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This article discusses the meaning of the Old English adjective "lēofe" in the context of the poem "The Fates of the Apostles." The author explores various translations of the term, including "beloved," "dear," and "loyal." The article argues that "loyal" is a more suitable translation, suggesting that the Apostles were faithful to Christ during their lives. The author also examines other Old English texts to support this interpretation. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents the discussion on textual issues in the Old English poem Elene, focusing on the line describing the weaponry used in battle. Topics include debates over the manuscript's reading of "daroðæsc" as a subject of the verb "flugon," proposed textual emendations by various scholars; and the implications for understanding Old English grammatical structures.

The article discusses the possible alliteration in the Romulus Plate verse on the eight-century Franks Casket. It is stated that the casket's clockwise inscription of 69 runes around a depiction of a she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus can be metrically divided into five half-lines, wherein numbers 1 and 5 exhibit double alliteration. The irregular text sequences may reportedly have hidden intentions, although there is no way of knowing the possible continuation of the poem "Romulus and Remus."

The article examines Ohthere's account of his voyages in Norway, as included in the Old English translation of "Pauli Orosii Historiarum adversum paganos libri vii." His home base was Halgoland in the area of Tromsø in Norway, and there he talked about his passage from Halgoland to the marketplace Scringes heal, which can be considered as his descriptive map of Norway.

An essay exploring the theme of martyrdom in Cynewulf's poem on Christ's Ascension is presented. It notes how the theory about the theme of Ascension in the poem has been formulated by Oliver J. H. Grosz arguing that heanne beam/Stægestigan is in reference to martyrs who, in imitating Christ, gave up everything material. It also mentions how the church is often compared to a ship, indicating its metaphorical function. It concludes that, with these interpretations, martyrdom is appropriate to Cynewulf's thinking.

An essay on the first four lines of the poem "Caedmon's Hymn," by the poet Caedmon is presented. It discusses the Latin translation made by Bede on the first lines of the hymn. It examines the interpretation of scylun in the first line of the poem and the alternative of making uerc as the subject of a clause. The essay also cites the result of a comparative analysis of the manuscripts explaining the use of the personal pronouns in the piece such as we.

This essay presents a syntactic analysis of the first three lines of the poem "Beowulf." The poem focuses on the royal glory during the ancient times. Its emphasis is on the heroic achievements of Beowulf. The opening verses of the poem provides a background of the achievements of Geatish hero Beowulf. The opening verses were written in syntactic unit. Some of the syntax in the opening lines clearly define specific and direct objects related to the achievements of Beowulf. The English translation of the first three lines of the poem is presented.

This essay analyzes the meaning of the phrase "wœteres weorpan" that was mentioned in "Beowulf." The Old English verb weorpan means throw, thus governing the accusative. Usually, the accusative object of "weorpan" is inanimate. In the clause 2786b of the literature, though hine is the accusative form, it is still interpreted as he began to throw him. Therefore, it is only in the passage 2788-2792a that "weorpan" can mean sprinkle. However, even if weorpan developed the meaning, the lack of supporting evidence must be noted. "Wœ," on the other hand, means with water.

This article examines the maxim in lines 287b to 289 by a coastguard, a character in the poem, Beowulf. In the poem, the Geatish hero Beowulf, together with his companions, lands in Denmark, and King Hrothgar's coastguard immediately intercepts the foreigners and inquires what their intentions are. Without yet revealing his name, Beowulf gives an account of his pedigree and explains that he has come to rid Hrothgar's hall of the terrible monster that haunts it at night and kills the king's warriors. The coastguard ultimately allows Beowulf and his men to continue on their way to Heorot because he is convinced of Beowulf's honorable motives. The coastguard, a fearless officer, opens his response to Beowulf's account with what sounds like a maxim. These five half-lines have been dealt with repeatedly from various viewpoints, but their very function is somewhat controversial. Author John Kemble gave the following translation: The sharp shield-warrior, he that thinketh well, should know the distinction of either, both of words and works. How precisely the sequence of either, both of is to be understood remains unclear. More recent translations are basically similar, but gescad is usually rendered as difference. It must be pointed out, however, that a maxim according to which a sharp shield-fighter who thinks clearly must know the difference between the two things: words and deeds, does not sound particularly profound: Everyone knows that there can be an enormous difference between words and deeds. Author Andy Orchard sensed the difficulty and offered a parenthesis meant to paraphrase difference: A sharp shield-warrior, who thinks well, must know the difference between each, words and deeds. Author T.A. Shippey paraphrased the maxim as follows: He must be able to judge everything, words as well as deeds.

Presents the interpretation of the speech delivered by King Hrothgar. Emphasis of the kind of step and flight of steps; Relationship between contact and proximity of the phrases; Important structure of ceremonial functions.

Die beiden gut ausgestatteten Bande enthalten insgesamt 57 Aufsatze, von denen sich vier mit Fragen des Eskimo befassen. Die Mehrzahl der 53 Arbeiten, die indogermanistischen Fragestellungen gewidmet sind, erschienen bereits an anderer Stelle, sieben Aufsatze werden hier zum ersten Mai veroffendicht. Bei vielen Einzelarbeiten wurden Addenda angefugt, die den neuesten Stand von Rasmussens Ansichten darstellen. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Examines the statements of King Beowulf before he died. Significance of Beowulf's handing over of his ring to his follower Wiglaf; Beowulf's gratification that he was able to rid his nation of the baleful dragon; Beowulf's desire that his followers will advance the commonwealth and will erect a monument in his memory.

Focuses on the text of lines 431-432 of the epic poem Beowulf. Transposition of the word `ond' in line 431b; Construction of the clause where `ond' appears; Differences in translation; Absence of formal distinctions between nominative and vocative in the Old English language.

Describes two archaic examples on the runic inscription on the `Ruthwell Cross.' Classification of the archaic forms in the substantival system; Literature on the dating of the `Ruthwell Cross' inscription; Difficulty in the analysis of the archaic examples in the `Ruthwell Cross'.

Discusses an Old English adjective, which is posited as 'ambyre.' Occurrence in the Ohthere account, which has been inserted in the Old English version of 'Pauli Orosu Historiarum adversus Paganos Libri VII'; Abandonment of the assumption that 'ambyrne wind' refers to an unfavorable wind; Attestations allowing the meaning of the word to be set up as 'favorable, appropriate, suitable and fitting.'

Presents critical notes on three passages from the epic poem Beowulf. Text following dragon's discovery that a goblet had been stolen from the treasure he had been guarding; Part where Beowulf had vanquished the dragon; Robbing of the treasure by Beowulf followers; Suggested translations.

Presents the essay "The Sequence 'sib ge mænum' in 'Beowulf' Line 1857a," regarding adjectives whose form was miswritten in the course of the textual transmission.

Focuses on the reconstruction of the old English 'Ruthwell Crucifixion Poem,' a poetry inscribed in the runes of the panels of Ruthwell Cross in Dumfriesshire. Text reconstruction; Iconographic and liturgical context of the poem; Demolished parts of the inscription.

Presents information on the adjective Irish. Etymological origin; Attestation of Irish.

Discusses the meaning of the word hyt found in a half-line of the epic `Beowulf'. Interpretation using the viewpoint of comparative philology; Evidence that hyt was posited for Old English; Scribal corruption.

Presents a linguistic analysis of terms and passages in the context of the ocean voyage of the main character of the epic `Beowulf.' Description of the epic plot; Semantic range posited for eoletes; Verification of the nominal formation of aelaet in various meanings in Old English; Etymology of underlying form in Beowulf 224.