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Safeguarding the agricultural environment from pollution is one of the most critical challenges facing the world in the context of climate change. The loss of nitrogen fertilizers through agricultural runoff or volatilization in the form of nitrate or ammonia emissions is a significant contributor to pollution. This loss also represents an economic waste that may lead to increased prices of agricultural products. Therefore, finding a solution to this problem has become imperative. An experiment was conducted on wheat plants using various rates of urea coated with slow-release materials. The study aimed to assess the impact of these fertilizers on wheat growth and yield, nutrient uptake, and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE). Results demonstrated that urea fertilizers coated with slow-release materials outperformed conventional fertilizers in terms of wheat growth and yield, uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as NUtE. The most favorable outcomes were achieved using urea-formaldehyde, urea-humic, and urea-biochar fertilizers at 100% of the recommended nitrogen application rate. This resulted in economically viable grain production with high fertilizer efficiency. Based on these findings, we recommend applying either urea-formaldehyde or urea-humic at a rate of 107 kg N ha−1 to produce wheat grain and straw with enhanced NUtE. This approach can help reduce environmental pollution caused by nitrogen losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global climate crisis, exacerbated by intensifying natural disasters such as floods, droughts, rising sea levels, and forest fires, is rapidly depleting our water resources. To mitigate this, sustainable management of arid regions is crucial, requiring the implementation of effective water storage techniques, enhancement of soil water resources, and optimization of water utilization. Drought stress poses a significant challenge to agriculture, but the colonization of plants by mycorrhizal fungi offers a promising solution, enhancing drought tolerance and potentially alleviating plant water stress. Complementing this, organic materials like biochar, renowned for their extensive surface area and soil-stabilizing properties, can significantly improve soil water retention capacity, providing a synergistic approach when combined with mycorrhizal fungi. Although mycorrhiza positively impacts plant resistance to water stress, the exact mechanisms by which it facilitates water uptake and transport to plant tissues are still under investigation. Additionally, the implementation of water-conserving irrigation methods, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, can further enhance water efficiency. The use of cover crops in agricultural production also reduces water losses by maintaining soil surface coverage and enhancing carbon and water storage in the soil. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms underlying water retention in biochar-amended soils is a crucial area of ongoing research. Finally, adopting and scaling up Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) techniques, a relatively innovative approach, is vital for addressing water resource challenges in dryland regions and holds great promise for promoting resilient and sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitigating methane (CH4) emissions using methanotrophs (methane-oxidizing bacteria, MOB), is a simple, energy efficient and cheap technology. The abundance and distribution of MOB in the environmental samples is critical for efficient removal of emitted CH4 from any source. This study evaluated the performance of farm soils without and with cheap, easily accessible bulking materials as sustainable hybrid biofilter media. Soil-only biofilters removed up to 865 ± 19 g CH4 m−3 d−1 with well-drained organic carbon-rich soils compared with 264 ± 14 g CH4 m−3 d−1 for poorly drained soil. The removal efficiency decreased with increasing flow rate (0.16→0.24 L min−1) and subsequent priming could not return soil biofilters to their previous removal rate. Hybrid biofilters using organic, carbon-rich soils and compost removed up to 2698 g CH4 m−3 d−1 (flow rate 0.35 L min−1). Increasing CH4 flow rates also reduced their efficiency, but the hybrid biofilters with compost quickly regained most of their efficiency and removed up to 2262 g CH4 m−3 d−1 (flow rate 0.3 L min−1) after remixing of biofilter media. These results show that hybrid biofilters removed higher CH4 than soil-only biofilters and were also more resilient. The MOB gene abundance results complement the CH4 removal capacity of both soil-only and hybrid biofilter materials used. The more aerobic, carbon-rich soils had more abundant MOB than the poorly drained soil. The most porous hybrid biofilter with compost and more available nutrients to sustain bacterial growth and activity had the highest MOB abundance and removed the most CH4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar, a waste biomass-derived adsorbent, holds promise for decentralised wastewater treatment. However, limited research exists on its efficacy in adsorbing anionic surfactants in wastewater. To address this, the adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), a common anionic surfactant, was studied using various biochar types: rice husk biochar (RH-550 and RH-700), wheat straw biochar (WS-550 and WS-700) produced at 550°C and 700°C, wood-based biochar (OB), and activated carbon (AC) as a control. The study investigated the impact of pH (3–9), adsorbent loading (1–10 g/L), adsorbent size (<0.5–2.5 mm), contact time (5–180 min), and initial concentration (50–200 mg/L) on SDS removal. Under optimised conditions (100 mg/L SDS, 4 g/L adsorbent, 1–2 mm particle size, pH 8.3, and 180 min contact time), maximum SDS removals were RH-550 (78%), RH-700 (82.4%), WS-550 (89.5%), WS-700 (90.4%), AC (97%), and OB (88.4%). Among the tested adsorbent materials, WS-550 exhibited the highest SDS adsorption capacity at 66.23 mg/g compared to AC (80.65 mg/g), followed by RH-550 (49.75 mg/g), OB (45.87 mg/g), RH-700 (43.67 mg/g), and WS-700 (42.74 mg/g). SDS adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating chemisorption on the adsorbent surface. The Freundlich isotherm model exhibited a better fit for the experimental data on SDS adsorption using all tested adsorbents except for RH-550. This study showed that biochars produced from agricultural and forestry residues are effective adsorbents for SDS in aqueous solutions and can be a promising sustainable and low-cost material for the treatment of greywater containing anionic surfactants (e.g. handwashing, laundry, kitchen, and bathroom greywaters). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMultiplication and perpetuation of plants through sexual and asexual means at desired quantum and quality is one of the important aspects. Growing media plays an important role in the multiplication of the planting material. Growing media consists of mixtures of components that provide support to plant growth. The selection of suitable growing media plays a crucial role in the production of quality planting material for plantation and spice crops. Various factors such as anchorage, water and nutrient availability, aeration, pH regulation, and microbial habitat of growing media ensure robust development in the nursery stage. The use of appropriate growing media enhances root establishment, nutrient uptake, and overall plant vigor, thereby contributing to the production of high-quality planting material. Additionally, growing media discussed in this review offer insights into optimizing growth parameters and enhancing the yield potential of crops like black pepper, ginger, turmeric, nutmeg, tamarind, garcinia, curry leaf, clove, cinnamon, vanilla, saffron, tea, coffee, oil palm, areca nut, and coconut. Understanding the specific requirements of each crop and selecting suitable growing media are essential steps toward achieving sustainable and productive plantation and spice crop cultivation. This review details the necessity and significance of growing media in fostering optimal conditions for nursery establishment and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe foundation bearing capacity in island reef infrastructure construction is often inadequate due to the poor engineering properties of calcareous sand. Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) has emerged as an efficient and environmentally friendly method to improve these properties, significantly enhancing the mechanical behavior of calcareous sand. However, the effectiveness of EICP is constrained by environmental factors that affect free urease activity and the limited availability of nucleation sites. To further improve the mechanical properties of EICP-reinforced calcareous sand, this study explores the addition of biochar to the sand. The characteristics of the samples were evaluated using unconfined compressive strength tests, calcium carbonate content measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that incorporating biochar into EICP significantly increases calcium carbonate production, strengthens the reinforced sand, and reduces surface porosity. This improvement is attributed to biochar’s surface properties, which provide additional nucleation sites for calcium carbonate formation, enhancing calcium carbonate content and sand strength. However, controlling the biochar content at approximately 5% is crucial to avoid excessive porosity, which could weaken the material. These findings offer a theoretical foundation for applying EICP-biochar-reinforced calcareous sand in engineering projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is a product of carbon rich mass produced through the pyrolysis of organic wastes. Several reviews have been published demonstrating the effects of biochar on soil health, plant productivity and on the amelioration of adverse effects of climate. Depending upon the type of biomass and pyrolysis conditions maintained, biochar acquire specific characteristics like cation exchange capacity, pore size, surface area, mineral contents, energy density and adsorption capacity and help in serving a prime role in agriculture, climate change and waste management. Biochar significance also stems from its ability to sequester significant amount of carbon and reducing the efflux of greenhouse gas emission in the environment. Biochar is an important ecological niche for microbes, as biochar porous structure and high surface area, if maintained, helps in proliferation of microbes (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhization). Biochar amendment has multiple effects on biological and biochemical properties, e.g. retention of nutrients (N, P, K), organic matter (C), water holding capacity and soil respiration, ultimately improving crop yield. In addition, it facilitates in providing tolerance against different abiotic and biotic stresses. Surface modification of biochar with nanomaterial is a promising strategy affecting its sorption capacity for contaminant removal. This review focuses on evaluating the role of biochar alone and in combination with PGPR on soil health, plant productivity under stress, enhancement of systemic resistance in plants and waste management. Further, this review demonstrates the modulation of functional characteristics of biochar as affected by nanomaterial in concert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silkworm excrement (SE) and silkworm excrement-derived biochar (BC) were applied to atrazine-contaminated soil at the rates of 0% and 0.5% (w/w), respectively. The effect of organic amendments on sorption capacity, microbial biomass carbon, enzyme activity (dehydrogenase, urease and catalase) and bacterial composition in soil were evaluated. Atrazine significantly decreased the microbial activity and diversity in soil. Both SE and BC treatments increased the sorption of atrazine in soil. SE treatment significantly increased the microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activity in contaminated soil. Unlike the addition of silkworm excrement, BC treatment had no significant effect on dehydrogenase activity. Additionally, Illumina-MiSeq sequencing analyses showed that the two organic amendments increased the Shannon index of bacteria. SE treatment improved the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. BC treatment improved the Proteobacteria in atrazine contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of wastewater pollution in the production of monosodium glutamate (MSG) is becoming more and more serious. A novel type of chemically modified Salix psammophila powder charcoal (SPPCAM) was synthesized to address the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in MSG wastewater. SPPCAM was prepared by carbonization method, in which inorganic ammonium molybdate (AM) was used as modifier and Salix psammophila powder (SPP) was used as raw material. Under optimal treatment conditions, maximum removal rates (removal capacities) of 45.9% (3313.2 mg·L−1) for COD and 29.4% (23.2 mg·L−1) for NH3-N in MSG wastewater were achieved. The treatment results significantly outperforming the unmodified Salix psammophila powder charcoal (SPPC), which only achieved removal rates (removal capacities) of 10.6% (763.9 mg·L−1) for COD and 12.9% (10 mg·L−1) for NH3-N. SPPC and SPPCAM before and after preparation were analysed by FT-IR and XRD, and Mo ions in the form of Mo2C within SPPCAM were successfully loaded. SEM, EDS-Mapping, BET, and other methods were used to analyse SPPCAM before and after MSG wastewater treatment, demonstrating that SPPCAM effectively treated organic pollutants in monosodium glutamate wastewater. The NH3-N in the treated MSG wastewater has reached the standard of safe discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar addition plays an important role in manure composting, but its driving mechanism on microbial succession and humification process of human excreta composting is still unclear. In the present study, the mechanism of biochar addition was explored by analysing the humification process and microbial succession pattern of human excreta aerobic composting without and with 10% biochar (HF and BHF). Results indicated that BHF improved composting temperature, advanced the thermophilic phase by 1 d, increased the germination index by 49.03%, promoted the growth rate of humic acid content by 17.46%, and raised the compost product with the ratio of humic acid to fulvic acid (HA/FA) by 16.19%. Biochar regulated the diversity of fungi and bacteria, increasing the relative abundance of Planifilum, Meyerozyma and Melanocarpus in the thermophilic phase, and Saccharomonospora, Flavobacterium, Thermomyces and Remersonia in the mature phase, which accelerates the humification. Bacterial communities' succession had an obvious correlation with the total carbon, total nitrogen, and temperature (P < 0.05), while the succession of fungal communities was influenced by the HA/FA and pH (P < 0.05). This study could provide a reference for the improvement of on-site human excreta harmless by extending the thermophilic phase, and facilitating the humification in human excreta compost with biochar addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess the ameliorants effect on the biological parameters and Haplic Chernozems hydrophobicity. In model experiment conditions, Haplic Chernozem was polluted by oil and remediation with application of nitroammophos, Sodium humate, biochar, and Baikal EM-1 was simulated during to 30, 90, and 180 days. Indicators of soils activity – germination and intensity indicators of initial seed growth, the activity of catalase and dehydrogenases, the total number of bacteria, hydrophobicity were studied. On the 30 and 90th days after remediation, the most significant reliable decrease in oil regarding was promoted by 2 D biochar. After 180 days of dose 1 D and dose 2 D nitroammophos, as well as 1 D Baikal EM-1, the total petroleum hydrocarbon content was reduced significantly. Baikal EM-1 and biochar contributes to the greatest decrease in hydrophobicity at all periods of the experiment to a greater extent. On the 30th day, the introduction of nitroammophos, biochar, and 1 D Sodium humate contributed to an increase in the integral indicator of the biological state of oil-contaminated Haplic Chernozem, on the 90th day, the introduction of all doses of biochar led to an increase in the indicator, and on the 180th – all doses of Baikal EM-1, and 0.5 D Sodium humate. The research results may be used when choosing a method of soil restoration after oil pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nHIGHLIGHTSSoybeans are a vital crop globally, significantly contributing to food security, soil fertility, and economic development. However, soil conditions can constrain their productivity, including nutrient deficiencies and acidity. This study explores the combined effects of biochar (BC) and Rhizobium inoculation (RI) on soybean growth, nodulation, and yield. The experiment was conducted over two growing seasons and employed a split-plot design with five BC application rates (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 t ha− 1) and two RI levels (uninoculated and inoculated) across four replications. The results demonstrated that the integration of BC and RI significantly improved various growth parameters, including nodulation, biomass accumulation, pod number, and grain yield. The highest grain yield was observed at 8 t ha−1 BC with RI, yielding 3394 kg ha−1 in 2021 and 2542 kg ha−1 in 2022. This was identical to the yield attained with the 6 t ha−1 BC rate paired with RI in both years. The inoculated control treatment consistently demonstrated the lowest grain yield. Additionally, it showed a significant (p < .05) impact on the weight of one hundred seeds. The study also revealed significant and consistent relationships among soybeans’ growth and yield features. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the combined application of BC and RI has a positive impact on soybean yield and its key components. Bradyrhizobium inoculation of soybeans resulted in significant changes in plant growth and yield components compared to the control treatment.Rice husk BC application at different rates (2, 4, 6, and 8 t/ha) resulted in significant changes in plant growth and yield components compared to the control treatment.The combined application of BC and RI resulted in significant changes in plant growth and yield components compared to the control treatment.Plant growth parameters, including root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and nodulation showed significant improvement with RI and BC application.Significant improvement with RI and BC application was also observed in the yield components including pod yield, grain yield, 100-seed weight, and harvest index.Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between grain yield and shoot dry weight, root dry weight, nodule number, and nodule dry weight, indicating that higher grain was associated with better plant growth.Bradyrhizobium inoculation of soybeans resulted in significant changes in plant growth and yield components compared to the control treatment.Rice husk BC application at different rates (2, 4, 6, and 8 t/ha) resulted in significant changes in plant growth and yield components compared to the control treatment.The combined application of BC and RI resulted in significant changes in plant growth and yield components compared to the control treatment.Plant growth parameters, including root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and nodulation showed significant improvement with RI and BC application.Significant improvement with RI and BC application was also observed in the yield components including pod yield, grain yield, 100-seed weight, and harvest index.Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between grain yield and shoot dry weight, root dry weight, nodule number, and nodule dry weight, indicating that higher grain was associated with better plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNovelty statementEnriched biochar with improved properties and functionality can play a significant role in providing sustainable solutions for mitigating heavy metal contamination in soil. In this experiment, the effects of solid and enriched biochars (potassium-enriched biochar (BC-K), magnesium-enriched biochar (BC-Mg), both individually and combined) were examined on soil microbial and enzyme activities, as well as nutrient uptake by basil plants cultivated in a soil with three levels of arsenic (nontoxic, 50 mg As kg−1 soil, and 100 mg As kg−1 soil). Biochar-related treatments, increased soil organic matter (65–76%), while decreased availability of arsenic (6–55%) in the soil. The microbial biomass carbon (by about 123%) and soil basal respiration (by about 256%), and soil enzymatic activities (β-glucosidase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, and dehydrogenase) were enhanced by enriched biochars under arsenic toxicity. The solid and particularly enriched biochars decreased arsenic content and improved nitrogen and phosphorus contents of roots and shoots, root length, root activity, and root and shoot biomass in basil plants. Therefore, it is conceivable to suggest that enriched biochars are superior treatments for improving nutrient absorption rates and basil growth under arsenic toxicity through decreasing arsenic mobility and increasing soil microbial activities.Nutrient-enriched biochars with improved physicochemical properties could help to increase plant productivity, especially under heavy metal-contaminated soils. High arsenic adsorbing capacity of nano-Mg- and K-enriched biochars reduced arsenic availability and improved soil microbial activities involved in nutrient metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, biochar has garnered significant interest as a viable remedy for enhancing soil quality and elevating crop output in problematic soils. This article delves into the repercussions of biochar on vegetable production in challenging soils, exploring its capacity to improve plant growth, nutrient accessibility, and its influence on soil microbial communities. A meticulous evaluation of pertinent literature exposes that the impacts of biochar on vegetable crop production can vary, contingent upon factors like biochar composition, application dosage, and crop variety. Moreover, biochar has the potential to interact with other soil additives and fertilizers, potentially influencing its efficacy. This research presents insights into the existing knowledge voids crucial for a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms through which biochar influences vegetable production in challenging soils. The primary focus of this paper is to emphasize the capability of biochar in ameliorating soil fertility and boosting vegetable yields in challenging soils, with an emphasis on the importance of further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change-caused water deficiency is a major threat to crop production. Different strategies such as biochar and mycorrhiza are suggested as a solution to improve water storage in the soil and increase plant tolerance to moisture deficiency. This study tested the hypothesis that under deficit irrigation conditions, the combined application of biochar and mycorrhiza can increase maize photosynthesis activity, growth, and water use efficiency (WUE). A greenhouse experiment was established to understand the effect of biochar and mycorrhizal inoculation with deficit irrigation on maize (Zea mays L.) growth, photosynthesis activity, and WUE. A factorial randomized pot experiment was designed using three biochars (B) doses from three different feedstock (DF) and three mycorrhizae (M) species (without mycorrhizae, Rhizophagus clarus and indigenous mycorrhiza), with three different irrigation (I) levels, namely, I100, I75, and I50 respectively 100%, 75%, and 50% of field capacity. For each biochar application, of 0%, 1%, and 2% rates of soil weight were applied. Maize plant dry matter (DM), photosynthesis activities, and leaf water use efficiency (WUEL) were measured. The results showed that deficit irrigation levels, such as I75 and I50 can be used for maize plant growth. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased maize plant growth between 8.2% and 8.9%, whereas biochar increased growth. In addition, mycorrhizal inoculation increased the photosynthesis activity by 9.3%. All the biochars increased maize growth and photosynthesis activity compared to the control, however, poultry manure biochar had the highest growth, photosynthesis activity, and WUE. In addition, statistically, there were no significant differences between B0*M0*I100 and B*M*I50 applications in terms of photosynthesis activity, WUE, and DM. Combined application of biochar and mycorrhiza statistically reduced irrigation water use by 50% without affecting plant DM production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe escalating growth in municipal solid waste production underscores the imperative need for efficient waste management, especially given that a substantial portion of MSW comprises biodegradable materials suitable for composting. This study investigates the impacts of using a synthetic bulking agent (perforated plastic balls) in conjunction with biochar, a natural bulking agent, on the aerobic composting of kitchen waste. The study aim to evaluate the effectiveness of this combined approach in optimizing the composting process. Four trials, each spanning 30 days, were conducted to assess the effects of different combinations of synthetic and natural bulking agents. The study uses a uniform-size perforated synthetic bulking agent in combination with biochar to enhance the composting process. Results indicate that incorporating the perforated plastic balls (8% by weight) alongside biochar significantly influenced key composting parameters. This approach accelerated the initial rise in temperature to 55°C, enhanced the reduction of total organic carbon, improved total Kjeldahl nitrogen retention, and facilitated the achievement of optimal carbon-nitrogen (C/N) ratios ranging from 19 to 20. Furthermore, the analysis of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) loss during composting revealed that potassium is more susceptible to leaching than phosphorus due to its higher mobility. The study concludes that the addition of a uniform-size perforated synthetic bulking agent, constituting 8% (by weight), in conjunction with a natural bulking agent, effectively enhances the composting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation aims to study adsorption-desorption behavior of glyphosate and tricyclazole in rice straw-compost biomixtures. To enhance pesticide adsorption and performance of the bio-purification system, rice straw-compost (BM) biomixture was mixed with wheat straw biochar (WBC, 1% and 5%), and adsorption of both pesticides in control (BM) and WBCBM(1%) and WBCBM(5%) biomixtures was compared. The kinetics study suggested that the pseudo-second-order model best explained the time-dependent adsorption of both pesticides and intraparticle adsorption was not the rate-determining step. Tricyclazole was more sorbed than glyphosate in all biomixtures which can be attributed to its lower water solubility. The WBC increased the sorption of both pesticides, but the effect varied with the nature of pesticides and biochar content. The adsorption coefficient values in BM, WBCBM(1%), and WBCBM(5%) biomixtures were 26.74, 38.16, and 51.97 (glyphosate) and 38.07, 59.94, and 84.54 (tricyclazole), respectively. The adsorption data was subjected to the Freundlich, the Langmuir, and the Temkin isotherms, and among them, the Freundlich isotherm best explained pesticide adsorption behavior. Desorption results suggested that the adsorption of glyphosate was more irreversible than tricyclazole and depended upon initial pesticide concentration. This study suggested that biochar mixed rice straw-compost biomixtures can be exploited in bio-purification systems for glyphosate and tricyclazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of appropriate organic amendments as the carriers of bacterial consortium may improve the remediation efficiency of HMs-polluted soil. A greenhouse experiment was designed and carried out to investigate the capability of biochar, and activated carbon prepared from ostrich manure and almond husk as the carriers of bacterial inoculants in the phytoremediation of a calcareous soil polluted with Pb, Ni, Cd and Zn by maize. Results showed that the application of biochar and activated carbon prepared from ostrich manure increased root (78–129%) and shoot (72.3–272%) dry weight, as compared to the control. The values of metal accumulation in both maize root and shoot were in the order of Cd>Zn>Ni>Pb. While biochar and activated carbon prepared from ostrich manure significantly increased both root and shoot metals uptake, those prepared from almond husk drastically decreased the uptake of some metals. The foremost mechanism involved in the phytoremediation of Cd, Ni and Pb was phytostabilization while that of Zn was due to the phytoextraction. Results of the present study demonstrated the effectiveness of ostrich manure-derived biochar and activated carbon as an efficient treatment in the phytoremediation of multi-metal-polluted soils and the mitigation of HMs phytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is a carbon-rich product obtained by biomass pyrolysis and is considered as a means of carbon sequestration. However, there is limited knowledge regarding responses of soil respiration and C-cycle enzyme activities to BC in a calcareous soil. In this study, different biochar AS, TS, PP, CS were applied to the soil at different rates (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) The highest increase in soil organic C content was observed in the TS treatment, while the AS treatment caused a slight increase of soil organic C. The highest MBC content was recorded in AS treatment and the lowest was observed in TS. The highest CO2-C emission was recorded in the TS treatment. In contrast, the lowest CO2-C emission was observed in the PP treatment due to its high recalcitrant C content and was attributed to a positive priming effect, stabilizing BC mineralization to improve the soil. The highest β-galactosidase enzyme activity was observed in the CS treatment and the lowest activity was observed in AS. The highest change in β-glycosidase enzyme activity was observed of PP treatment and the lowest was in AS biochar application. Thus, TS treatment is recommended to increase the organic C content of soils, and the PP biochar can be used to reduce CO2-C emission. The TS, PP, and CS can be applied to increase enzyme activities. The study clearly shows that the addition of BC to arid soils may have a high potential to improve soil enzyme activities and subsequent carbon sequestration and biochemical cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can generate energy while processing organic pollutants, which has a great impact on environmental wastewater treatment applications. In this study, a gel polymer was formed by Co-Fe-N co-doping biochar (Co-Fe-N@BC), which was used as the anode material to improve the electricity generation performance of MFC. The Co-Fe-N@BC material prepared at 900℃ carbonised biomass into more graphitic carbon, and its total resistance (3.56 Ω) was significantly reduced. In the corresponding dual-chamber MFC, the current density was 2.81 A/m2, and the power density reached 1181 mW/m2 at maximum. Among the materials tested, the Co-Fe-N@BC anode MFC had the highest chemical oxygen demand removal rate and coulombic efficiency, reaching 91% and 13%, respectively. It is proved that MFC with Co-Fe-N@BC anode has the best electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of bamboo charcoal (BBC) and coconut shell charcoal (CSC) on the adsorption and degradation of 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA) in soil were investigated by batch equilibrium and soil incubation experiments. The pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of BBC and CSC on the uptake and bioaccumulation of 3,5-DCA in chives (Allium ascalonicum). The adsorption capacity of CSC and BBC to 3,5-DCA depended on their specific surface area and total pore volume, and the adsorption mechanism was mainly physical. Two types of biochar delayed the degradation of 3, 5-DCA in the soil and were positively correlated with their dose. Biochar effectively alleviated the negative effects of 3,5-DCA on plant height and fresh weight of chive, with a decreasing order of CSC > BBC. Compared with the control, the accumulation of 3,5-DCA in chives decreased by 36.44% ~ 65.70% and 36.05% ~ 68.12%, respectively, with the addition of 0.1% ~ 1.0% BBC and CSC. These two types of biochar increased the adsorption capacity and persistence of 3,5-DCA in soil but alleviated biotoxicity and reduced accumulation in chive plants. CSC promises greater potential than BBC for remediation of 3,5-DCA contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTThe release of hazardous hexavalent chromium from chromite mining seriously threatens habitats and human health by contaminating water, air, and soil. Vulnerability to hexavalent chromium can result in significant health risks, viz, respiratory issues, gastrointestinal illnesses, skin problems in humans, and a plethora of toxic effects in animals. Moreover, Cr(VI) toxicity can adversely affect plant physiology by inhibiting seed germination, nutrient uptake, cell division, and root development, ultimately impairing growth and vitality. Fortunately, innovative techniques such as phytoremediation and nanotechnology have been developed to address heavy metal contamination, offering a promising solution, mainly through the use of hyperaccumulating plants. Biochar derived from plant waste is widely used and is emerging as a sustainable strategy for remediating Cr(VI) contamination. Biochar is rich in carbon and highly influential in removing Cr(VI) from contaminated soils. This approach addresses immediate challenges while providing a sustainable pathway for environmental rehabilitation in chromium mining. Integrating innovative technologies with nature-based solutions offers a holistic approach to reducing the harmful effects of chromium mining, thus protecting both human well-being and ecosystems. This review highlights the impact of Cr(VI) on different living biotas and further emphasizes the use of plants and plant-based materials for the sustainable remediation of chromite mining regions.Cr(VI) pollution is a primary environmental crisis, and remediation using natural entities such as plants has been widely practiced. Most of these studies have documented the efficiency of plants in the remediation process. The current review emphasizes the different criteria for the selection of Cr(VI) hyperaccumulators. It also outlines the drawbacks of the technique and emphasizes the use of biochar derived from plant biomass as a better alternative. This review provides the latest updates in the field of remediation of Cr(VI) by employing both plants and plant-based biochar. Moreover, it highlights the possible biases and ethical deliberations that need to be taken into due consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the practical applications of biochar as an innovative and sustainable conductive filler in composite materials. Utilizing the conventional melt-blending method, we prepared conductive pinewood biochar-filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) composites and systematically examined their electrical, mechanical, rheological and thermal properties. Our results reveal a significant enhancement of electrical and mechanical properties upon the inclusion of conductive pinewood biochar in the PLA/PBAT matrix. With the addition of 10 wt% of conductive pinewood biochar, the average surface resistivity of the composites decreased by three orders of magnitude, measuring $4.86 \times {10^{10}}{\rm{\Omega }}/{\rm{sq}}$4.86×1010Ω/sq, which meets the antistatic requirements for polymer composites. Additionally, the average tensile strength of the biochar filler composites improved by 53% with an addition of just 1 wt% of biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSalt stress, which impairs plant growth and induces oxidative stress, presents a major challenge in agriculture. In response, biochar has emerged as a promising soil amendment, capable of enhancing plants’ stress tolerance mechanisms. This study investigated the impact of rice husk biochar (RBC), derived from rice husks, on enhancing salt stress tolerance in lettuce plants grown under greenhouse conditions. Molecular and chemical characterization of the biochar samples was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. Salinity reduced the fresh and dry weights of the plants from 25.0 g plant−1 and 1.83 g plant−1 to 20.4 g plant−1 and 1.42 g plant−1, respectively. The application of RBC recovered the growth decline caused by salinity, increasing the fresh and dry weights of the plants to 28.1 g plant−1 and 1.83 g plant−1, respectively. While the concentrations of sodium and chloride in plants decreased with RBC application, potassium and silicon concentrations significantly increased. As a result of salt stress, hydrogen peroxide levels (H2O2) increased in plant tissues, and a decrease in H2O2 levels was observed with an increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities. Consequently, RBC proved to be effective in enhancing salt tolerance in lettuce plants. In conclusion, while RBC demonstrates significant potential for enhancing salt tolerance, its successful application depends on several factors such as biochar dosage, application method, soil type, and plant species, underscoring the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms at play and optimize its use for sustainable soil management in saline conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Chicken manure is known to produce strong odors during aerobic composting, which not only pollutes the surrounding environment but also leads to the loss of valuable nutrients like nitrogen and sulfur, thus reducing the quality of the fertilizer. Methods: In this study, we explored the use of biochar combined with MgO desulfurization waste residue (MDWR) as a novel composting additive. Our approach involved conducting composting tests, characterizing the compost samples, conducting pot experiments, and examining the impact of the additives on nitrogen retention, deodorization, and compost quality. Results: Our findings revealed that the addition of biochar and MDWR significantly reduced ammonia volatilization in chicken manure compost, demonstrating a reduction rate of up to 60.12%. Additionally, the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from chicken manure compost treated with biochar and MDWR decreased by 44.63% compared to the control group. Conclusions: The composting product treated with both biochar and MDWR (CMB) exhibited a 67.7% increase in total nitrogen (TN) compared to the blank control group, surpassing the other treatment groups and showcasing the synergistic effect of these two additives on nitrogen retention. Moreover, the CMB treatment facilitated the formation of struvite crystals. Furthermore, our pot experiment results demonstrated that the CMB treatment enhanced vegetable yield and quality while reducing nitrate content. These findings highlight the significant impact of MDWR on nitrogen retention, deodorization, and compost quality enhancement, thereby indicating its promising application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large amount of agricultural waste is produced annually in China, and these agricultural wastes include crop residues and the manure generated from poultry and livestock farming. But there is still a considerable portion of agricultural waste that is not recycled and disposed of or directly burned. Therefore, if these agricultural wastes can be reasonably utilized, it will generate significant socio-economic and environmental benefits. Soil salinization has become one of the main threats to soil health, and agricultural waste is considered an effective tool for improving saline alkali land due to its unique properties. Utilizing agricultural waste to improve saline alkali land has advantages such as wide material sources, low cost, and low environmental risks. This article reviews the effectiveness and potential physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms of agricultural waste in improving soil health in saline alkali soils. Agricultural waste is mainly used to improve saline alkali land through a direct return to the field, burial of salt barriers, pyrolysis and carbonization into biochar, and composting, which can play a positive role in physical, chemical, and biological aspects. Finally, the problems existing in the improvement of saline alkali land with agricultural waste were discussed, and future research directions and hotspots in this field were proposed. It is believed that the improvement of ecological service functions is the key to its sustainability. This article can provide a theoretical basis for the study of agricultural waste in the improvement of saline alkali land, and help to further explore the resource utilization pathways of agricultural waste in sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline in crop yields is attributed to uneven chemical fertilization practices and poor soil fertility. From a sustainability perspective, the application of beneficial microorganisms alongside a blend of inorganic and organic fertilizers significantly influences crop productivity and food security. Concerns within the scientific community arise from the haphazard and negligent use of fertilizers. Farming communities predominantly reliant on chemical fertilizers often overlook the application of organic alternatives, leading to a gradual decline in soil organic matter and native nutrient levels, ultimately resulting in decreased crop yields. In diverse cropping systems, the amalgamation of chemical, biological, and organic sources sustains soil health, replenishes nutrients, and optimizes crop yields. Plant residues enhance soil microbial activity, expedite nutrient cycling and availability, and aid in preserving soil health through carbon sequestration. Regular utilization of plant residues and other organic materials enriches soil organic matter content, enhancing soil health and productivity. Integrating organic and chemical fertilizers presents a potential avenue to enhance maize and soybean yields in maize-wheat cropping systems, subsequently benefiting wheat crop productivity and profitability. The efficacy of specific soil nutrients can be heightened by combining organic sources with various chemical fertilization techniques. Hence, incorporating phosphorus fertilization alongside phosphorus-mobilizing and solubilizing agents (such as Trichoderma & PSB), along with the integrated management of peach waste materials including residues, compost, and biochar, is imperative for promoting crop growth, increasing seed yields, and fostering environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of okra's importance to food security in developing countries, its production is limited by low soil nutrient and health status. A screenhouse study examined soil chemical properties, okra growth and yield under complementary application of biochar, organic and inorganic fertilizer in an Ultisol. The treatments comprised 5 kg soil each amended with 5 t biochar ha−1, 5 t poultry manure compost (SPM) ha−1, urea at 56 kg N ha−1, urea (28 kg N ha−1) + 5 t biochar ha−1, 5 t ha−1 (2:1, PM: biochar) (SPMB), urea (28 kg N ha−1) + 5 t ha−1 (2:1, PM: biochar) (SPMBF2). The treatments, replicated thrice, were arranged in a completely randomized design. There were two sets of plants terminated at 50% flowering (dry matter yield (DMY) and nutrient uptake) and at 10 wk post-planting for growth and yield determination. Results revealed that soil chemical properties, okra growth and yield increased responsively to the organic amendments. The SPM, followed by SPMB and SPMBF, enhanced soil pH (0.18–0.19 unit), total N (79–100%), organic carbon (75–100%), available P (55–58%) and exchangeable cations over the control and others (p < 0.05). These treatments also increased the plant's agronomic parameters: plant height (10–19%), number of leaves, leave area (21–31%), stem girth (33–51%), DMY (59–67%), and tissue Ca, Mg and K. The SPMBF2 – treated soil had the highest fruit yield (45 g pot−1). Conclusively, sole and complementary applications of biochar and compost improved soil chemical properties, and okra growth and yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is amongst a growing suite of approaches developed to address the climate crisis by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere; yet public awareness of biochar is low. In this situation, mass-media reporting plays an important role in making an issue public and in creating expectations about its risks and benefits. In British broadsheet newspapers, a promissory, future-oriented discourse on biochar has emerged that is rhetorically configured through, for example, evaluative adjectives, verbs, hyperbole, and allusions to literary and cultural symbols that confer a sense of mystique. Biochar is promoted as an almost magical fix, based on its ability to soak up and store carbon, improve soil health, increase crops yields, and reduce pollutants. Conversely, some of the possible negative aspects of biochar are couched in the form of sarcasm and parody, while others are made invisible. This sets biochar up as a moral good that the public ought to accept, rather than opening up a public debate about its risks and benefits. Engaging in a fine-grained rhetorical analysis of the way promises about biochar are constructed expands the methodological and empirical repertoire of the sociology of expectations and, in future, can be applied to the analysis of other emerging climate change technologies, especially those relating to carbon removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high irrigation water demand of coconut trees in semiarid regions makes rational use crucial for crop sustainability. Additionally, it produces residues that could improve the soil water holding capacity. This research aimed to evaluate the application of coconut shell biochar to an irrigated dwarf green coconut palm orchard. The study was carried out from January 2019 to December 2021 at Campo Experimental do Curu, Paraipaba, Brazil, belonging to Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical. The experiment consisted of a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications and included the application of 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 g of biochar per kg of soil, equivalent to 0.0 kg, 0.5 kg, 1.0 kg, 2.0 kg or 4.0 kg of biochar per plant, respectively. The following biometric variables were evaluated: number of leaves per plant (NL), plant height (PH), number of leaflets per leaf (LFT), canopy diameter (CD) and fruit production: number of bunches per plant (NB), number of fruits per plant (NF), volume of coconut water per fruit (CWF) and total soluble solids (TSS) (°Brix), as well as the daily soil moisture average. The results showed beneficial effects on the number of leaves per plant, fruits per plant, soil moisture and irrigation water productivity in terms of liters per fruit, liters per coconut water and fruits per cubic meter (m3) applied with ideal biochar doses estimated to be 1.40 kg, 1.72 kg, 1.79 kg, 1.56 kg, 1.48 and 1.68 kg of biochar per plant, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agro-waste derived valuable products are prime interest for effective management of toxic heavy metals (THMs). The present study investigated the efficacy of biochars (BCs) on immobilization of THMs (Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cd), bioaccumulation and health risk. Agro-wastes derived BCs including wheat straw biochar (WSB), orange peel biochar (OPB), rice husk biochar (RHB) and their composite biochar (CB) were applied in industrial contaminated soil (ICS) at 1% and 3% amendments rates. All the BCs significantly decreased the bioavailable THMs and significantly (p < 0.001) reduced bioaccumulation at 3% application with highest efficiency for CB followed by OPB, WSB and RHB as compared to control treatment. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF), concentration index (CI) and ecological risk were decreased with all BCs. The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) of all THMs were <1, except Cd, while carcer risk (CR) and total cancer risk index (TCRI) were decreased through all BCs. The overall results depicted that CB at 3% application rate showed higher efficacy to reduce significantly (p < 0.001) the THMs uptake and reduced health risk. Hence, the present study suggests that the composite of BCs prepared from agro-wastes is eco-friendly amendment to reduce THMs in ICS and minimize its subsequent uptake in vegetables. Novelty statement: The present study has a scientific research scope, based on reduction of bioavailability and bioaccumulation of toxic heavy metals (THMs) by the addition of biochars derived from agro-wastes and their composite biochar (CB), thereby decreasing the potential health risk. Limited study has been conducted, especially on the impact of CB in THMs-contaminated soil. This study could fill the scientific research gap and provides useful information for mitigation of THMs present in contaminated soil, which could be followed by the Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and farmers in degraded lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows how the presence of metal-impregnated biochar influences the kinetics of the catalytic conversion of waste motor oil (WMO) into a diesel-like fuel (DLF). First, the initial metal concentration in the wet impregnation process was optimized, showing that high metal concentrations tend to clog the biochar pores, reducing the reaction's conversion and speed. Zinc and calcium showed higher kinetic constants at the optimized conditions than nickel, while the yield- and selectivity-to-liquid products were unaffected. Then, a reduction method was developed for impregnating metal particles of calcium oxide to enhance the metal dispersion at the biochar surface. This material showed the best performance in the reaction due to the presence of small particles instead of metal agglomerates. An increase of about 280% in the kinetic constant at 420 °C and a much lower activation energy (246 kJ mol−1) compared to the thermal cracking (308 kJ mol−1) was obtained. Finally, the DLF from the best catalytic system was analyzed. Interestingly, the fuel showed similar rheological properties to commercial diesel with a similar hydrocarbon distribution but with the presence of smaller hydrocarbon chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel rape seedling peel-derived biochars (BCs) prepared by vacuum pyrolysis were used as cost-saving and sustainable biosorbents for wastewater remediation. The adsorption properties of BCs for p-nitrophenol (PNP) were investigated. The results showed that BC400 prepared at 400°C possessed the highest adsorption capacity of 55.78 mg g−1 towards PNP. Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Zeta potential analysis and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area analyses were performed to characterise the physicochemical properties of BC samples. The microporous structure and abundant surface heteroatomic functional groups of BC400 were confirmed. The effects of adsorption conditions (contact time, temperature, initial PNP solution pH, initial PNP concentration) on the adsorption of PNP by BC400 were investigated. Adsorption behaviour was more consistent with the linear Freundlich model and linear pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption of PNP on BC400 was a spontaneous endothermic process, and the disorder degree increased after adsorption. In addition, the adsorption capacities of BC400 for different phenols including hydroquinone, 3-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol (AN) and tert-butyl hydroquinone were compared, and the mechanism was also proposed. BC400 with aromatic and heteroatom-containing functional groups could interact effectively with PNP through various intermolecular interactions including π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction. Reusability assessment indicated BC400 remained high removal rate even after 10 consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution as this dye is also present in the waste water; using untreated, cheap and non- toxic mulberry leaves powder (MLP) and mulberry leaves biochar (MLB) prepared from Morus nigra L. (mulberry tree) leaves. The mulberry leaves powder and its biochar were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Batch mode experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of various variables like contact time, absorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, salt treatment, temperature and pH. The adsorption isotherm models used in this search were Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were found to have the correlation coefficient value in good agreement with MLP; however MLB for methylene blue dye shows good agreement with Langmuir only. Adsorption of methylene blue dye by the mentioned adsorbents (MLP and MLB) followed pseudo second order kinetic model. The calculated values of ΔGo, ΔHo and ΔSo were found to be −3.7 to −1.7 kJ mol−1 (MLP) and −0.8 to −3.1 KJ mol−1 (MLB), −13.92 (MLP) and 12.45 J mol−1 K (MLB) and −0.035 (MLP) and 0.046 kJ mol−1 (MLB), respectively. The calculated values indicated that adsorption process of methylene blue dye onto MLP and MLB adsorbents was spontaneous, exothermic (MLP) and endothermic (MLB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen is the primary limiting factor for crop yield formation. However, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer not only leads to a decrease in nitrogen utilization efficiency, but also causes serious environmental problems. Therefore, how to balance environmental protection and crop yield when applying nitrogen fertilizer is an important challenge currently faced in agricultural production. Biochar, as a soil amendment, has been widely used in agricultural production. This study used ‘Longyan 101’ tobacco as the experimental material and explored the effects of nitrogen reduction treatment (reducing conventional nitrogen application by half) and combined application of biochar (20 kg/hm2 ) on tobacco photosynthesis under field experimental conditions. Transcriptome sequencing technology was used to study the changes in the expression levels of photosynthesis-related genes. The results indicate that: reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer reduces the photosynthetic capacity of tobacco and inhibits its growth, while applying biochar can to some extent alleviate the adverse effects of insufficient nitrogen fertilizer. The results of this experiment have laid the foundation for the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer and the green development of tobacco agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peel of Hylocereus undatus was employed in the preparation of biochar and firstly applied for tetracycline removal from aqueous solution. Based on different characterization techniques, the material was found to possess a variety of surface functional groups on a porous structure and a pH point of zero charge (pHpzc) of 9.3. Adsorption of tetracycline (TC) was conducted under varying conditions, revealing significant effects of carbonization temperature, solution pH, adsorbent dose, ionic strength, contact time and initial concentration of TC on the biochar adsorption capacity. Kinetic data on TC adsorption were best described using the Elovich kinetic model, with an initial adsorption rate of 167.3 mg g−1 min−1. Isotherm data on adsorption of the desired biochar showed the best fit with the Temkin isotherm model, followed by the Langmuir model, displaying maximum adsorption capacity at 12.4 mg g−1. The electrostatic interactions between the charged biochar surfaces and certain fractions of TC were proposed as the major mechanism, together with H-bonding, pore-filling effect and π–π interaction. This study demonstrates great potential of H. undatus peel as a starting material to prepare an effective and reusable adsorbent in the removal of TC. NOVELTY STATEMENT: Literature is available on a large number of plant-based biochar adsorbents for the removal of antibiotics. However, to the best of our knowledge, no report has been published on applying biochar derived from Hylocereus undatus peel for antibiotics removal. This type of fruit peel is available in massive amounts in Vietnam and is considered as an agricultural solid waste. Therefore, to fill the gap in the literature and to converse this leftover waste into a value-added byproduct, we chose this study to prepare H. undatus peel-derived biochar for the elimination of TC in an aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses a significant threat to plants and human, as it can easily accumulate in plant tissues, leading to biochemical and physiological disorders. There is a growing interest in using biochar to mitigate the absorption of heavy metals by rice plants. This study tested peach biochar (PB) and its various levels of applications to evaluate the promising level for Cd remediation in contaminated soil. The application of PB3 had a significant impact on Cd mitigation, with extractable Cd (AB-DTPA) in soil decreasing from 66 mg kg−1 to 18 mg kg−1. Cd content in shoots decreased from 2.5 mg kg−1 to 0.9 mg kg−1, and in grains decreased from 1.1 mg kg−1 to 0.5 mg kg−1. Moreover, the PB treatment led to increased rice yield, from 4.9 to 10 g pot−1, and biological yield, from 4 to 20 g pot−1. The soil also showed improved organic matter content, increasing from 0.4% to 0.7%, and enhanced levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), by increases from 2.1 g pot−1 to 5 g pot−1, 58 mg kg−1 to 83 mg kg−1, and 40 mg kg−1 to 63 mg kg−1, respectively. These findings demonstrate the potential of PB in mitigating Cd contamination in soil and reducing its uptake by rice plants. NOVELTY STATEMENT: Heavy metals are the major environmental challenges that have the potential to significantly impact agricultural productivity, ecosystem health, and human well-being. PB emerges as a sustainable shield against Cd pollution. Harnessing the power of PB, a promising solution to safeguard soils from Cd contamination. Transforming waste into wealth and recycling of plant nutrient, PB remarkable ability to mitigate Cd heavy metal hazard and enhance soil fertility and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is the thermal degradation product of biomass generated in an oxygen-limited environment under different pyrolysis conditions. Biochar characteristics are functions of the feedstock material and pyrolysis temperature. Depending on pyrolysis conditions biochar concentrates varying quantities of recalcitrant and labile carbon along with nutrients which in turn affect soil physiochemical properties and microbial processes. Biochar in soil balances carbon content encourages nitrogen fixation and solubilize phosphorus along with enhancing soil enzyme activity. It serves as a microhabitat for microorganisms present in soil thus influences the diversity, composition, and distribution of soil microbial communities by affecting their intra- and interspecific communication. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about biochar characteristics, its interactions with soil, and associated biota and its role in soil remediation. In addition, this paper also discussed the factors affecting the capacity of biochar to adsorb organic pollutants following different mechanisms. Being an effective adsorbent due its high specific surface area, large porosity, and numerous surface functional groups biochar has been explored extensively in field of environment to remediate contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is a land-based greenhouse gas removal technology with potential to address the climate crisis. This article examines societal debate and discussion around biochar as represented in the UK print news media and reflects on its implications for the democratic governance of novel technologies. Using an "issue frame" analysis approach, the following frames are identified – Innovation, Economics, Security, Governance and Accountability, Risk, Justice, Substitution, Salvation and Tradition – with some more prominent than others. Economics and Innovation frames are particularly pronounced, together with the argument for market-based forms of governance, while Risk and Justice frames are weakly developed. The findings show that some frames and their associated actors dominate debate, while others are absent or side-lined. This might hinder opening up the debate to a wider group of stakeholders and publics and alternative framings, thus constraining effective governance of biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic ammonia oxidation process has the advantages of energy and cost reduction, therefore, it has been considered as one of the main alternatives to conventional biological denitrification process in recent years. Biochar has been applied in the anammox process for nitrogen removal efficiency. But, due to its extracellular electron transfer capacity and abundance of redox-specific functional groups, which served as extracellular electron acceptor to anaerobically oxidize NH4+ is still controversy. In this study, the anaerobic ammonia oxidation was investigated when biochar was used as electron acceptor in the wastewater. According to the optimal process variables determined in the batch tests, when the influent NH4+-N concentration in the anaerobic ammonia oxidation reaction was 30–50 mg/L and the biochar dosing was at 10 g/L, it showed some promotion in the long-term experiments. The anaerobic ammonia oxidation process with biochar as the electron acceptor reached more than 60% NH4+-N removal efficiency in the system, and the ΔNO3--N/ΔNH4+-N ratio reached 0.19 which tended to the theoretical value. After 20 days, the voltage in the system keeps fluctuating about 4 mV, indicated that the functional bacteria using biochar as the electron acceptor gradually dominated the system. In addition, the abundance of norank_f__norank_o__SBR1031 in the Chloroflexi phylum has increased significantly at 29.92%, while the abundance of the major genus Candidatus_Kuenenia in AnAOB has decreased slightly at 11.47%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qatar's population has been rapidly increasing in recent years, and the country's long-term vision, QNV 2030, aims to sustain this growth by transforming the country into a sustainable state. One aspect of this vision is to convert waste into value-added products, which will reduce the environmental and spatial burden associated with waste in Qatar, while contributing to a circular economy. This study describes methods for producing biochar and activated carbon (AC) from gas-to-liquids derived biosolids, cardboard waste and mixed samples using pyrolysis and activation techniques. The characterisation of products revealed that the yield of biochar samples was higher than AC, and that the pH of the biochar samples was more alkaline than the feed samples due to metals after pyrolysis and reduced acid surface functional groups. Proximate analysis of samples showed lowered moisture and enhanced ash in feeds upon pyrolysis and activation due to increased temperature with reduced volatile content. AC application to water treatment is considered a potential benefit due to the increased surface area, pore volume and magnetic properties based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis also showed increased –CO3/O–C = O and potassium in the ACs as a result of potassium carbonate activation. The study proposes various applications that can support a circular economy, but future studies should investigate actual applications and potential health and environmental effects and evaluate the feasibility and environmental impact of production methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal Cr(VI) and organic BPA have posed harmful risks to human health, aquatic organisms and the ecosystem. In this work, Chitosan/bone/bamboo biochar beads (CS-AMCM) were synthesized by co-pyrolysis and in situ precipitation method. These microbeads featured a particle size of approximately 1 ± 0.2 mm and were rich in oxygen/nitrogen functional groups. CS-AMCM was characterized using XRD, Zeta potential, FTIR, etc. Experiments showed that adsorption processes of CS-AMCM on Cr(VI) and BPA fitted well to Langmuir model, with theoretical maximum capacities of 343.61 mg/g and 140.30 mg/g, respectively. Pore filling, electrostatic attraction, redox, complexation and ion exchange were the main mechanisms for Cr(VI), whereas for BPA, the intermolecular force (hydrogen bond) and pore filling were involved. CS-AMCM with adsorbed Cr(VI) demonstrated effective activation in producing ·OH and ·O2 from H2O2, which degraded BPA and Cr(VI) with the removal rates of 99.2% and 98.2%, respectively. CS-AMCM offers the advantages of low-cost, large adsorption capacity, high catalytic degradation efficiency, and favorable recycling in treating Cr(VI) and BPA mixed wastewater, which shows great potential in treating heavy metal and organic matter mixed pollution wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to explore how phosphoric acid-modified rice husk biochar (PBC) affects the growth and concentrations of essential and non-essential elements in two crops: lettuce as the primary crop and arugula as the secondary crop. The treatments consisted of a no P fertilized control and 250 mg P kg−1 sourced either from PBC, triple super phosphate (TSP) or phosphoric acid (PA). When subjected to phosphorus (P) sources, both lettuce and arugula exhibited a noteworthy rise in their dry weights compared to the control plants. PBC treatments significantly increased P concentration in both plants. Although the PBC treatment decreased lettuce nitrogen (N) concentration, it had no impact on arugula N concentration. Phosphorus treatments resulted in a decrease in lettuce K concentration, whereas it increased in arugula. Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) concentrations in both plants were not affected by P sources. The zinc (Zn) concentrations of the plants notably decreased with P treatments. Moreover, P treatments led to a reduction in manganese (Mn) concentration specifically in arugula. PBC significantly increased the silicon (Si) concentrations of lettuce plants. The application of PA significantly increased the vanadium (V) concentration in arugula. Phosphoric acid treatments resulted in an increase in the plant bromine (Br) concentrations. To conclude, PBC may serve as an alternative P source, potentially being as effective as or even more effective than other P sources in influencing plant nutrition, without causing an undesirable elevation of non-essential elements in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retention and degradation of co-applied atrazine and fipronil was studied in laboratory constructed bio-augmented biobeds containing rice straw-compost (BM) and compost replaced with 10% rice husk ash [RHABM(10%)] or 1% wheat straw biochar [WBCBM(1%)] biomixtures. Atrazine (5000 µg, 50% WP) and fipronil (5000 µg, 0.3 G) were co-applied in 100 mL water. After 30 days, 7.31, 4.65, and 11.21 µg g−1 atrazine and 21.59, 7.41, and 37.20 µg g−1 fipronil remained undegraded in the top 3–4 cm of BM, RHABM(10%), WBCBM(1%) biobeds, respectively, suggesting that degradation of both pesticides significantly varied (p < 0.05) among the three biobeds. After 60 days 94.5%–98.3% of initially applied atrazine and 80.3%–86.9% fipronil degradation was observed. Hydroxyatrazine and sulphone were detected as the metabolites of atrazine and fipronil, respectively. Out of 5000 µg of initially applied pesticides, BM, RHABM(10%), and WBCBM(1%) biobeds accounted for 95.2%, 93.1%, and 95.2% of atrazine + hydroxyatrazine and 62.8%, 67.0%, and 71.5% of fipronil + sulphone degradation, respectively. Maximum amounts of recovered atrazine (68.8%–81.1%) and fipronil (89.8%–94.6%) were retained in the 0–5 cm sections of the biobeds. No significant effect of co-applied atrazine + fipronil was evident on the microbial parameters. This study suggested that RHA/WBC-mixed rice straw-compost biomixtures can be exploited for the detoxification of these pesticides in bio-purification systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, four distinct composite samples (Samples A, B, C, and D) were fabricated using varying compositions of biochar, rice bran, coconut coir, and epoxy matrix. Sample A, serving as the baseline with 90% epoxy and 10% biochar, exhibited moderate mechanical properties. Sample B, with 80% epoxy and 20% biochar, demonstrated significantly higher tensile and flexural modulus values, indicative of improved stiffness. Sample C, incorporating 10% rice bran alongside 80% epoxy and 10% biochar, displayed reduced mechanical properties compared to Sample B, potentially due to the lower strength of rice bran particles. Sample D, comprising 80% epoxy, 10% biochar, and 5% coconut coir, demonstrated weaker tensile properties but higher flexural modulus, suggesting enhanced resistance to bending forces. Mechanical testing, water absorption analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and SEM imaging provided comprehensive insights into the mechanical and chemical characteristics of the composites, underscoring their potential for diverse applications in sustainable materials development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study explored the elimination of petroleum from river water using matrix-bound composites of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) decorated on biochar with immobilized hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (HCB) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) at 10%v/v pollution levels. The beads containing biochar and IONPs (BCNP) showed better pollutant removal than those with biochar alone (BC). The treatment with beads containing biochar, IONPs, HCB and MAP had the highest removal efficiency for TPH (98.5%) and PAH (93.7%) and the lowest biodegradation half-lives. The removal efficiency for TPH and PAH was greater in the treatment microcosms than in the controls with significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between the two groups. TPH and PAH elimination levels differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) between systems with the BC bead and those with the BCNP beads. The study revealed a steady increase in the abundance of the total cultivable heterotrophic bacteria and cultivable hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in the treatment microcosms after an initial decline, with strong negative correlation between bacterial abundance and TPH and PAH concentrations based on r values (0.5 − 1.0) and shared variances obtained. Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella pneumoniae dominated as the drivers of the bioremediation process while organic acids and esters (25.0%) and ketones (14.3%) were the main biodegradation metabolite groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using carbon-based materials (CBMs) to facilitate phytoremediation shows great promise for simultaneously enhancing the restoration efficiency of contaminated soil and reducing carbon dioxide in the context of global warming, which is still in the exploring and attempting phase. In addition to direct degradation or alteration of pollutant bioavailability, CBMs can enhance phytoremediation by alleviating plant nutrient deprivation and oxidative stress, as well as by modulating soil microbial communities and root secretions. Photosynthetic carbon fixation predominantly affects both phytoremediation efficiency and carbon cycle turnover in terrestrial ecosystems. In this regard, CBMs have extremely positive properties in facilitating plant carbon capture, with intrinsic mechanisms including (1) promoting photosynthetic pigment synthesis and acting as artificial built-in antennae to improve photon capture efficiency, (2) accelerating the photosynthetic electron transport rate in photosystems, (3) improving the Calvin cycle, and (4) maintaining the structural integrity of chloroplasts. Besides, as an ultra-stable type of CBM derived from waste biomass, biochar can preserve the native biomass carbon in the soil environment for decades and attenuate the rhizosphere priming effect by influencing the structure of rhizosphere soil aggregates and microbial communities, thus retarding the native soil organic carbon efflux. This review critically elaborates on the mechanisms by which CBMs assist in improving the efficiency of phytoremediation and their positive effects on the plant-root soil carbon balance. Additionally, a simple full-life cycle analysis encompassing cost analysis as well as ecological, economic, and social benefits is concluded to evaluate the feasibility and sustainability of CBMs-phytoremediation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A liquid digestate (LD) obtained from the anaerobic digestion of mixed organic waste was characterised and tested on the fungi Pleurotus eryngii, Irpex lacteus and Trametes versicolor. Aqueous mixtures of LD at doses of 0.5, 1 and 2% (v/v) were tested directly or after interaction with 5% (w/v) biochar (BC-LD) and/or 100 mg L−1 soil humic acid (HA-BC-LD and HA-LD). Total luminescence (TL) analysis of LD showed the presence of fluorophores typical of scarcely aromatic matter, while the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum evidenced absorption bands typical of labile and non-condensed material. Some spectroscopic variations of the LD sample were observed after its interaction with the other materials. All LD treatments markedly promoted hyphal extension of P. eryngii whose growth rate increased up to 38% at the highest LD dose. The LD alone had no influence on the other fungi, whose growth was stimulated by some combinations of LD with the other materials. In facts, the growth rate of I. lacteus increased in BC-LD 1 and BC-LD 2 (P ≤ 0.05) and in all treatments with HA (up to 6% in HA-LD 2, P ≤ 0.01), while the growth of T. versicolor was promoted by HA-BC-LD 2 treatment (P ≤ 0.05) and slightly inhibited by all BC-LD combinations (up to 7% by BC-LD 1, P ≤ 0.05). The overall results obtained encourage the addition of LD to the soil and suggest a possible use of this material as substrate ingredient for the cultivation of edible mushrooms such as P. eryngii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fourier Transform Infrared technique was utilized to measure the infrared spectra of bone and dung chars at ambient temperature. The spectra of the investigated char samples showed some notable similarities, suggesting that the compounds have functional groups which display bands at similar wavenumbers in IR spectrum. Additionally, correlations between the chars and the terra preta soils were found. This implies that the investigated biochars and the terra preta soils share comparable characteristics. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy showed the existence of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and oxygen in the bone char which are classified as macronutrients. In addition, the bone char contained two micronutrients (nickel and chlorine) and one non-essential nutrient (sodium). The dung char was constituted with all the macronutrients found in the bone char and in addition it had traces of sulfur which is also a macronutrient. Iron, manganese and chlorine were present in the dung char as micronutrients. There was also the presence of sodium and aluminum which are classified as non-essential nutrients. Zinc which is also fundamental in soil fertility was detected using Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy in all the chars. Both the samples are alkaline with pHs ranging between 9 and 11. The results of this research will be useful in determining which biochars are best suited for production of synthetic fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is widely used as a good soil amendment, while knowledge of modified biochar application in tea garden soils contaminated by fluoride (F) and cadmium (Cd) is insufficient. The tea seedling (Camellia sinensis L.) growth assay was performed to evaluate interaction of soil Cd and F and the improving effect of aluminum trichloride-modified corn stalk biochar (Al-BC) on their speciation, phytoaccumulation and phytotoxicity. Results showed that soil F speciation ratio sequence was as follows: residual > exchangeable > organic-bound > water-soluble > Fe/Mn oxide-bound. Soil exchangeable Cd was the largest Cd speciation (>35.6%), probably due to the low pH values in the acid tea gardens. Root F contents showed a strong significant relationship with soluble F contents (r = 0.92, P <.01) and similarly root Cd highly connected with exchangeable Cd (r = 0.86, P <.01). Seedling height, fresh and dry weight, root surface area, length, and photosynthetic pigment showed different sensitivities to F or Cd oxidative stress and toxicity effects, and only root F contents significantly inversely correlated with them (r = 0.74–0.80, P <.01). The interaction of Cd and F, could influence their speciation distribution and antagonized each other in root accumulation. Meanwhile, joint simulation models showed that antagonistic effects were observed in the F and Cd mixture soils for most cases at Enshi. Biochar application reduced bioavailable F and Cd contents, and thus decreased F and Cd accumulation in tea roots and obviously alleviated toxicity effects. For instance, biochar application significantly reduced root F contents, which had 33.2% to 62.2% declines at Enshi and 39.7% to 77.2% declines at Huanggang. Meanwhile, the soil properties were improved as biochar added, with an increase in soil pH, EC, CEC and organic matter. Overall, Al-modified biochar was beneficial environmental materials for reducing both F and Cd bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]