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Clinical relevance: In many sports, dynamic visual acuity is used. In order to improve dynamic visual acuity, it is important to understand the aspects of the visual system that can cause compromise. Background: To investigate the parameters of the visual system that may influence dynamic visual acuity in professional soccer players. Methods: In 2022, 40 professional players were analysed. Screening consisted of a survey, the measurement refractive error, and static and dynamic visual acuity and the binocular vision parameters. All athletes were men with a mean age of 24.9 ± 4.8 years. Results: The mean refractive error was −0.29 ± 0.61D, and 22.5% of athletes are myopic only and 7.5% hyperopic. Static visual acuity was R: −0.037 ± 0.094 LogMAR , L: −0.036 ± 0.098 LogMAR. Dynamic visual acuity was 0.154 ± 0.118 LogMAR. There is a positive and moderate correlation between monocular static visual acuity and dynamic visual acuity, with r = 0.524 (r2 = 0.275 , p < 0.001) for the right eye and r = 0.553 (r2 = 0.306, p < 0.001) for the left eye. For the component of astigmatism (J = 0) and for stereopsis in distance vision, the correlation was, r = –0.472 (r2 = 0.223, p = 0.002) and r = –0.467 (r2 = 0.218, p = 0.002), respectively. Conclusion: Athletes with lower static visual acuity in distance vision, or with worse stereopsis in distance vision or more myopic astigmatism, have lower dynamic visual acuity than other athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical relevance: Understanding what aspects of vision or binocular vision may affect learning, and how these are assessed, is important for the eye health care professional assessing children with learning difficulties. It is vital that visual dysfunction is identified or excluded in these patients to ensure targeted and timely intervention. Background: The aim of this study was to investigate similarities and differences between eye care professionals in the knowledge, attitudes and practice patterns, when evaluating children with learning difficulties. Methods: This study was a cross-occupational, cross-sectional, predominantly quantitative internet-based survey. Ophthalmologists, optometrists, and orthoptists working in Australia were eligible to participate. A questionnaire comprising of 31 multiple-choice questions with up to 19 additional branching questions was distributed using REDCap in September 2022. Results: A total of 130 responses were analysed (6 ophthalmologists, 84 orthoptists and 40 optometrists of whom 9 were practicing behavioural vision care). Most respondents assessed distance visual acuity (95%), near stereoacuity (85%), presence of strabismus (88%) and ocular movements (91%). Near vision was assessed less often (65%). Optometrists were most likely to measure colour vision (p < 0.002), accommodation and undertake a subjective refraction (each p < 0.001). Ophthalmologists were least likely to measure convergence (p = 0.041) but more likely to undertake a cycloplegic refraction (p = 0.044). More optometrists practicing behavioural vision care reported testing binocular vision (p = 0.026), fusional vergence (p < 0.001), saccades (p = 0.066), and smooth pursuit (p = 0.050) than other professions. There was a positive correlation between frequency and confidence level when assessing children with learning difficulties (ρ = 0.64). Respondents referred to paediatricians (39%), speech pathologists (30%), educational psychologists (29%) and general practitioners (29%). Conclusion: Despite similarities across occupations, there were differences in testing the vision and binocular functions of children with learning difficulties. Future research should aim to establish minimum standards for assessing this patient cohort to ensure consistent and relevant assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the agreement between phoropter Risley prism and prism bar fusional vergence amplitudes in a normative group of school-aged children, aged 8 to 17 years. Method: This prospective cross-sectional study utilized multistage sampling to recruit participants with normal binocular vision. Horizontal fusional vergence amplitudes were measured at distance and near using the phoropter with Risley prisms and the prism bar. Result: The study included 422 normal participants (48.1% male, 51.9% female) with a mean age of 12.39 ± 1.94 years. There were significant differences in the base-in break, base-in recovery, base-out blur, base-out break, and base-out recovery at distance and near between phoropter Risley prism and prism bar fusional vergences (p < 0.05); amplitudes for phoropter Risley prism were higher than that for prism bar. Their mean differences were clinically meaningful except for base-in recovery at distance; however, there was no level of agreement on Bland Altman analysis. Conclusion: Fusional vergence amplitudes measured with the phoropter Risley prism and prism bar should not be considered interchangeable in African schoolchildren. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To draw and analyze a science map and research trends in the field of strabismus with the method of co-word analysis. Method: In this Scientometric study, all scientific outputs in the field of strabismus indexing in the Scopus database between 2005 and 2023 have been analyzed based on various Scientometric indicators. Data analysis was conducted using Excel and VOSviewer softwares. Results: The most significant growth in scientific output occurred in 2021, while the lowest was observed in 2023. The field of strabismus classified in four subject clusters, including Strabismus and Neurology, Alignment Disorders, Visual Acuity/Refraction and Strabismus, and Binocular Vision and Strabismus. Research pertaining to Genetics and Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) have notably emerged between 2014 and 2018, reflecting a trend toward increased research focus in these areas. Conclusion: The growth of graph scientific output in strabismus shows periodic fluctuations across various years, with its pick in 2021 and the lowest point in 2023 due to spread of COVID-19. Strabismus and neurology cluster had the highest frequently especially in the USA. Genetic and BCVA as emerging topics were frequently studied in recent years due to extensive progress of genetic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coal content in the gangue of coal preparation plants cannot be detected online, especially in the jigging sorting process. There is a large time lag in manual testing. An approach based on the YOLACT segmentation network and binocular vision was proposed. First, the YOLACT segmentation network was used to identify coal and gangue. At the same time, the coal and gangue particle regions are segmented from the background of the bucket elevator. A binocular matching method based on deep learning was proposed to obtain better disparity maps and establish better volume models of coal and gangue particles. A stereo-matching global fusion network model was also presented by improving the Pyramid Stereo Matching Network. Finally, the coal and gangue volume parameters were combined with their respective empirical densities to predict the coal content in gangue of the bucket. When the load in the bucket elevator is small, the average prediction error of coal content in gangue is 9.19%. When the load is large i.e. the coal and gangue are stacked in multiple layers, it is not appropriate to calculate the coal content in gangue due to serious particle coverage. Therefore, a fuzzy alarm strategy was proposed based on actual needs. The situation of coal content in gangue was divided into three levels: normal, warning, and alarm. It meets the alarm requirements for coal content in gangue in most industrial plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amblyopia is the most frequent cause of monocular vision loss. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has been used to improve several vision parameters of the amblyopic eye in adulthood. This study is relevant in order to evaluate TMS effects and to raise awareness of the need for further research. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a neuromodulation technique capable of changing cortical excitability. In the last decade, it has been used to improve visual parameters in amblyopic patients. The main goal of this systematic review is to evaluate the influence of TMS in the amblyopic eye, in the visual parameters of amblyopic patients. Searches were done in PubMed and Embase databases, and a combined search strategy was performed using the following Mesh, EMBASE, and keywords: 'Amblyopia', 'Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation', and 'theta burst stimulation'. This review included randomised controlled studies, descriptive cases, and clinical case studies with adult amblyopes. All articles that had any of the following characteristics were excluded: children or animal studies, reviews, pathologies other than amblyopia, and other techniques rather than repetitive TMS (rTMS), or Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS). A total of 42 articles were found, of which only four studies (46 amblyopes) meet the criteria above. Three of the articles found significant improvement after one session of continuous TBS (cTBS) in visual parameters like visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, suppressive imbalance, and stereoacuity. One study found a significant visual improvement with 10 Hz rTMS. Only one stimulation-related dropout was reported. The few existing studies found in this review seem to show that through the usage of high-frequency rTMS and cTBS, it is possible to re-balance the eyes of an adult amblyope. However, despite the promising results, further research with larger randomised double-blind studies is needed for a better understanding of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical relevance: New digital systems are being developed for evaluating different aspects of the visual function, such as binocularity, and it is important to know their real performance in clinical practice in order to use them appropriately. Background: The aim was to compare binocular vision measures obtained with an online digital platform with conventional measures using prisms and printed tests. Methods: Prospective study enrolling 49 healthy patients (mean age: 35.5 ± 13.6 years). A complete visual examination was performed including measurement of near phoria (cover test), negative fusional vergence (NFV) and positive fusional vergence (PFV) ranges (prism bar), and stereopsis (24 patients Randot Stereo Test and 25 patients TNO Random Dot Test 19th edition). These same parameters were also measured with the Bynocs system (Kanohi Eye Pvt Ltd). Bland – Altman plots were used to analyse the agreement between methods. Results: Digital measurement of near phoria was significantly lower than that obtained with the cover test, with a median difference (MD) of 4.71 (−0.07–20.07) prism dioptres (pd) (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between Bynocs and prism bar methods in NFV break (MD 2.00, range −21–26 pd, p = 0.584) and recovery points (MD 0.00, range −16–24 pd, p =.571). Near PFV were significantly lower with Bynocs (break: MD −9.00, range −38–12 pd; recovery: MD −14.00, range −43–20 pd; p < 0.001). Bynocs stereoacuity threshold was significantly lower than that obtained with TNO (p = 0.004), but significantly higher compared to Randot (p < 0.001). Large and clinically relevant confidence intervals for the comparison between digital and conventional measures were detected in Passing-Bablok analysis. Conclusions: Digital measures of near phoria, NFV, PFV, and stereopsis with the Bynocs platform cannot be used interchangeably with conventional measures. The normal ranges of normality for this new tool are defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical relevance: Knowing the agreement and interobserver variability of the 2WIN-S photorefractometer with cycloplegic retinoscopy and prism cover test is important for judging the clinical usefulness of the device. Background: This study aims to determine an agreement and interobserver reliability between 2WIN-S photorefractometer and cycloplegic retinoscopy for estimating refractive errors and between 2WIN-S and prism cover test for measuring horizontal ocular deviation in children. Methods: Two groups of 129 and 64 participants (range, 5 to 16 years) were recruited for the agreement and interobserver reliability studies, respectively. Non-cycloplegic 2WIN-S refraction was compared with cycloplegic retinoscopy for low and moderate myopia and hyperopia. Similarly, corneal reflex-function (CR-function) of 2WIN-S was compared with prism cover test for horizontal ocular deviation. Bland-Altman plots were used to depict agreement, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for determining interobserver reliability of repeated measures. Results: The mean differences in spherical equivalent, J0 (Cartesian astigmatism) and J45 (oblique Jackson cross-cylinder) between cycloplegic retinoscopy and 2WIN-S were 1.10 (95% CI = 0.97 to 1.21, p < 0.001), −0.06 (95% CI = −0.09 to −0.03, p < 0.001) and 0.009 (95% CI = −0.01 to 0.03, p = 0.35), respectively. The overall median difference in the horizontal ocular deviation between prism cover test and 2WIN-S was −4.5 (Interquartile range = −12.0 to 4.0). For constant strabismus, this difference was insignificant (median= −2.0, interquartile range = −11.0 to 6.7, p = 0.19) between prism cover test and 2WIN-S. The ICC was high for the spherical equivalent (0.997; p < 0.001), J0 (0.932; p < 0.001) and J45 (0.901; p < 0.001), whereas it was low-to-moderate for horizontal ocular deviation (0.50; p < 0.001). Conclusion: 2WIN-S refraction was in agreement with cycloplegic retinoscopy for low and moderate myopia and hyperopia, and requires an adjustment for the consistent differences between cycloplegic retinoscopy and 2WIN-S refraction. The measurement of constant strabismus with 2WIN-S is comparable to that of prism cover test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exotropia-hypotropia complex is an uncommon phenomenon associated with high myopia. However, some literature reports cases of the exotropia-hypotropia complex where residual hypotropia is managed through a secondary surgery following the conventional recession-resection of the lateral rectus (LR) and medial rectus (MR). Nasal Loop myopexy as a primary surgical procedure for the management of exotropia-hypotropia complex has been rarely reported in the literature. Methods: A 24-year-old male with unilateral high myopia presented with a large angle exotropia-hypotropia complex with limitation of elevation in abduction in his left eye. His ocular deviation was successfully managed through a nasal loop myopexy of the superior rectus (SR) and MR using a non-absorbable suture, combined with large LR recession and MR resection. Results: Postoperatively, the patient had satisfactory ocular alignment with improved hypotropia and normal elevation in abduction, contributing to enhanced binocular vision and better cosmesis. Discussion: Managing the exotropia-hypotropia complex in the context of high myopia demands a comprehensive approach that addresses both vertical and horizontal deviations. The surgical strategy employed in this case, which included loop myopexy of SR and MR along with LR recession and MR resection, achieved positive outcomes regarding alignment, elevation, and binocular vision. The case supports variations in muscle path and the potential benefits of tailored surgical strategies for complex strabismus cases associated with high myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In jigging sorting, products are elevated by bucket elevators and transported via a shared belt. The product weight of each jig cannot be detected. The output of each product is the key parameter to calculate the jigging separation efficiency and measure the separation effect. At the same time, the bucket elevator overload will cause accidents, resulting in deformation and rupture of the bucket. To solve this problem, an intelligent monitoring scheme of bucket elevators based on binocular vision and deep learning was proposed. The YOLACT algorithm was utilized for coal and gangue image segmentation. Aiming at the problem of multi-layer accumulation of materials in the bucket elevator, a Global Filter Network (GFNet) based on the Pyramid Stereo Matching Network was used for more accurate stereo matching, and statistical filtering was used to denoise the generated 3D point cloud. The volume prediction model was established by integral. The Bootstrap method was used to obtain the best empirical density of coal and gangue. Finally, the volume parameters and density parameters were multiplied to get the mass of coal and gangue. The experimental results showed that the GFNet algorithm can obtain clear 3D point clouds. The average error of the volume calculation model based on these 3D point clouds was 4.19%. In the single-machine test of the coal preparation plant, the proposed system realized the real-time detection of the mass of materials carried by the bucket elevator. Compared with the electronic belt scale, the average error was 10.55%, which meets the industrial demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limitation of conventional visual acuity assessment, which primarily focuses on individual eye performance (monocular visual acuity tests). This study addresses this limitation by emphasizing the importance of binocular vision, where both eyes work together. Binocular vision provides numerous advantages, such as improved depth perception, a wider field of view, reduced visual fatigue, and binocular summation. The article introduces a new mathematical model based on the physics of constructive interference in light waves and the anatomy of visual nerves. This model yields an equation that quantifies how weakness in one eye affects the visual acuity of the other. By analyzing the correlation between the rates of visual weakness in each eye and the corresponding distances, utilizing the Snellen 6-meter test, valuable insights are gained into the complex interplay between eye deficiencies and their collective impact on overall visual acuity. The equations derived from this study can have significant implications for eye care professionals, clinicians, and patients, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of visual impairments and enriching the field of optics and vision science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractRecycling and recovery of domestic waste pose significant challenges in terms of accurate object positioning and ranging, areas where conventional methods, heavily reliant on monocular image processing, often fail due to limited distance data and reduced precision. This study introduces an innovative strategy for the localization and ranging of recyclable waste objects, leveraging the NanoDet-Plus model within a binocular stereo vision context. A dataset, the Binocular Recyclable Domestic Waste Dataset (BRDWD), was constructed, with transfer learning executed via the pretrained MULTI-TRASH monocular dataset. Procedures encompassed stereo camera calibration and rectification to address geometric distortions, while the integration of the Semi-Global Block Matching (SGBM) algorithm supplied disparity details for triangulation-based distance computations. Enhancements to the NanoDet-Plus model led to improved target accuracy, evidenced by a mean average precision at a threshold of 0.5 (mAP@0.5) reaching 91.88% and a detection speed of 15 frames per second (FPS). Assessments verified a ranging error below 5% within the 0.5 to 1.2-meter span, aligning well with the requirements of typical recyclable waste sorting and recycling situations. Additionally, a human-machine interface was developed utilizing Pyside6, enabling image uploads, real-time result visualization, and interactive process control, thereby furnishing pivotal advancements for the automation and intellectualization of waste categorization and recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous theta burst stimulation may be an important tool in the therapeutic management of amblyopia, when trying to correct the established neuronal imbalance. It is important to understand whether two sessions of continuous theta burst stimulation produce greater and longstanding changes in visual acuity and suppressive imbalance than one session of continuous theta burst stimulation We hypothesise that through the usage of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) it is possible to change cortical excitability in a situation where visual impairment is present. We selected 22 adult amblyopes, 18 females and 4 males, with an age range of 20–59 years. They were randomised into two groups: group A with 10 amblyopes was submitted to one session of cTBS and group B with 12 amblyopes submitted to two sessions of cTBS. Visual acuity (VA) and suppressive imbalance (SI) were evaluated immediately before and after stimulation in both groups A and B. A follow-up was done in both groups. For both group A and B, the VA improvements were significant after cTBS (p = 0.005 and p = 0.003, respectively). Regarding SI, both group A and B had significant improvements after cTBS (p = 0.03 and p = 0.005, respectively). Comparing groups, A and B no significant differences were found with regard to the results obtained both for VA (p = 0.72) and SI (p = 0.24). However, significant differences were found between group A and B with regard to the duration of stimulation effect for VA (p = 0.049) and SI (p = 0.03). We conclude that two sessions of cTBS do not produce better results than one session of stimulation. However, it seems that two sessions of cTBS produce longstanding effects in VA and SI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine whether binocular vision plays a facilitating or impeding role in lexical processing during sentence reading in Chinese. Adopting the revised boundary paradigm, we orthogonally manipulated the parafoveal and foveal viewing conditions (monocular vs. binocular) of target words (high- vs. low-frequency) within sentences. Forty participants (30 females, mean age = 19.9 years) were recruited to read these sentences and their eye movements were monitored. Through directly comparing the eye movement measures in different viewing conditions, the results indicated that compared with monocular viewing, binocular viewing resulted in shorter fixation durations, thereby facilitating lexical processing. Critically, in addition to the higher information encoding speed toward the currently fixated word in the fovea, the more efficient preprocessing of the upcoming text to the right of fixation in the parafovea may also contribute to the superiority of binocular vision over monocular. Our findings provide the first evidence to support the binocular advantages in Chinese reading, which reveals that high-quality visual input from binocular vision plays a vital role in fluent and efficient written text reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realize the visual identification of the three-dimensional geometric characteristics of rail corrugation, the three-dimensional reconstruction method of rail corrugation based on vision detection is developed in the present paper. The acquisition equipment is designed to acquire the images of rail corrugation and corresponding depth information. Then, the image preprocessing method is proposed to achieve the automatic segmentation of rail corrugation images. The fitting equation between the image and depth of rail corrugation is obtained, which allows the three-dimensional reconstruction of rail corrugation. Furthermore, based on the finite element model of the wheel-rail system and the wear calculation model, the practicality and effectiveness of the three-dimensional reconstruction method are verified. Results show that the depth-grayscale correlation equation is well fitted with the coefficient of determination of 0.94 and the root mean square error of 0.02. The three-dimensional reconstruction method has an error of 2.63% at the maximum wear depth. When the three-dimensional reconstruction method is applied to the wear prediction of rail corrugation, the wear prediction of rail corrugation with the three-dimensional reconstruction is approximately the same as the actual wear distribution, which has an error of 5.02% at the maximum wear depth. The aforementioned results demonstrate the effectiveness of the three-dimensional reconstruction method of rail corrugation based on the vision detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter to the editor discusses the impact of amblyopia, a condition characterized by reduced visual acuity, on motor skill performance. The author highlights that amblyopia affects various sensory, motor, and perceptual functions, including the oculomotor system, upper limb movements, and balance and gait. The author emphasizes the need for validated clinical tests related to motor skill performance in patients with amblyopia, as these tests are not currently part of routine clinical eye examinations. The letter concludes by proposing the use of such tests for all patients with amblyopia. [Extracted from the article]

This paper investigates the concept of "total situation," which, even though introduced into psychoanalytic thinking via sister disciplines, has gradually acquired a relatively prominent position in therapeutic practice. It is used as a metaphor for the envelopment of the unfolding transferential and otherwise events in the analytic process. Irrespective of whether one focuses on the individual analytic condition or the group analytic one, contemporary psychoanalytic perspectives include both bipersonal unconscious interactions as well as the various levels of the total situation in their conceptualizations of the nature of the process. Such a complex approach can only be achieved through the so-called binocular vision of the analyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binocular visual acuity is an important index of functional performance. Optometrists need to know how binocular visual acuity is affected by aniseikonia, and whether reduced binocular visual acuity is a marker for aniseikonia. Aniseikonia, the perception of unequal image sizes between the eyes, can occur spontaneously or can be induced after different types of eye surgery, or trauma. It is known to affect binocular vision, but there are no prior studies about how it affects visual acuity. Visual acuity was measured for 10 healthy well-corrected participants aged 18–21 years of age. Aniseikonia of up to 20% was induced in one of two ways: (1) size lenses, which provided minification of field of view in one eye of each participant and (2) polaroid filters, which allowed vectographic viewing of optotypes on a 3D computer monitor. The best corrected acuity was measured on conventional logarithmic progression format vision charts and isolated optotypes, under both induced aniseikonia conditions. Induced aniseikonia caused binocular visual acuity thresholds to increase by small but statistically significant amounts, with the largest deficit being 0.06 logMAR for 20% size differences between the eyes. Binocular visual acuity was worse than monocular visual acuity for aniseikonia of 9% and greater. Acuity measured with the vectographic presentation gave slightly higher thresholds (by 0.01 logMAR) than for those viewed with size lenses. Acuity measured with charts gave slightly higher thresholds (by 0.02 logMAR) than with isolated letters. An acuity change of 0.06 logMAR is small and may be missed in a clinical examination. Therefore, visual acuity cannot be used as a marker of aniseikonia in clinical settings. Even with very marked induced aniseikonia, binocular visual acuity remained well within standards for licen*c*sing of drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A space occupant's real-time exposure to light reaching his/her eyes has been a concern in lighting research and design practice. This study assumed a schematic eye to estimate the luminous flux received by the entrance pupil from the visible luminous environment. As the first part of this study, this paper focused on the fundamentals of luminous flux calculation that considers real-time human eye reactions. The research work includes: (a) developing a dynamic binocular/monocular visual field model that takes the eye movement into account, based on a conventional visual field model in orthomode, (b) retrieving the apparent area of the entrance pupil of the schematic eye, and (c) quantifying the light passing through the entrance pupil from the luminous environment fallen in the binocular/monocular visual field. The fundamental theory was tested in a theoretical uniform lighting scene to calculate the luminous flux emitted from the human visual field along multiple gaze directions at different light levels. A foundation was thus laid to estimate the real-time luminous flux passing through the entrance pupil with the aid of the camera as disclosed in Part 2 of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A space occupant's real-time exposure to light reaching his/her eyes has been a concern in lighting research and design practice. Following the parallel fundamental research in Part 1, Part 2 of this study explored a way to use a Canon 550D fitted with the Sigma 4.5 mm F2.8 circular fisheye lens to estimate the luminous flux arriving at the entrance pupil from the visible luminous environment. By taking two 180° HDR images at the same camera position but in different aiming directions and merging them into a single luminance map covering the observer's entire binocular visual field (214° horizontally and 125° vertically), the monocular and binocular luminance map can be generated with the aid of the dynamic visual field model proposed in Part 1. In a field verification experiment, the luminous flux passing through the entrance pupil in the preset scenes and gaze angles was estimated. Individual luminous contribution from an object or a region of interest within the occupant's dynamic binocular visual field or subfields was also calculated. This study expanded the capacity of HDR photography in lighting measurement to capture binocular luminous flux entering human eyes as input for optimizing human-light interaction in various luminous environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses Streff syndrome, a condition characterized by functional vision loss in children. The syndrome is often misperceived as a visual impairment but is actually a manifestation of psychological stress. The article emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to diagnosis and treatment, considering social, environmental, and psychological factors. The case report presented in the article highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between healthcare professionals and educators in supporting children with Streff syndrome. Alternative therapies, such as psychotherapy and photonic stimulation, may also be beneficial in managing the condition. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: To compare the motor and sensory outcomes of strabismus surgery and the factors affecting surgical success in acquired acute non-accomodative esotropia (ANAET) and partially accommodative refractive esotropia (pARET). Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients with ANAET and pARET who underwent unilateral or bilateral horizontal rectus muscle surgery between January 2020 and December 2021 was conducted. Patients with postoperative follow-up of at least six weeks were included. Patients with pattern deviation, lateral incomitance, and near-distance disparity were excluded. Motor success was defined as a postoperative deviation within eight prism diopters of orthophoria. Sensory success was defined as presence of binocular single vision (BSV) for both distance and near (Worth four dot test). The effect of factors like age at onset, age at surgery, amblyopia before surgery, duration of squint before treatment, presence or absence and magnitude of vertical deviation, preoperative angle of deviation, and spherical equivalent on the motor and sensory success in each group were analyzed and compared. Results: 38 patients with ANAET and 33 patients with pARET were included. The mean age of onset of esotropia was 8.55 ± 4.65 years and 4.39 ± 2.27 years (p <.001) and the mean age at surgery was 10.62 ± 4.99 years and 7.89 ± 2.84 years (p =.006) in the ANAET and the pARET group respectively. The mean duration of the final follow-up was 38.51 weeks in the ANAET and 48.68 weeks in the pARET group (p =.089). Patients were successfully aligned for both distance and near in 81.5% of patients in the ANAET and 78.9% of patients in the pARET group at the final follow-up (p. 0.775). A BSV for both distance and near at the final follow-up was seen in 81.2% vs 66.6% of patients in the ANAET and the pARET group respectively (p =.25). A good near stereoacuity (<120 arcsecs) was seen in 60.6% and 41.9% of the ANAET and the pARET groups respectively (p =.175). The percentage of patients in the ANAET group who had orthophoria, any esodeviation, and any exodeviation for distance at the final follow-up was 63.1%, 34.2% and, 2.6%. The percentage of patients in the pARET group in similar categories was 36.3%, 42.4% and, 21.2%. None of the demographic and preoperative factors were found to affect the surgical outcomes in the two groups. Conclusions: The motor and sensory outcomes were similar in the two groups. A higher proportion of ANAET patients remained orthophoric during the follow-up. The patients in the pARET group showed a tendency toward exodrift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horizontal fusional reserves are used in the diagnosis and monitoring of common vergence disorders, such as convergence insufficiency, which can cause asthenopia and impact near work. Infrared eyetracking technology shows promise for obtaining automated and objective measurements of fusional reserves, expanding options for screening, clinical testing, and at-home monitoring/vision training. Current clinical tests for fusional reserves rely on subjective judgements made by patients (for diplopia) and clinicians (for eye movements). This paper describes an objective and automated "digital fusion-range test" pilot-tested in adults without current eye disease or binocular vision anomalies. This test combines a consumer-grade infrared eyetracker, a dichoptic display, and custom analyses programs to measure convergence and divergence reserves. Twenty-nine adult participants completed the study. Horizontal fusional reserves at 55 cm were measured using prism bars and with our computer-based digital fusion-range test. For the digital test, observers viewed dichoptic targets whose binocular disparity modulated over time (at speeds of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 Δ/s) while their eye movements were continuously recorded. Subjective reports of break and recovery (by keyboard button press) were compared to objective estimates extracted from eyetracking recordings (via automated analyses). Objective and subjective measures of break and recovery agreed closely. Clinically small (0.3-2Δ) but statistically significant (p < 0.012) differences were found between measurement types for divergence breaks/recoveries and convergence recoveries. No significant differences were found for convergence breaks (p = 0.11). Such differences are consistent with an average 0.91 (SD 1.66) seconds delay between objective break/recovery and subjective responses. The digital test produced comparable results to the standard clinical prism bar method. The digital fusion-range test supports an automated, reliable assessment of horizontal fusional reserves, which do not depend on subjective responses. This technology may prove useful in a variety of clinical and community-based settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postural control is a complex skill based on the collaboration of dynamic sensory mechanisms, namely the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems. A literature survey regarding postural stability in strabismus and amblyopia was conducted using databases in order to collect data for a narrative review of published reports and available literature. The results of the literature survey were analyzed to provide an overview of the current knowledge of postural stability in strabismus and amblyopia. The results revealed that although postural control depends on the fundamental integration of three essential components (the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems), the role of vision is critical in postural stability. Once normal binocular vision is undesirably disrupted in childhood by some reason, especially in strabismus and/or amblyopia, balance is also affected. Abnormal balance affects coordination in gross and fine motor controls in school-age children and results in weakened academic performance and delayed social progress. It also impacts a child's general health, self-esteem, and safety. Binocular vision is imperative for the maturation and preservation of balance control in children, as balance performance is reduced in strabismus and/or amblyopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skull of Plioplatecarpus possesses large orbits and a large parietal foramen. Although the large orbits suggest that Plioplatecarpus possessed large eyes with enhanced visual performance, none of the previously described skulls include a sclerotic ring, and so it has been impossible in the past to reconstruct their size or optical properties. A recently collected skull with a sclerotic ring preserved in situ provides for the first time the data to do so. The dimensions of the sclerotic ring demonstrate that, although the f-number of the eyeball was not low enough to support the hypothesis that Plioplatecarpus was adapted to low light conditions, the eyeball was nevertheless large and possessed increased visual acuity and sensitivity that enabled the mosasaur to operate efficiently in both light-rich and light-poor conditions and possibly other conditions of reduced visibility. Proportions of this skull also suggest that Plioplatecarpus possessed a relatively wide binocular field of vision, providing stereoscopic vision, and further increasing both acuity and sensitivity, enhancing its ability to effectively detect and track quickly moving objects under a wide range of light conditions. A greatly enlarged parietal foramen implies the presence of a large parietal eye, the significance of which is uncertain, but it may have enhanced the ability to regulate migratory behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problem of online detection of coal-carrying rate in gangue, an approach based on particle queuing and binocular machine vision was proposed. First, a queuing device was applied to line up the coal and gangue particles. A binocular camera was used to obtain images of coal and gangue from above the belt. Through image segmentation, the coal and gangue particle regions were divided from the belt background. Then, the Semi-Global Block Matching (SGBM) algorithm was used to obtain the height information matrix of each region. At the same time, the projected area of the particles was calculated from the area of the divided regions. It was converted from pixel units to physical units by capturing an image of a ruler. The height matrix and projected area were combined to construct a mechanism-based volume model by integral principle. Finally, the calculated volume of coal and gangue were multiplied by their respective empirical density to get the mass of particles. The coal-carrying rate in gangue was obtained by dividing the mass of coal by the total mass. The average relative error of the proposed method is 2.79%. It not only overcomes the prediction error caused by particle stacking, but also improves the computational efficiency of image processing, and the "white-box model" is also easy to understand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to report the distribution of astigmatism among school children in South India. The study was conducted as part of a national school eye screening project named 'Refractive Error Among Children' (REACH) between 6 and 17 years of age. Children underwent presenting visual acuity screening, external eye examination, screening for color vision deficiency, and non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies. Those who failed screening underwent, objective and subjective refraction, and identification of other ocular conditions. Astigmatism was defined as cylindrical power greater than 0.50D. Refractive errors were classified into myopia (≤0.50D), hyperopia (≥0.75D), and other refractive errors (between −0.50D and +0.75D). The data on astigmatism were analyzed and were deduced into its vector components (M, J0 and J45). Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were performed. Data of 245,565 children from 1047 schools were taken for analysis. The average age was 11.63 ± 3.32 (range:6–17) years. After screening, refractive errors and astigmatism was found to be 6.57% (n = 16157) and 3.69% (n = 9064), respectively. Astigmatism among children aged 6 to 10 years was 1.37%. The mean cylindrical power, J0, and J45 was found to be 1.93 ± 1.06D, 0.06 ± 0.59D, and 0.43 ± 0.81D, respectively. Linear regression showed a decreasing trend in the cylindrical component (p <.001) and shift towards less positive J0 values (p <.001). Higher proportions of astigmatism more than 1.50 D (1.83%,n = 4578) and unilateral astigmatism (1.20%,n = 2952) are evident among refractive errors. More than 50% of children who failed vision screening with refractive errors presented with astigmatism. Prevalence was higher among primary school children. Presence of higher magnitude and unilateral astigmatism is amblyogenic and needs early intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impaired stereoacuity is seen in some children without amblyopia, strabismus, and clinically significant refractive errors. Therefore, there are probably other factors affecting stereoacuity. The aim of this work was to investigate the longitudinal changes of local stereoacuity and associated factors in schoolchildren. The present report is a part of the Shahroud Schoolchildren Eye Cohort Study. The target population was children aged 6 to 12 years in Shahroud, Iran. The second phase of the study was conducted in 2018 by re-inviting all participants in the first phase (2015). After an initial interview, study participants underwent optometric examination and ocular biometry. Stereoacuity was evaluated using Stereo Fly Test. Exclusion criteria were functional amblyopia, strabismus, significant refractive errors, probable ocular pathology/organic amblyopia in either of the two study phases, a history of intraocular surgery or ocular trauma, and incomplete data. The data of 4666 children were analysed for this report, of which 53.7% were male. The mean age of the studied participants in the second phase was 12.37 ± 1.71 years. The mean stereoacuity was 42.31 (95% CI: 42.05 − 42.57) seconds of arc in the first phase, which reduced to 51.72 (95% CI: 50.79-52.65) seconds of arc in the second phase (P < 0.001). The prevalence of poor stereoacuity was 0.17% (95% CI: 0.06-0.29) in the first phase, which increased to 3.94% (95% CI: 3.34-4.54) in the second phase (P < 0.001). According to the multiple linear regression, older age in the first study phase (β = 0.011, P < 0.001), urban residence (β = −0.019, P = 0.006), increased spherical anisometropia (0.038, P = 0.013), and increased axial length (β = 0.062, P = 0.003) were significantly associated with reduction of stereoacuity (in log scale) after three years. In addition to the known risk factors of amblyopia, strabismus, and significant refractive errors, other factors are also associated with stereoacuity changes in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stereopsis is the three-dimensional perception capability, which is possible when binocular vision is present. Development of binocular vision system ends around 7-year-old, and after this time brain connections are already set, therefore, it will be difficult to recover stereopsis. Early diagnosis of Stereoscopic Visual Alterations (SVA) in the childhood is paramount to receive an appropriate treatment as soon as possible. Currently, to detect SVA, ophthalmologists commonly carry out tests based on cards. All these tests are based on the random-dot-stereogram principle, with different seconds of arc images, which allows doctors to graduate stereopsis. Some limits of this tests have been identified, such as monocular clues (e.g., the contours of the objects), or the non-standardized range levels depending on the test. This paper presents a novel concept of measuring stereopsis based on computer vision techniques. The system detects SVA in patients and calculates the degree of the perceived depth. As early diagnosis of SVA may suppose a therapeutic possibility, this platform is aimed at children by using stereoscopic models with varied and attractive designs. To validate the proposal, an early-stage prototype has been implemented and an objective evaluation of the measurement accuracy and reliability has been carried out with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is reported to occur rarely in children with intermittent exotropia (IXT), little is known regarding the clinical features of these children. The purpose of this study was to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of children with intermittent exotropia and DVD to those without DVD. Methods: The medical records of all children diagnosed with intermittent exotropia at our institution from 1 January 2002, through 31 December 2018, who had 2 or more exams with 3 or more assessments of control, were retrospectively reviewed. Exotropic children with DVD were compared to those without DVD. Results: During the 17-year study period, 115 children met the inclusion criteria, of which 25 (21.7%) had DVD. Compared to the 90 exotropic children without DVD, children with IXT and DVD were more likely to have a motility disorder (p =.021), a worse mean distance control score (2.8 vs 2.4; p =.09), a larger mean angle of deviation (27.8 prism diopters [PD] vs 25.1 PD; p =.04), and a lower median stereopsis (200 secs vs 100 secs; p =.08). The children with DVD were more likely to have undergone surgery (p =.17) although there was no difference in the mean age at initial surgery between the two groups. Conclusions: The presence of dissociated vertical deviation in children with intermittent exotropia is associated with more motility disorders and worse binocular function compared to those without DVD. These children will likely require closer observation and earlier intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the prevalence of vision conditions in a population is critical for determining the most appropriate strategies for detecting and correcting eye conditions in a community. This is particularly important in very remote regions where access to vision testing services is limited. Although recent studies have provided detailed analyses of the prevalence of vision conditions in Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children in urban and regional areas of Australia, there is a paucity of research examining vision conditions in children in remote regions. Importantly, a significant proportion of the population in remote and very remote regions identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people. Comprehensive eye examinations were provided to 193 primary school children in a very remote Australian region. Ninety eight percent of children identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. The eye examination included measures of visual acuity, cycloplegic autorefraction, binocular vision and accommodative function, ocular health and colour vision. Previous history of eye examinations and refractive correction were assessed through parental questionnaire. Although the average unaided vision in the population was good (mean: 0.02 ± 0.13 logMAR) and the prevalence of reduced unaided visual acuity (>0.3 logMAR in either eye) was low (4%), vision conditions were detected in 32% of children. The most common conditions were clinically significant refractive errors (18% of children) and binocular vision or accommodative disorders (16%). Of the total population of children tested, 10% had previously had an eye examination, and 2% were reported to have previously been prescribed spectacles. In this population of children in a very remote Australian region, up to 1 in 3 children had a vision condition, with many of these conditions being uncorrected and undetected. These findings highlight the important need for additional resources to be made available to very remote communities for the detection and correction of vision conditions in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vergence facility (VF) test is important in a complete optometric examination, but there is still controversy over which prismatic power combinations to use according to the patient age, especially in children. The aim of this work is to study the VF test using three different prismatic power combinations in four age groups, with a view to determine the best prismatic power for performing the test. The VF of 122 healthy subjects was evaluated using three prismatic flippers with different powers: 8∆ base-in with 8∆ base-out (8BI/8BO∆), 3BI/12BO∆ and 5BI/15BO∆. The number of cycles per minute (cpm) was counted. The participants were divided into four age groups. The mean age of group 1 was 6.69 ± 0.65 years, that of group 2 was 9.36 ± 0.87 years, that of group 3 was 12.08 ± 0.79 years and that of group 4 was 28.67 ± 8.11 years. The mean cpm value in VF was higher for near vision than in distance vision. The lowest cpm values were observed in the youngest group (group 1) (far vision: 8BI/8BO∆: 2.32 cpm, 3BI/12BO∆: 2.68 cpm and 5BI/15BO∆: 1.59 cpm; near vision: 8/8∆: 6.59 cpm, 3BI/12BO∆: 7.77 cpm and 5BI/15BO∆: 5.27 cpm). The cpm values increased progressively with age, with group 4 achieving the highest cpm values (far vision: 8BI/8BO∆: 3.61 cpm, 3BI/12BO∆: 8.56 cpm and 5BI/15BO∆: 5.28 cpm; near vision: 8BI/8BO∆: 10.22 cpm, 3BI/12BO∆: 12.28 cpm and 5BI/15BO∆: 10.89 cpm). VF increased with age. The youngest children achieved the lowest cpm values, which progressively increased until the highest cpm values were achieved in adults. The best results were found with 3BI/12BO∆ in all groups in near and far vision. Higher cpm values were achieved in near vision than in far vision with all flippers in all groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperspectral images carry numerous spectral bands, and their wealth of band data is a valuable source of information for the accurate classification of ground objects. Three-dimensional (3D) convolution, although an excellent spectral information extraction method, is limited by its huge number of parameters and long model training time. To allow better integration of 3D convolution with the most popular transformer models currently available, a new architecture called mobile 3D convolutional vision transformer (MDvT) is proposed. The MDvT introduces inverted residual structure to reduce the number of model parameters and balance the data mining efficiency of low-dimensional data input. Simultaneously, a square patch is used to cut the sequence of tokens to accelerate the model operation. Through extensive experiments, we evaluated the classification overall performance of the proposed MDvT on the WHU-Hi and Pavia University datasets, and demonstrated significant improvements in classification accuracy and model runtime compared with classical deep learning models. It is worth noting that compared with directly integrating 3D convolution into the transformer model, the MDvT architecture improves the accuracy while reducing the time to train an epoch by approximately 58.54%. To facilitate the reproduction of the work in this paper, the model code is available at . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development of two perception modules for visually impaired people. In the first module, a robust YOLO-based neural network model is proposed to recognise the denomination of American, European, Mexican, and Colombian banknotes, achieving a detection performance over 97 % over all denominations. In the second module, an efficient obstacle detection algorithm based on stereo-vision is developed to prevent collisions while walking. Several performance tests and simulations were carried out using each module, proving that each is accurate enough to help blind people to complete the proposed perception tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we proposed an automatic approach to extract DSMs from VHR satellite imagery. This study aims to apply the histogram of orientated phase congruency (HOPC) descriptor and SIFT-Flow algorithm to match multi-view VHR satellite images densely and extract detailed DSMs competitive with ones generated from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds. The HOPC descriptor relies on detecting features by calculating the phase congruency model, which allows the image features to be highly robust against illumination changes. Moreover, we developed an automatic algorithm to extract precise and homogenously distributed tie-points and subsequently conduct bias correction of the Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPC). We tested our proposed algorithm on four WorldViw-3 datasets captured from different viewpoints, and compared the results with the DSMs obtained by the Semi-Global Matching (SGM) algorithm. The experimental results indicated the proficiency of our proposed method in generating accurate and reliable DSMs using VHR satellite data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Donders Society for Strabology and the journal Strabismus were founded in 1984 and 1992 to (i) stimulate scientific exchange, (ii) bridge the gap between clinical strabismus and neurophysiology by covering the two fields in a single journal and (iii) provide a forum for multicenter studies. They were inspired by two controversies on the treatment of strabismus, whether accommodative esotropia should be treated with glasses or not and whether infantile esotropia should be operated in the first years of life to preserve or reinstate binocular vision. Key assumptions in the theory leading to the former controversy were that the angle between the oblique muscle plane and the sagittal plane was small in strabismus patients causing excyclotropia, that hemiretinal suppression occurred when the left and right halves of the visual fields were no longer aligned because of excyclotropia and that binasal or bitemporal suppression disturbed the balance of the optomotor reflexes and thereby caused esotropia or exotropia. Hemiretinal suppression also disturbed accommodation related to the development of hyperopia, which did not cause esotropia and could worsen by wearing glasses. The Donders Society for Strabismology was founded in 1984, and expanded with Flemish pediatric ophthalmologists and orthoptists two years later. A survey gauging the need for a European journal on strabismus and amblyopia in 1985 got favorable responses from strabismologists from continental Europe. However, a proposal by Aeolus Press to the European Strabismological Association to adopt or endorse such journal was turned down in 1989 and by the International Strabismological Association in 1990. In 1992 candidate editors were invited to start the journal Strabismus without adoption by a professional organization and founding meetings took place in April and May, 1992. Regarding the three goals set, it can be said that both the Donders Society for Strabology and the journal Strabismus have stimulated scientific exchange to a high degree, but they have bridged the gap between clinical strabismus and neurophysiology only modestly. Strabismus did successfully provide a forum for the multicenter Early vs. Late Infantile Strabismus Surgery Study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the optical seamlessness of a holographic multi-vision display. The purpose of the multi-vision approach is to scale up the resolution of a holographic display without requiring a single extremely high-resolution spatial light modulator. Optical experiments reveal that a holographic multi-vision system with 16M pixel resolution successfully generates a seamless virtual reference plane with the essential optical characteristics of a holographic display, such as the accommodation effect and binocular parallax. It is realized from a matrix of eight (4 × 2) high-resolution transmission-type liquid crystal displays. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations are presented for the proposed seamless holographic multi-vision system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of computer vision technology, target measurement methods have been widely used in robot automatic obstacle avoidance, vehicle-assisted driving and other systems. There are many target measurement technologies available, but most of them are based on binocular or trinocular vision, or based on monocular vision with other auxiliary equipment, or based on monocular vision to measure horizontal target. The first two technologies achieve precise positioning by increasing the amount of data and sacrificing processing speed, while the third only studies the measurement method of the horizontal target. To address the complexity of the multi-equipment measurement methods and the limitation of the monocular measurement methods for horizontal target, this paper proposes a novel monocular vision measurement method for the non-horizontal target. According to the principle of camera imaging, internal and external parameters of the camera and analogue-to-digital conversion principle, the imaging relationship model for measuring the relative height and target distance of non-horizontal target is deduced, and the solvability of the model is demonstrated by mathematics. The experimental results verify the correctness and feasibility of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical Relevance: The extent of binocular vision dysfunction in elite soccer players needs to be determined as it may impact performance.Background: The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence of binocular vision dysfunctions in elite soccer players.Methods: One hundred and seven professional soccer players were evaluated. Refractive error was measured and the following binocular vision parameters were assessed: horizontal and vertical phoria for distance and near vision, the values of break and recovery for negative and positive fusional vergences at distance and near vision, vergence facility at distance and near vision, monocular accommodative facility at near vision, and near point of convergence (break and recovery points). All the athletes were men with a mean age of 24.4 ± 4.8 years.Results: No athlete was diagnosed with divergence excess, divergence insufficiency, or basic exophoria. About 13.0% of the athletes have binocular vision dysfunctions related to esophoria (0.9% with esophoria at near vision and 12.1% with esophoria at distance and near vision). About 10.3% have convergence insufficiency and 2.8% were diagnosed with fusional vergence dysfunction. The only accommodation-related parameter analysed was accommodative infacility, and 6.5% of the athletes had this dysfunction. Vertical phoria was present in 3.7% of the athletes. No statistically significant differences were found based on in athletes with respect to ethnicity, position occupied on the field, age, ametropia or laterality.Conclusion: The overall prevalence of binocular vision dysfunction in elite soccer players was 36.4%. The most prevalent dysfunctions are related to the presence of esophoria (13.0%). The values found point out the need to include binocular vision assessment protocols in the visual assessment routine for athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 19th century the doctrine of identical retinal points, linked with the Vieth-Müller circle, was a pillar of German physiological optics. It was challenged by Wheatstone's observations of stereoscopic depth perception announced in 1838; he also advanced a cognitive theory of binocular vision that attacked physiological interpretations. In 1841 Brücke mounted a defense of the doctrine by questioning Wheatstone's observations and offering an alternative interpretation in terms of the integration over time of a rapid sequence of convergence eye movements. The theory could not be sustained because of evidence that stereoscopic depth occurred without eye movements. Brücke also questioned Wheatstone's observations that with some stereoscopic displays stimulation of identical retinal points could result in double vision. The binocular combination of circles differing in size was accounted for by differentially dissociating accommodation in opposite directions for each eye from convergence. Despite the negative reaction to Brücke's proposals, his speculations about the nature of rapid eye movements and of their neural basis were ahead of his time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Plate XVII, Figure 4, let AB be the distance of the crossing points of the visual rays in both eyes, which Wheatstone assumes to be 2.5 inches, and half of that (AC) is 1.25 inches. Wheatstone uses this experiment to show that images can not only appear single on non-identical points on the retina, but images can also appear twice on identical points. 1.25: 7 = r: tang CAEAccordingly:tang CAE I = i 28/5 I and i :log tang CAE = log 28 - log 5log 28 = 1.4471580log 5 = 0.9689700log tang CAE = 0.4781880angle CAE = 79° 52'Similarly:1.25: 9 = r: tang CAD,And:tang CAD = 36/5,and log tang CAD = log 36 - log 5.log 36 = 1.5563023log 5 = 5.6989700log tang CAD = 5,8573325angle CAD = 82° 5'angle CAE = 79° 52'angle CAD - angle CAE = angle DAE = 2° 13' That such a movement of our eyes would escape our attention cannot be considered a wonder and, in fact, it escapes our attention every moment we look at the physical external world, as has been shown above. From these general objections I [as discussed in the first part of the translation] i I proceed to the experiments which Wheatstone[1] adduces as evidence against the basic idea of this theory I [that the visual impression of an object is not single and not absolutely instantaneous but rather the aggregate of many impressions that come to the sense one after the other] i , noting that, until now, he has only drawn negative conclusions from them and I therefore will have completed my task if I confirm that his experiments offer no valid proof against the above theory. [Extracted from the article]

Optometric management of neurodegenerative diseases is essential since visual signs, such as double vision, visual acuity reduction, or oculomotricity dysfunctions, are usually present in these subjects over the course of the disease. The present paper can guide clinicians in better managing their patients with multiple sclerosis. Patients with multiple sclerosis present near vision symptoms that may be related to binocular anomalies, but these symptoms have not been investigated and related to specific signs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the binocular vision in subjects with multiple sclerosis, and to analyse if the near visual signs and symptoms observed are compatible with those found in convergence insufficiency, as occurs in other neurodegenerative diseases. A total of 57 multiple sclerosis patients and 26 healthy controls were examined and classified as potentially compatible with convergence insufficiency according to the signs and symptoms. Clinical diagnosis of convergence insufficiency was established when subjects met the following criteria: NPC breakpoint more than 6 cm, PFV ≤ than 15Δ (base-out), and exophoria greater at near than at distance at least 4Δ. Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) was administered to assess the symptomatology considering a score ≥16 as positive. According to the CISS score, 54,4% of the multiple sclerosis subjects revised showed a suspect of convergence insufficiency, with a median score of 27 (IQR 9), whereas only one subject from control group (3.8%) showed this suspect. According to the diagnostic criteria based on signs, only 15.8% of multiple sclerosis patients had a real diagnosis of convergence insufficiency. Multiple sclerosis patients showed symptomatology compatible with convergence insufficiency, but this was not supported by the signs which showed a more esophoric tendency. The discrepancies between the signs and symptoms could be due to the questionnaire used including items that are also related to the cognitive function and other ocular abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a single-axis registration system based on monocular vision and CAD modelling without employing three-dimensional scanning or reconstruction techniques. The developed system uses dynamic modelling and image projection methods to estimate the single-axis rotation angle of an inspected workpiece. The estimated rotation angle of the inspected workpiece is achieved using the pose of the virtual model. Dynamic modelling significantly reduces both the data storage and computing time required to match the virtual model. Through experiments, we found that the average root-mean-square (RMS) error between the true centre location of special features within the inspected workpiece and those constructed within the virtual model was 2.19 pixels, and the RMS overlap rate was 96.44%. Thus, a monocular vision three-dimensional workpiece registration system with a dynamic model is effectively realised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate benefits of binocular vision and ocular motility training in patients with long-term sequelae after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Twenty-eight mTBI (concussion) patients from 25 to 61 years of age with oculomotor dysfunction were selected by optometric examination. The vision therapy was designed to improve convergence, pursuit and saccades as well as to increase fusional reserves. The vision therapy was conducted by a neurooptometrist and a speech therapist, and took place weekly for 1 hour during 10 continuous weeks. Between vision training sessions, patients trained at home for 15–20 minutes daily. Before and after vision therapy, patients completed a test battery including the Groffman Visual Tracing Test, King-Devick test (K-D), a reading speed test, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) and patient interviews based on a modified version of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Twenty-seven patients completed the vision therapy. After the therapy, improvements were measured on all test parameters, e.g. Groffman Visual Tracing Test (p < 0.05), K-D-Test (p = 0.01), Reading Speed Test (p < 0.01) and MFI-20 total (p < 0.05). The results for the modified COPM were significantly improved for both performance and satisfaction (0.0001 < p < 0.01). Vision therapy improved fixation stability and endurance. Reading speed measured by the numbers of saccades and regressions time consumption per read word increased. There was also an improvement in visual attention, possibly making patients safer in traffic and outdoor activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduced a rotary binocular vision measurement system (RBVMS) consisting of two cameras and two theodolites, with the latter employed as a two-dimensional rotation platform. The camera was driven by mounting it on the theodolite to cover different areas, effectively increasing the measuring range. In the camera calibration stage, virtual 3D points were generated by accurately moving the planar calibration board. A two-order radial and two-order tangential distortion model was considered. The experimental results showed that the intrinsic parameters of the camera had high stability, and the mean reprojection error was about 0.035 pixels. A unit quaternion method was applied to calibrate the transformation matrix between the camera and the theodolite. By solving the transformation matrix between the two theodolites, the measurement data of each position was unified under a fixed coordinate system. At 500 mm in front of the camera, the camera's field of view was about 200 mm. Two targets of different sizes were measured to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the method. The measurement accuracy of 300 mm and 600 mm targets was about 0.014 mm and 0.027 mm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the experiment, I alternately closed and opened my left eye and accordingly saw the right image I r i on its own or the fused image I S i , but I could not perceive any difference in the size of the angles. It also seems remarkable that when I look at the two arches without prejudice, I always see the fusion picture, i.e. a single downward curved line, and that various people whom I asked to repeat the experiment, found the second picture, i.e. the lenticular figure, only after I had drawn their attention to the manner in which it could be produced at will. As for the second fused image in Figure 24, that arises when the position of the axes of the eyes just described is changed by reducing the focus distance in such a way that the two vertical lines exchange their eccentric position for a centric one. It is noticeable only that, with unprejudiced vision, always fusion of the chords and arches occurs and thus the fused image I S i in Figure 22 (Plate III) arises, although both eye positions can be brought about equally simply. [Extracted from the article]

Wheatstone's demonstration of binocular single vision and depth with stimulation of non-corresponding points reverberated throughout mid-nineteenth century German visual science. It challenged the received view that single vision was a consequence of retinal correspondence otherwise objects were seen double. Wheatstone also argued that stimulation of corresponding points could yield double vision. He interpreted his experimental observations in psychological rather than physiological terms, as did Helmholtz later. Volkmann addressed both of these challenges in a long article on stereoscopic vision published in 1859. While he accepted the first of the questions Wheatstone posed Volkmann was more cautious with regard to the second. Volkmann was an experimentalist who applied psychophysical methods to determine thresholds for stereoscopic depth perception. In line with many of his colleagues in Germany, he took issue implicitly with Wheatstone's approach: how can the detailed quantitative experiments supporting Vieth and Müller's interpretation of binocular single vision be derailed by simple observations with a stereoscope? Unlike most of his colleagues, Volkmann was swayed in Wheatstone's favor through his own experiments: both physiological and psychological processes are involved in stereoscopic depth perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an analytical method is introduced to evaluate the flow time of an assembly process with collaborative robots. In such a process, an operator and a collaborative robot can independently carry out preparation tasks first, then they work jointly to finish the assembly operations. To study the productivity performance of such systems, a stochastic process model is developed, where the joint work is modeled as an assembly merge process, and the task times of all operation steps are described by phase-type distributions. Closed-form solutions of system performance, such as flow time expectation and variability, as well as service rate, are derived analytically. The system properties of monotonicity, work allocation, and bottleneck identification are investigated. In addition, a case study is introduced to evaluate the performance of a front panel assembly process in automotive manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the importance of vision standards in Surf Life Saving (SLS) organizations, such as Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA) and Surf Life Saving New Zealand (SLSNZ). The article highlights the need for effective scanning and visual acuity in order to fulfill the role of a Surf Lifesaver (SL) and ensure public safety. The article presents a study that recommends a minimum vision standard for SLs based on their ability to identify objects in different operational conditions. The authors propose implementing a visual standard for SLs and suggest incorporating visual acuity testing into the SLS entry process. The article acknowledges the potential impact on recruitment and the need for further research on other visual factors relevant to SL roles. [Extracted from the article]

I subsequently used the images of angles in exactly the same way as I used vertical parallel lines in these experiments, since even when the images of angles are fused, it is noticeable that the size of the fused image is roughly the mean between the sizes of the two constituent images of angles. Next to the left parallel lines and at a short distance from them, I add two vertical parallel lines, the distance between which is I N i , so that their image is also projected into the left eye and comes close to the fused image in the visual field. Wheatstone's statement [[1]]that images that fall on different retinal points can still be seen single is confirmed completely by the experiments of Panum [[2]] and myself [[3]] Such findings are completely compatible with the theory of the identical retinal points, as the foregoing could already show, and as I will emphasize in the concluding considerations. [Extracted from the article]