Interactions between the ligands and the metal are discussed. The azo group was involved in chelation for all the prepared complexes. The effect of Hammet's constant on the ligand field parameters are also discussed and drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing use of computerized ECG processing systems requires effective electrocardiogram (ECG) data compression techniques which aim to enlarge storage capacity and improve data transmission over phone and internet lines. This paper presents a compression technique for ECG signals using the singular value decomposition (SVD) combined with discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The central idea is to transform the ECG signal to a rectangular matrix, compute the SVD, and then discard small singular values of the matrix. The resulting compressed matrix is wavelet transformed, thresholded and coded to increase the compression ratio. The number of singular values and the threshold level adopted are based on the percentage root mean square difference (PRD) and the compression ratio required. The technique has been tested on ECG signals obtained from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. The results showed that data reduction with high signal fidelity can thus be achieved with average data compression ratio of 25.2:1 and average PRD of 3.14. Comparison between the obtained results and recently published results show that the proposed technique gives better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of the bottom boundary layer of a natural rippled bed and plane bed is investigated utilizing PIV technique. An enhanced approach of the PIV is developed on the basis of the Minimum Quadratic Difference (MQD), which is better compared with the conventional cross-correlation method. Information of pixels below the instantaneous unmoved level is expelled from the calculation process so that the velocity close to the bed is computed accurately. The flow field over the natural rippled bed is measured with the enhanced approach and comparison with the LDV measurements showed that the measurements of flow field by the enhanced PIV are in a good agreement with the LDV measurements. Having verified the technique, the technique is utilized to measure the net volume flux of sand transported in sheetflow under asymmetric oscillation. The net mass transport is measured to be compared with the PIV measurement. The sand concentration is estimated from brightness through a calibration relationship. The velocity is measured and then the volume flux is integrated. It was found that the technique predicted net onshore transport although it slightly underestimated the volume flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The factors that affect the latency period between attracting a target person's attention and delivering either good or bad news were examined. The subjects were 66 (34 female, 32 male) Canadian university students. Three hypotheses were confirmed: There was a longer latency period for bad news than for good news, women had a longer latency period for bad news than for good news and a longer latency period for delivering either bad news or good news than men did, and there was a longer latency period when women delivered bad news to a man than when women delivered bad news to a woman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on P. Fraisse's (1964) theory of emotion and tries to show how it is a better explanation of aggression than any other theory of emotion. It shows difficulties inherent in the theories of aggression of Zillman and Berkowitz. These two theories of emotion are rendered useless by the recent advances in endocrinology, sophisticated techniques to record autonomic response skin conductivity, and other measures of emotional responses that show differential patterns. Fraisse's theory states that emotion is a response to a situation for which the individual is not prepared. Emotional intensity will be greater in response to unanticipated events than to events that are anticipated. The unexpected death of a young family member is more shocking and saddening than the expected death of a bedridden, aging grandparent. Results of the study confirmed the hypothesis that subjects who expected donations and were then refused would give a more negative evaluation of the confederate than would the group that was not assured of any donation.

The purpose of the experiment was to demonstrate whether men are more aggressive when disappointed by a woman whom they like rather than dislike. First, 78 men, 19 to 24 years of age, were recruited by using a newspaper advertisement. They were then placed in one of the two conditions: They were confronted by a female confederate that they either liked or did not like; they then received either positive or negative personal evaluations by the particular confederate in relation to prose-reading tasks. Dependent measures on blood pressure, use of bogus electric shock on a person, and evaluation of the confederate were taken as measures of aggression. The following predictions were made: (a) Negative evaluations by the liked confederate would result in more aggression than by either a disliked confederate or by a liked confederate giving a positive evaluation, and (b) subjects would be more aggressive when the female confederate gave them a negative rather than a positive evaluation or when she was disliked rather than liked. Predictions were supported on all the measures of aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field study was conducted to test the following hypotheses: Canadian Ss will be more aggressive when (a) they are frustrated close to the goal than when they are frustrated away from the goal; (b) they are frustrated by an East Indian than by European confederates (Cs); (c) they are frustrated by younger than by older Cs; (d) they are frustrated by a C who breaks into a queue without saying “excuse me” than after saying “excuse me”; (e) they are male rather than female, and (f) they are male and closer to goal when frustrated than if they are female or if they are of either sex and away from the goal. Two East Indians and two European Canadian Cs frustrated 320 male and female Canadians in 32 experimental conditions. A five-way analysis of variance confirmed the above hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient market hypothesis for the Canadian foreign exchange market is tested using monthly data on spot and forward exchange rates from January 1973 to October 1995. Unlike most previous studies, we have estimated a transfer function model which combines the results of the univariate time series models with those of the regression model. Following the convention, equations derived from the market efficiency models have been used in both level and change specifications. Like many previous studies, the results from the transfer function model have failed to provide evidence in support of the efficient market hypothesis. These findings suggest that significant arbitraging opportunities existed in the Canadian foreign during the period under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to see the difference between the visibility and invisibility of the victim, as it affects aggression, cheating, and rudeness. Three hypotheses were tested: individuals will be more aggressive, will cheat more, and will be more rude when the victim is invisible than when he is visible. The first two hypotheses were tested on 70 Laurentian University students under laboratory conditions, whereas the third hypothesis was tested on a road where 120 observations were made. All the hypotheses were confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents results of a study based on the hypothesis that individuals in romantic relationships would distance more when writing rejection letters than when writing letters of acceptance. Thirty-two female Canadian social psychology undergraduates who were not familiar with the immediacy principle wrote letters of acceptance or rejection. The women were asked to imagine that they had been asked out on a date by a man they had previously gone out with. To enhance believability, we asked the women to remember a similar experience. Half the women were asked to write a letter of rejection, and the other half were asked to write a letter of acceptance. After they had finished writing these letters, both groups of women were asked to compose letters containing the opposite message. These data demonstrate the applicability of Mehrabian's immediacy principle to romantic letters and are consistent with other findings. Thus, distancing theory is relevant to social-cognitive material as well as to overt behavior.

Milgram's proximity-remoteness model, showing that it is more difficult to be cruel to a close victim, has been replicated. The present paper reports two additional experiments that demonstrate that individuals are harsher in their judgments and evaluations when the target person is invisible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims at testing three hypotheses regarding a motorist in distress along the side of the road: (a) more motorists will help on a lonely than on a busy road; (b) more motorists will help in sunny than in rainy weather; and (c) more motorists will help a female than a male victim. The procedure and what was said to the helping motorists was the same as Skolnick's. We differed from Skolnick and used the variable sunny or rainy weather instead of' night or day time. A 2 x 2 x 2 design was used, varying location (busy or lonely road), sex of the victim, and weather (sunny or rainy). All the observations were made by hidden observers in the month of September and October between noon to 4:00 p.m. in time blocks of 10 minutes. In rainy conditions, the C did not start waving for help until he was wet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the use of Fusarium oxysporum as a biological control of witchweed in Nigeria. Description of the potential fungus for the biocontrol of Striga hermonthica; Existence of control measures to combat S. hermonthica; Use of herbicides, germination stimulants, host resistance and biological control for the treatment.