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Emergent exotic phenomena in the self-assembled process of vertically aligned nanocomposite (VAN) thin film remain under intensive studies. Insight exploration on the self-assembled formation from the combination of two different phases of materials is not only important to optimize the physical properties yields from those combined materials, but also open up a new avenue to discover new materials with the VAN system. In this work, the thermodynamic control of the self-assembled formation of BiFeO3-CoFe2O4 (BFO-CFO) VAN thin film has been confirmed by studying the effects of substrate temperature during the growth process by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The structural examination results on the samples, which were growing with various substrate temperatures highlight the importance of the thermodynamic factor to control the crystalline structure of BFO phase and CFO pillar size, which then affect the physical properties and further its practical applications. For instance, we can control the size of the CFO pillar using a temperature substrate to find appropriate spin magnetic switching in the CFO pillar for memory device applications. This study also sheds light on the relationship between thermodynamics and elastic strain energy on the formation of self-assembled matrix-pillars of the BFO-CFO VAN which is important for device fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of two-dimensional (2D) materials for biomedical applications has accelerated exponentially. Contrary to their bulk counterparts, the exceptional properties of 2D materials make them highly prospective for contrast agents for bioimage, drug, and heat delivery in biomedical treatment. Nevertheless, empty space in the integration and utilisation of 2D materials in living biological systems, potential toxicity, as well as required complicated synthesis and high-cost production limit the real application of 2D materials in those advance medical treatments. On the other hand, green technology appears to be one of strategy to shed a light on the blurred employment of 2D in medical applications, thus, with the increasing reports of green technology that promote advanced technologies, here, we compile, summarise, and synthesise information on the biomedical technology of 2D materials through green technology point of view. Beginning with a fundamental understanding, of crystal structures, the working mechanism, and novel properties, this article examines the recent development of 2D materials. As well as 2D materials made from natural and biogenic resources, a recent development in green-related synthesis was also discussed. The biotechnology and biomedical-related application constraints are also discussed. The challenges, solutions, and prospects of the so-called green 2D materials are outlined. SYNOPSIS. The so-called green 2D materials could be used in biomedical applications more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BiFeO3-CoFe2O4 (BFO-CFO) vertically aligned nanocomposite (VAN) thin-film promises great potentials for next-generation electronic devices. Its strong magnetoelectric, antiferromagnetic-ferrimagnetic, and structural couplings occur via large interface area interactions across the vertical surface between BFO and CFO phases; this leads to emergent exotic fundamental physics rendering its potential applications for various electronics, such as magnetic sensor, data storages or memory devices, and energy harvesting devices. The distinctive photoactivity of both BFO and CFO phases in the BFO-CFO VAN system also can generate advanced applications as photovoltaic and photocatalytic devices. Furthermore, owing to small overpotential and excellent stability in alkaline media, BFO-CFO nanocomposites becomes the next electrode in electrocatalysis devices. The BFO-CFO VAN also have been exponentially developed having various type of thin-film architectures grown on various substrates. In this present article, we review the current status of the BFO-CFO VAN thin-film and discuss the fundamental understanding as well as the technology involved in developing this material. We also address the challenges that hinder the commercialization of this material and propose some plausible solutions to encourage BFO-CFO VAN-based electronic devices to reach their maturity level. Furthermore, the potential marketability of the BFO-CFO VAN materials and devices for future consumer products is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]